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https://study.com/academy/lesson/venus-flytrap-lesson-for-kids.html

A Venus Flytrap doesn’t only eat bugs it also its frogs, caterpillars   and spiders. They are a type of. Carnivorous plant. In the text it says” But Venus flytraps live in poor soil where there isn’t enough nutrition, so they have to get it other ways.”

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We eat chemical energy like carbohydrates, fats, etc. That’s what give us energy. Then we let out carbon dioxide and water.

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https://www.statueofliberty.org/statue-of-liberty/overview-history/

“Leaks from rain and corrosion from the elements had damaged the original torch above the handle beyond repair.”
This shows an example from the article that shows a chemical change from the rain on the Statue of Liberty.

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It was 1865 when Frenchman Édouard de Laboulaye proposed the idea of presenting a monumental gift from the people of France to the people of the United States. As uppor t er of America , Laboulaye wished to commemorate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence as well as celebrate the close relationship between France and America. He was equally moved by the recent abolition of slavery in the U.S., which furthered America's ideals of liberty and freedom.

Sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi was in attendance for Laboulaye's proclamation. Of like mind with Laboulaye's cause, Bartholdi began conceptualizing the colossal structure that would soon be known as Liberty Enlightening the World.

Bartholdi's design encompassed much symbolism: her crown representing light with its spikes evoking sun rays extending out to the world; the tablet, inscribed with July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals, noting American independence; to symbolize the end of slavery, Bartholdi placed a broken shackle and chains at the Statue's foot.

Fundraising and bringing people together have always been integral to Lady Liberty's history. It began with efforts to finance this unprecedented undertaking. France would be responsible for creating the Statue and assembling it in the United States while the American people would fund and build the pedestal.

To raise funds in France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were used. In the U.S., to finance the pedestal, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions, and prizefights were held. Poet Emma Lazarus wrote her famous sonnet The New Colossus in 1883 for an art and literary auction.

Despite these efforts, fundraising for the pedestal went slowly. To spark public action, in 1885, Joseph Pulitzer placed an ad in his paper the New York World inviting readers to donate to the cause. In exchange, Pulitzer printed each donor's name in the newspaper. The public rose to the challenge with 120,000 people donating over $100,000 and securing the remaining funds needed for the Statue's pedestal.

Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, just prior to creating his famed Tower, was engaged to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework that allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright.

Construction of the Statue was completed in France in July 1884. The massive sculpture stood tall above the rooftops of Paris awaiting her voyage across the sea.

Back in America that same year architect Richard Morris Hunt was selected to design the Statue's granite pedestal, and construction got underway.

For its trans-Atlantic voyage aboard the frigate Isère, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. The ship arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885. While awaiting construction of its pedestal, the Statue remained in pieces on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The pedestal was completed in April 1886 and finally, on October 28, 1886, President Grover Cleveland oversaw the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in front of thousands of spectators.

The story of the Statue of Liberty and her island has been one of change. For centuries the island was a major source of food for the Lenape native people and later Dutch settlers. In 1807, the U.S. Army deemed the island a military post, constructing an 11-point fort to protect New York Harbor. Later renamed Fort Wood, the structure now serves as the base for the Statue's pedestal. The Statue's own meaning and relevance have evolved with time, as well. Perhaps most notable is the association with welcoming "huddled masses." In 1903, a plaque baring "The New Colossus" was placed in the pedestal. With that Lady Liberty's significance grew as an inspiration to immigrants who sailed passed her on their way to America.

The Statue of Liberty's Original Torch

As Bartholdi envisioned it in 1874, the flame of the Statue's torch was not to be lighted but rather made of solid copper sheet and gilded to shine brightly in daylight. But in during its first half-century, the torch underwent numerous modifications. When the Statue was dedicated in 1886, two rows of portholes had been cut from the copper at the bottom of the torch to illuminate it from inside. Six years later, an 18-inch belt of glass replaced the upper row of portholes and an octagonal pyramidal skylight with red, white and yellow glass was installed on top of the flame. Changes continued in 1916 when copper was removed in about 250 places and replaced with amber-colored cathedral glass. In 1931 a new lighting system was installed that called for two holes 16 inches in diameter to be cut into the floor of the balcony around the flame through which two projectors were installed. By this time, Bartholdi's design was barely recognizable.

