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Brau, B. (2018). Constructivism. In R. Kimmons, The Students' Guide to Learning Design and Research. EdTech Books. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/studentguide/constructivism

Chan, J. R., HIMOLDANG, J. G., De Vera, J. L., DE BORJA, J. O. A. N. N. A., MARIE, A., Lansangan, R. V., ... & Soliman, A. A. (2020). Constructivism and Pedagogical Practices of Science Teachers. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(2). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3601705

Drew, C. (2021). What is The Humanistic Theory in Education?. HelpfulProfessor.com.  Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3IRXKFq

Lynch, M. (2016). Philosophies of education: 2 types of teacher-centered philosophies. The Edvocate. Retrieved from https://www.theedadvocate.org/philosophies-education-2-types-teacher-centered-philosophies/

Lynch, M. (2016). Philosophies of education: 3 types of
student-centered philosophies. The Edvocate. Retrieved from https://www.theedadvocate.org/philosophies-education-3-types-student-centered-philosophies/

Sahin, M. (2018). Essentialism in Philosophy, Psychology,
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Veugelers, W. (2011). Education and Humanism: Linking Autonomy and Humanity. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3IRXKFq

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Teacher-centered philosophies focus on passing on knowledge from one generation of educators to the next. The purpose of the teacher in teacher-centered philosophies is to instill respect for authority, dedication, a commitment to excellence, compassion for others, and awareness, meanwhile;

Student-centered philosophies place a greater emphasis on individual student training. These beliefs focus a greater emphasis on students' individuality and assist them in realizing their full potential.

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One of the most influential proponents of essentialism was William C. Bagley (1874–1946).

Essentialism is an educational philosophy that emphasizes the teaching of fundamental skills. The mind should be trained, according to this idea. Essentialist educators emphasize the transmission of a series of increasingly difficult concepts and the advancement of learners to the next grade or level. Subjects are organized chronologically to provide a thorough understanding of the present day, with a focus mostly on the historical context of the natural world and culture. Reading, writing, arithmetic, science, history, foreign language, and technology are all emphasized in this ideology.

Lectures, memorization, repetition, practice, and assessment are some of the strategies available.

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Perennialist classrooms, as a Teacher-Centered Educational Philosophy, are more likely to be centered on the teacher than the pupils, with teachers not dwelling on the interests or experiences of learners, but rather using tried and proven approaches and tactics.

Perennialists consider the Socratic Method and the Lecture Method to be the most effective methods for training students' minds.

Because it does not question gender stereotypes, include multiculturalism, or expose and advocate technology, perennialism is frequently described as "culturally conservative philosophy."

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The founders of progressivism are John Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and John Dewey (1859–1952).

Individuals with varied educational degrees can bring beneficial changes and problem-solving approaches to their students, which are the foundations of progressivism. Progressivist educators are goal-oriented and don't just regurgitate facts.

Exploration and experience are key to the progressivist classroom. Teachers facilitate students' holistic development in the classroom.

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Constructivism is a learning philosophy in which students are given the opportunity to develop their own understanding of what they are learning by making connections through doing things and reflecting on them.

The Three foundational psychologists of CONSTRUCTIVISM: Jean Piaget (Father of Constructivism), Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey

2 Major Types of Constructivism: (1) Cognitive - based on an individual’s experience and prior knowledge; (2) Social - based on the learners' interactions with others.

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Constructivism and Pedagogical Practices of Science Teachers

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The humanistic teaching and learning theory is an educational philosophy that emphasizes teaching the "whole" child. A humanist approach will place a high emphasis on learners' emotional well-being and will always see children as good 'at their core' (Drew, 2021).

Humanist education, according to Veugelers (2011), "focuses on the development of rationality, autonomy, empowerment, creativity, affections, and a concern for humanity."

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ESSENTIALISM IN PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATION, SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC SCOPES

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Research related to some educational philosophies such as Perennialism

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Research related to some educational philosophies such as Perennialism

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https://youtu.be/WvzVAQkuSqU

https://youtu.be/Q9aolA-sPZw