In the 1980s when the Foundation was restoring the Statue for its centennial celebration, a team of experts determined that the original torch could not be restored. A century of modifications had radically altered Bartholdi's solid copper flame to one mainly of glass. Leaks from rain and corrosion from the elements had damaged the original torch above the handle beyond repair. It was removed on July 4, 1984 and replaced with a replica that followed Bartholdi's design.

Today, the original torch is on display in the Inspiration Gallery of the Statue of Liberty Museum.

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It was 1865 when Frenchman Édouard de Laboulaye proposed the idea of presenting a monumental gift from the people of France to the people of the United States. As uppor t er of America , Laboulaye wished to commemorate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence as well as celebrate the close relationship between France and America.

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Shows the different layers and shows how the older layers of soil.

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-Kevin

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Inside a Venus flytrap there are three hairs on each side that triggers the flytrap to close when an animal brushes against them. It closes after a while and glues shut to make an airtight space. After doing so, digestive juices flood into the space and turn the insect into a substance.

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Venus Flytraps it victors and waits two clicks to then attack it preys and it is kinda like counting the way it waits till it feels the 2 ticks and then boom traps the bug.

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Venus Flytraps Use Internal Stopwatch to Capture Prey | ScienceTake

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This represents the Statue of Liberty facing New York.

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Philomena M.

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Weathering and Erosion: Crash Course Kids #10.2

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Erosion is the wearing away of the land by forces such as water. Erosion has helped to form many interesting features of the Earth's surface like valleys

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Kids learn about the Earth science subject of erosion including water, wind, and glacial erosion, fun facts, human causes, and controlling it.

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“Once the Venus flytrap snaps closed, it secretes digestive enzymes. These break down the trapped insect into a soupy substance. The plant can then absorb the liquid, feeding off of the nutrients provided by its prey.”

-Emma, Juliet, Saranya, and Iman

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How does a Venus Flytrap Work? Chemical change example .

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How does a Venus Flytrap Work? Chemical change example .

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“Experts believe that’s why, over time , the Venus flytrap evolved to eat insects.”

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This shows as the water runs down the rocks the rocks eventually erode. 

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The how deep is the grad canyon article states “rivers can carve out a deep ravine between cliffs over the course of millions of years. “ the Grand Canyon is a physical change because the look changes and it droids but it doesn’t change its chemical.

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“Once the Venus flytrap snaps closed, it secretes digestive enzymes. These break down the trapped insect into a soupy substance. The plant can then absorb the liquid, feeding off of the nutrients provided by its prey.“

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How the copper in the penny oxidizes and has Malachi on it after siting in vinegar and salt for 10 minutes then letting it dry for 30-60.

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DIYSci! Turning pennies green like the Statue of Liberty!

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In this article it shows how saliva digestion is a chemical change, and other facts about saliva. “It is believed that changes in saliva are indicative of the wellness of the patient.[4] The thickness and smell of saliva, as well as patients’ gustatory sensation of their own saliva are all used as symptoms of a certain disease state of the body” This explains   How saliva digestion is a chemical change because it can have a change in smell, which is a chemical property.
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Article by Manjul Tiwari
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Brex Stacey

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Abstract

Saliva is a complex fluid, which influences oral health through specific and nonspecific physical and chemical properties. The importance of saliva in our everyday activities and the medicinal properties it possesses are often taken for granted. However, when disruptions in the quality or quantity of saliva do occur in an individual, it is likely that he or she will experience detrimental effects on oral and systemic health. Often head and neck radiotherapy has serious and detrimental side effects on the oral cavity including the loss of salivary gland function and a persistent complaint of a dry mouth (xerostomia). Thus, saliva has a myriad of beneficial functions that are essential to our well-being. Although saliva has been extensively investigated as a medium, few laboratories have studied saliva in the context of its role in maintaining oral and general health.

Keywords: Diagnostic fluid, human saliva, saliva, salivary gland

INTRODUCTION

It is probably surprising for most people to learn that saliva has been used in diagnostics for more than 2000 years.[ 1] Ancient doctors of traditional Chinese medicine have concluded that saliva and blood are "brothers" in the body and they come from the same origin.[ 2, 3] It is believed that changes in saliva are indicative of the wellness of the patient.[ 4] The thickness and smell of saliva, as well as patients' gustatory sensation of their own saliva are all used as symptoms of a certain disease state of the body.[ 5, 6]

Analyses of the properties of saliva using biochemical and physiological methodologies can be traced back to at least over a century ago.[ 6- 8] It is obvious that in 1898, when Chittenden and Mendel[ 9] conducted their study on the influence of alcoholic drinks upon digestion and secretion, the measurement of total organic constituents, salts, and chlorine in saliva was already being performed routinely.[ 7, 9] In the late 19th century, researchers had already learnt that saliva had digestive powers,[ 10- 12] mainly in the form of amylolysis[ 13, 14] and proteolysis.[ 15, 16] Studies in the early 20 th century had shown some evidence of the dietary effect of saliva.[ 1, 12] Highly sensitive and high-throughput assays such as mass spectrometry,[ 17, 18] RT-PCR,[ 19, 20] microarray,[ 21, 22] and nano-scale sensors[ 23] that can measure proteins[ 24, 25] and nucleic acids[ 21, 26] with minimal sample requirement in a short period of time allowed scientists to broaden the utility of saliva.

BIOLOGY OF SALIVA

Saliva is produced and secreted from salivary glands. The basic secretary units of salivary glands are clusters of cells called acini.[ 2] These cells secrete a fluid that contains water, electrolytes,[ 27- 30] mucus,[ 7, 31] and enzymes,[ 14, 32, 33] all of which flow out of the acinus into collecting ducts. Within the ducts, the composition of the secretion is altered.[ 34] Much of the sodium is actively reabsorbed,[ 35, 36] potassium is secreted,[ 36- 38] and large quantities of bicarbonate ion[ 39] are secreted. Small collecting ducts within salivary glands lead into larger ducts, eventually forming a single large duct that empties into the oral cavity.[ 34]

Few important functions of saliva

Saliva serves many roles,[ 2] some of which are important to all species and others to only a few:

Lubrication and binding: The mucus in saliva[ 40] is extremely effective in binding masticated food into a slippery bolus that (usually) slides easily through the esophagus[ 41] without inflicting damage to the mucosa.[ 10, 40, 42, 43]

Solubilization of dry food: In order to be tasted, the molecules in food must be solubilized.[ 44, 45]

Oral hygiene: The oral cavity is almost constantly flushed with saliva, which floats away food debris and keeps the mouth relatively clean.[ 46, 47] The flow of saliva diminishes considerably during sleep,[ 29, 30, 42] allow populations of bacteria to build up in the mouth - the result is dragon breath in the morning.[ 47, 48] Saliva also contains lysozyme, an enzyme that lyses many bacteria and prevents the overgrowth of oral microbial populations.[ 46- 50]

Initiation of starch digestion: In most species, the serous and acinar cells secrete an alpha amylase which can begin to digest dietary starch into maltose.[ 12, 44, 45]

INCREDIBLE INSIGHTS INTO HEALTH AND DISEASE ARE OFFERED THROUGH ANALYSIS OF SALIVA

Scientists concur that the diagnosis and prevention of diseases using human saliva[ 42, 51, 52] is about to be explored as more and more laboratories and medical practitioners get ready for this new technology.[ 53, 54] Unlike blood testing, saliva analysis looks at the cellular level (the biologically active compounds) and therefore saliva is truly a representative of what is clinically relevant.[ 52, 55] Blood analysis, on the other hand, looks at compounds as they travel through the blood serum, most of which are protein bound. Researchers experienced in saliva analysis are able to predict, diagnose, or prevent many health problems and diseases.[ 8, 56, 57]

Molecules freely travel through the cells and into saliva ducts and it is these small molecules that can be assayed in saliva.[ 58] Hormones are smaller molecules and can be tested in saliva[ 59, 60] and they are indicators of health and diseased status in humans.[ 58, 59, 60] A saliva test can make information available that may be obscured when looking for information in the blood.[ 42]

A factor of significance when assaying saliva is that molecules at the cellular level are found at very low levels; hence results are reported in pico- to nanograms.[ 23, 61] Only a small number of medical testing labs have so far developed the technology to assay such a lower concentration of biologically active molecules like proteins,[ 25, 51, 62] RNA,[ 21, 63] and DNA.[ 64] The technology however is improving all the time. The new technology development is extremely sensitive and easily measures the low levels of biologically active molecules found in saliva.[ 55]

Just a few of the many health issues and diseases that can be diagnosed through saliva and helped, resolved, or prevented through supplementation include but not limited to the[ 56] following: acne,[ 58] cholesterol,[ 61] male pattern baldness,[ 61] cancer,[ 65, 66] stress,[ 67] heart problems,[ 68] heart palpitations,[ 68] allergies,[ 8] cold body temperature,[ 1] sleep problems,[ 1] inability to absorb calcium,[ 38, 69] and difficulties in conceiving.[ 70, 71] In fact it is hormone supplementation[ 59, 60] that has become the centerpiece of those growing number of doctors who have joined the emerging science of antiaging medicine.[ 18]

WHAT'S NEXT? SALIVA TESTING OFFERS A POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTE TO BLOOD TESTING

Proteomics

Most proteome studies have focused on specific tissues and human blood samples, but a few studies represent the salivary proteome. Not much is known yet about the salivary proteome, but more should be known in the near future.[ 53, 70, 73, 84] Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry,[ 17] other researchers were able to identify up to 28 proteins in saliva, including 19 proteins only found in saliva and 9 proteins also present in blood serum.[ 72, 85- 87]

Genomics

Scientists have long recognized saliva as a mirror of the state of the body's health. Until recently, the problem with developing the field of salivary diagnostics was that specific and informative biomarkers exist in saliva in relatively low quantities.[ 65, 81, 82] However, the development of new, exquisitely sensitive amplification techniques such as RT-PCR,[ 90] Q-PCR,[ 90, 94] and high-density oligonucleotide microarrays[ 17, 18] has demonstrated the feasibility of using saliva as a diagnostic probe[ 53] for the rapid and unambiguous detection of oral biomarkers.[ 81] Interestingly, saliva acts as a wide resource for genomic information useful for studying the potential disease status by analyzing their RNA level [].[ 65, 73, 77, 95]

Interestingly, a cadre of scientific groups is advancing the development of micro- and nanotechnology-based biosensors[ 23] to detect salivary biomarkers.[ 81, 82] Current efforts also focus on cataloging the human salivary proteome. Future efforts will determine differences in salivary biomarkers from healthy controls compared with those in patients with a variety of diseases and disorders.[ 52, 53, 81, 96]

Testing for HIV positivity[ 75, 97, 98] is one example of a powerful use of saliva in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Early efforts indicate that there exist differences in patterns of mRNA expression in saliva that would indicate the presence of a developing oral squamous cell carcinoma.[ 76, 84, 99, 100]

Salivary mRNA may serve as a chemical signature that a particular gene has been expressed. There is also evidence that saliva may be useful for monitoring the presence of biomarkers indicating the presence of neoplasia in remote sites, for instance, breast cancer.[ 96, 101, 102] Salivary diagnostic tests may provide an avenue to allow for the detection of malignancies at a sufficiently early stage that treatment is likely to be successful, and to provide inexpensive testing which will reduce affordability and accessibility barriers to early diagnosis.[ 53, 66, 84, 99, 101]

CONCLUSION

Each of us may have inside our mouths a key to the pathological and disease biomarker library hidden inside our bodies. Saliva - the source of all this information - is the secretory product of glands located in or around the oral cavity. If we could read the stories of diagnostic information present within saliva, then the abundance of information waiting to be found could be comparable to a vast vault of information such as the internet. The relationship between salivation and behaviors within our daily lives is undeniable. Yet most people never appreciate the uniqueness of saliva. Throughout the world, saliva carries definite positive and negative connotations with it based upon its social, psychological, behavioral, and cultural settings. The thought of saliva may be viewed as grotesque in one population, yet conversely it may be the vehicle of blessing in other cultures. Saliva's double nature brings up some interesting cultural, social, behavioral, and psychological points about how saliva is perceived in the world, some of which are stated below in order to present saliva as the spirited fluid it is.

Efforts on the discovery of analytes in the saliva of normal and diseased subjects suggest an additional function of saliva, a local and systematic diagnostic tool. Analytes used for disease detection range from proteins, to antibodies, and nucleic acids that are of either human microorganism origins. Highly sensitive and high-throughput assays such as mass spectrometry, RT-PCR, microarray, and nano-scale sensors that can measure proteins and nucleic acids with a minimal amount of sample requirement in a short period of time allowed scientists to broaden the utility of saliva as a diagnostic tool.

As research evidence accumulates, saliva-based diagnostics are being widely accepted by clinicians and patients. Research efforts are underway to reveal the connection of salivary changes in all aspects to systemic health status. The noninvasive nature and ease of collection have made saliva the fluid of choice for not only diagnostic but also the more important health surveillance purposes.

Footnotes

Source of Support: Nil.

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

REFERENCES

9. Chittenden RH, Mendel LB. A Further Study of the Influence of Alcohol and Alcoholic Drinks upon Digestion, with Special Reference to Secretion. Am J Physiol. 1898;1:164-209.

11. Neilson CH, Lewis DH. The effect of diet on the amylolytic power of saliva.

12. Neilson CH, Terry OP. "The adaptation of the salivary secretion to diet." Am J Physiol. 1906;15:406-11.

85. Middleton JD. Human Salivary Proteins and Artificial Calculus Formation in vitro. Arch Oral Biol. 1965;10:227-35.

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Saliva is a complex fluid, which influences oral health through specific and nonspecific physical and chemical properties. The importance of saliva in our everyday activities and the medicinal properties it possesses are often taken for granted. However, ...

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“When the statue was originally assembled, it was a dull brown color, reflecting the natural color of its copper plates. Over the next 30 years, though, it slowly turned to the green color you see today.”

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“With a mouthful of wood fibers, the queen wasp uses the saliva in her mouth to break sown the wood fibers until they form a soft paper pulp. She then flies her mouthful of paper pulp to her chosen building site to begin construction of the nest.” The text evidence proves it a chemical change.

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Picture of wasps building their nests Chemical change Zander,Jake, and Adam

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Picture of wasps building their nests Chemical change Zander,Jake, and Adam

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This picture shows wasps using fibers to make their nest structure stronger. This is a chemical change because she is Turing fibers to a paper pulp with her saliva.

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Stella ,Ella ,Makayla                                                        Why is weathering and Erosion a physical change?

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Stella ,Ella ,Makayla                                                        Why is weathering and Erosion a physical change?

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“Forces like wind and water break down rocks through the processes of weathering and erosion. Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks. Erosion breaks rocks down further and then moves them.” This shows that weathering and erosion is a physical change because it where’s down rock and makes it deeper into the ground.

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How does weathering and erosion affect rocks?

Forces like wind and water break down rocks through the processes of weathering and erosion. Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks. Erosion breaks rocks down further and then moves them. Forces like wind and water move the rock pieces.

What are the main features of sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary structures include features like bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and trails, and mud cracks. They conventionally are subdivided into categories based on mode of genesis. Structures that are produced at the same time as the sedimentary rock in which they occur are called primary sedimentary structures.

What are 2 characteristics of sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary rocks are largely found on the Earth's surface. They cover 75% area of the Earth. These rocks are generally not crystalline in nature. They are soft and have many layers as they are formed due to the deposition of sediments.

What makes sedimentary rocks unique?

Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks often have distinctive layering or bedding.

What are 3 facts about sedimentary rocks?

Fun Facts about Sedimentary Rocks for Kids

Sandstone is made from grains of sand that have melded together over time, or lithified.

Sedimentary rock often contains fossils of plants and animals millions of years old.

Limestone is often made from the fossilized remains of ocean life that died millions of years ago.

What is the most common sedimentary rock on Earth?

95% of all sedimentary rocks consists of sandstones (made up of sand sized fragments), mudrocks (made up of silt and clay sized fragments), and carbonate rocks (made up of mostly calcite, aragonite, or dolomite). Of these, the mudrocks are most abundant, making up about 65% of all sedimentary rocks.

Why are sedimentary rocks important?

Sedimentary rocks are economically important in that they can easily be used as construction material because they are soft and easy to cut. Sedimentary rocks often form porous and permeable reservoirs in sedimentary basins in which water and important minerals such as oil can be found.

Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?

The most abundant detrital minerals in sediments are quartz and clays. Quartz is an abundant mineral in many rocks. It resists cracking and mechanical weathering and is resistant to solution and decomposition from chemical weathering.

Which are two most common minerals in clastic sedimentary rocks?

Thus the most important minerals in clastic sedimentary rocks are quartz, potassium feldspar (microcline and orthoclase), plagioclase, clays, and oxides/hydroxy-oxides (hematite, limonite, goethite).

What are the two most common cements in sedimentary rocks?

The three, most common, chemical cements in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone are silica (quartz), calcium carbonate (calcite), and the iron oxides.

What is the major component of detrital sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary rocks may be divided into three basic categories: 1) Clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks are composed of the solid products of weathering (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) cemented together by the dissolved weathering products.

What is the most abundant type of detrital sedimentary rock?

Forms in a variety of environments. Second most abundant sedimentary rock. Quartz is the most abundant mineral. Classified by sorting and shape.

Is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock?

The most common chemical sedimentary rock, by far, is limestone. Others include chert, banded iron formation, and a variety of rocks that form when bodies of water evaporate. Biological processes are important in the formation of some chemical sedimentary rocks, especially limestone and chert.

How are sedimentary rocks classified?

Sedimentary rocks are classified based on how they form and on the size of the sediments, if they are clastic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from rock fragments, or clasts; chemical sedimentary rocks precipitate from fluids; and biochemical sedimentary rocks form as precipitation from living organisms.

Which of the following is a type of chemical sedimentary rock?

Common chemical sedimentary rocks include oolitic limestone and rocks composed of evaporite minerals, such as halite (rock salt), sylvite, baryte and gypsum.

Is coal a sedimentary rock?

Coal is a black sedimentary rock that can be burned for fuel and used to generate electricity.

What are 4 types of coal?

Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite.

Why is coal called a sedimentary rock?

Being composed of carbon, coal forms a carbonaceous deposit. Having been transported and accumulated in a single deposit it is sedimentary. Having undergone metamorphosis and petrification it is a rock. Consequently it is reasonable to classify coal as a carbonaceous sedimentary rock.

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How does weathering and erosion affect rocks? – Easierwithpractice.com

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Forces like wind and water break down rocks through the processes of weathering and erosion. Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks. Erosion breaks rocks down further and then moves them. Forces like wind and water move the rock pieces.

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This picture shows how the Statue of Liberty was once the color copper, and now it is green because it is very old. Think of a penny, how after a while it turns a different color. It happened when air and water reacted with copper plates called oxidation.

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“As the Colorado river did it’s work, slowly eroding layer after layer of rock, the Earth’s tectonic plates are in the area shifted to push the areas on each side of the river to higher elevations.”

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“When the statue was originally assembled it was a dull brown color, reflecting the natural color of its copper plates. Over the next 30 years, though, it slowly turned to the green color you see today.”
“What happened? Was it magic? Nope! It was science. A natural weathering process - called oxidation - took place when air and water reacted with the copper plates.”

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-Philomena M.

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Statue Of Liberty | Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island

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The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation honors the American experience through its preservation and support of these two great monuments. From restoring the Statue to creating a world-class museum and much more, the Foundation is committed to fulfilling projects that will keep Lady Liberty standing tall for current and future generations.

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Also called a storm tide. Typhoons are the same thing as hurricanes, but usually located in th

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This video is about how the river travels through the rocks and how it broke down the rocks to form the canyon

-Makayla, Stella, and Ella

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Things to do at Grand Canyon National Park (SOUTH RIM)

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Here is the chemical equation showing how the new substance is formed.

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Today's Wonder of the Day was inspired by Ms. Gildea's 3rd Grade Class from North Andover, MA. Ms. Gildea's 3rd Grade Class Wonders, " How do bees and wasps make their hives and what material is it made from? " Thanks for WONDERing with us, Ms. Gildea's 3rd Grade Class!

Have you ever been playing outside when you hear a tell-tale buzzing sound? From experience , you know that you don't want to get stung by any flying insects. You've been stung before and you know how it can be.

You look up and you see a familiar sight attached to the underside of the of your house. It looks a bit like a paper honeycomb, and it's the center of attraction for a swarming group of flying insects. What is it? A wasp nest!

There are three main types of wasps you're likely to run into from time to time: paper wasps, yellowjackets, and hornets. They are all in that they make paper nests. However, they differ in the , , and of their nests.

Paper wasps, for example, tend to build small, -shaped nests under and overhangs. Hornets build large nests shaped like a football. You can often find them hanging from a high branch of a tree. Yellowjackets prefer to make their nests underground.

Where do wasps get the paper they use to build their nests? Do they steal paper from school children while they're at recess? Not hardly! They actually make their own building materials by turning wood into paper pulp.

A wasp queen begins the building process by selecting a for a nest. She then searches for sources of wood fiber, such as trees, logs, fences, and even cardboard. Using her strong jaws, the queen scrapes off bits of wood fiber to use.

With a mouthful of wood fibers, the queen uses the in her mouth to break down the wood fibers until they form a soft paper pulp. She then flies her mouthful of paper pulp to her chosen building to begin construction of the nest.

Worker wasps help to form the soft paper pulp into multiple cells. As the pulp dries, it forms a sturdy paper nest where young wasps will be born and develop. Some wasps may also use mud to strengthen their nest structure. As a wasp continues to grow, the queen and her workers continue to add cells to the nest to new wasps.

Although made out of paper, wasp nests are sturdier than you might expect. Nevertheless, they will decompose naturally over the course of the winter, due to weather and other factors. That means that each spring a queen wasp must choose a new nesting and start the nest-building process all over again.

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Join us in Wonderopolis for a closer look at a nest you don't want to mess with!

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Today's Wonder of the Day might PLANT some new knowledge in your brain!

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Did you know that a river can out a deep between cliffs over the course of millions of years? These ravines are called "canyons" or "." In Arizona, you can see a grand example of this phenomenon . The Grand Canyon is an incredibly canyon that has been carved out by the Colorado River.

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During the Revolutionary War, France became a close friend of Americans seeking from Great Britain. To honor its friendship with America, France gave the U.S. a special gift: Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi's beautiful called Enlightening the World.

The of arrived in New York on June 19, 1885. It came in 350 pieces packed into 214 crates. The was assembled on a pedestal base built by the United States. The 151-foot tall has become a worldwide of and .

The of 's home is Bedloe's Island (renamed Island in 1956). From 1892 to 1943, "Lady " greeted over 12 million immigrants as they arrived on boats at the nearby Ellis Island Immigration Station.

The pedestal of the features words from Emma Lazarus that reflect immigrants' hopes and dreams for in America:
Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me.
The represents Libertas, the Roman goddess of . She holds a torch in one hand and a tablet inscribed with the date of the Declaration of Independence in the other.

Built in France, the is made of hundreds of thin sheets assembled on a frame of steel supports. The inner was engineered and designed by Gustave Eiffel. He later used the same design on the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Eiffel's design allows the of to move with changes in temperature and wind speed. It also allowed staircases to be built on the inside of the . Visitors can climb to an observation deck inside the crown.

The outer layer of the is that's only 3/32 of an inch thick - the thickness of two pennies put together. Despite how thin it is, the is strong. The amount of in the of could make 30 million pennies!

When the was originally assembled, it was a dull brown color, reflecting the natural color of its plates. Over the next 30 years, though, it slowly turned to the green color you see today.

What happened? Was it magic? Nope! It was science. A natural weathering process - called - took place when air and water reacted with the plates.

Over time, the weathering of the created a thin layer of called a . Although some people were worried that the changing color of the meant it was decaying, the actually protects the underneath from further .

Here are a few interesting facts about "Lady " you might not have known:

The alone stands 151 feet tall.

The pedestal stands 154 feet tall, making the top of the torch 305 feet above ground level.

The contains 62,000 pounds of and 250,000 pounds of steel. The concrete pedestal weighs 54 million pounds.

Winds of 50 miles per hour can cause the to sway up to 3 inches and the torch up to 6 inches.

The 7 points of the crown represent the seven seas and the seven continents.

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During the Revolutionary War, France became a close friend of Americans seeking from Great Britain. To honor its friendship with America, France gave the U.S. a special gift: Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi's beautiful called Enlightening the World. The of arrived in New York on June 19, 1885. It came in 350 pieces packed into 214 crates.

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Text evidence to support photosynthesis is a chemical change:

"Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place at the cellular level inside leaves. It  requires three important ingredients in order to work."
"The chlorophyll traps that light energy from the sun, and then uses it to power a chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose (a kind of sugar)."

Notice it take carbon dioxide and water to make a new substance of oxygen and glucose.

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To a kid standing in a sunny garden, it may not seem like much is happening. A butterfly flaps by, or a bird visits the bird feeder. But since they can't see any change in the growing fruits, vegetables, or flowers around them, they may think nothing much is happening.

A quick explanation of photosynthesis can help kids to understand that not only are the plants in the garden working hard to make their own food, but that this amazing process is the reason there's any life on Earth at all!

Here's how you can explain the process of photosynthesis to your kids, and help them understand what's happening in the garden every single day.

What is Photosynthesis?

Every living thing has to have a source of energy if it's going to stay alive. Energy is what keeps our bodies growing and our brains working.

People and animals get their energy from the food we eat, like fruits and vegetables. But where do the fruits and vegetables get their energy?

Unlike people who have to eat energy, plants make their own. They do it through a process called photosynthesis.
How Does Photosynthesis Work?
Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place at the cellular level inside leaves. It requires three important ingredients in order to work.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas in the air all around us. When people and animals exhale, they're emitting carbon dioxide. This is great news for plants, who need it to survive.

Water

When we water our plants, we're providing them with one of the key components to their energy creation process.

Sunlight

The rays of the sun are what bring it all together. This solar energy fuels the process that turns CO2 and water into the food the plant needs.

So what does the process look like?

First, the plant has to gather the raw materials that it needs to create the photosynthesis reaction. The leaves "breathe in" the carbon dioxide in the air through their leaves. Water is soaked up by the roots, traveling through the plant stem and into the leaves. And sunlight lands on the leaves and gets absorbed through the surface.

Inside the leaves, there are tiny microscopic structures called chloroplasts. And inside these chloroplasts is chlorophyll, a green pigment. This is what makes most leaves and grasses green. The chlorophyll traps that light energy from the sun, and then uses it to power a chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose (a kind of sugar).

The plant doesn't need much of this oxygen, so it "breathes" most of it out into the air. This is good news for people and animals, because we have to breathe that oxygen in to survive. The glucose will stay inside the plant as food. The plant will combine that food with nutrients from the soil to make more leaves, flowers, fruits, or vegetables.

By making that glucose, the plant has essentially made its own food. And it will use that glucose to grow!

What About Plants That Don't Have Green Leaves?

It's true that some plants have red or purple leaves. But they still have green chlorophyll inside. They just have other pigments in their leaves that mask the green pigment from the chlorophyll.

Regardless of the color of the leaves, all plants go through photosynthesis. Even plants like the Venus Fly Traps that "eat" bugs still get most of their energy from photosynthesis. They just rely on bugs for additional nutrients that aren't provided by the soil.

Photosynthesis in the Garden

The process of photosynthesis-turning sunlight into energy-explains why plants need light in order to grow. Kids may wonder if light is so important, why don't we put all of our plants in full sun?

While sunlight is important, too much hot sun can scorch the leaves and actually prevent them from doing their job. The heat from the sun causes the water in the leaves to dry up. And without water, the leaves won't be able to complete the process of photosynthesis. So in hot places like in Texas, we have to be careful to ensure that plants don't get more sun than they can handle.

The process of photosynthesis is where so much of life on Earth begins. This energy creation process is why we have wheat, rice, apples, potatoes, pumpkins, and every other fruit and vegetable. Without photosynthesis, there would be no produce, no animals, and no people.

It's an amazing process, and it's happening in your backyard right now.

Want to learn more about gardens? Check out these helpful articles:

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Photosynthesis for Kids: The Science Behind the Sun and Your Garden - Barton Hill Farms

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To a kid standing in a sunny garden, it may not seem like much is happening. A butterfly flaps by, or a bird visits the bird feeder. But since they can't see any change in the growing fruits, vegetables, or flowers around them, they may think nothing much is happening.

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This video show at an atomic level how the reactants of carbon dioxide and water will make the new products sugar and oxygen.

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Text Evidence of a Real World Chemical Change.

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Text Evidence of a Real World Chemical Change.

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"This process of converting water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose is called photosynthesis."

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Today's Wonder of the Day was inspired by Amalia. Amalia Wonders, " How do leaves change colors? " Thanks for WONDERing with us, Amalia!

Before we learn why leaves change color in autumn, let's talk about what leaves do during the rest of the year. Each leaf on a tree is like a tiny panel, gathering sunlight the tree uses to make food. Sunlight helps turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and , a sugar that the tree uses for food (energy) to grow.

This of converting water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and is called photosynthesis . A called chlorophyll helps the of photosynthesis occur. Chlorophyll is also what gives plants their green color.

As summer ends and autumn begins, the days get shorter and shorter. With fewer daylight hours, leaves are not able to make as much chlorophyll as they can during the long daylight hours of spring and summer. As the chlorophyll fades, we are able to see other colors, such as orange and yellow, .

Many people mistakenly believe that weather makes leaves change color. While this is not true, weather can affect how vibrantly the colors appear.

If the weather is too hot or cold, the leaves will not be as bright as they begin to change. The best weather for brilliant autumn foliage is sunny, warm days and cool nights.

Water also plays an important role in autumn leaf colors. If a tree doesn't receive enough water, the leaves will die faster and fall to the ground. If there is too much rain, the tree won't receive enough sunlight, and the leaves will not be brightly colored.

You may be surprised to learn that each leaf has small amounts of other colors in it year-round, even if we can't see them. During the spring and summer, chlorophyll overpowers the other colors, and all we see is green. With less chlorophyll to give the leaf its green color, we begin to see the other colors, such as orange, yellow, and red, which have been there all along.

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Today's Wonder of the Day won't help you turn over a new leaf, but it will take a closer look at a few old ones!