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Conc and eval

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conc and eval

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Use for conclusion and eval

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Last bullet point to support answer or slope angle

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We are developing an integrated modelling tool that will be used to evaluate coastal resilience and scope alternative management options along managed coastlines with critical Energy infrastructure (SE England, Dungeness foreland & E England, Minsmere nature reserve).

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Welcome to the the Slapton Line online resoruce library, where you can access all Slapton Line information such as all Slapton Line Partnership meeting minutes and agendas and media releases, images of the area to download or just peruse, specialist reports on the area, and so on. For a summary of latest news items, please click news

If there's something you need and you can't find it here, please contact us

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Resource library - Slapton Line Partnership

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Welcome to the the Slapton Line online resoruce library, where you can access all Slapton Line information such as all Slapton Line Partnership meeting minutes and agendas and media releases, images of the area to download or just peruse, specialist reports on the area, and so on.

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Slapton sands socio-economic profile stats

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Slapton sands socio-economic profile stats

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iLiveHere - Britain's worst places to live

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If you are thinking of moving to Slapton or just want to know a what the area is like, the statistics on this page should give you a good introduction. They cover a range of socio-economic factors so you can compare Slapton to figures for Devon and nationally. These statistics can tell you if Slapton is an economically deprived area and how hard it might be to get a job.

Slapton Age Distribution Statistics

The population of Slapton as a whole, is older than the national average. The population of Slapton is also older than the Devon average, making Slapton a older persons location.

Slapton Benefits & Unemployment Statistics

After the introduction of Universal Credit, the government no longer publishes unemployment figures as a percentage of the working population and has no further plans to do so. They do however publish the number of Universal Credit claimants in every local district council. We have taken the LDC that includes Slapton and compared it to the nearest councils. Please be aware that Universal Credit is a in and out of work benefit. Therefore these figures are an indicator of BOTH unemployment and underemployment. Slapton is in the local authority with the lowest number of Universal Credit claimants in the area.

These figures below on the claiming of legacy benefits in Slapton are dated . They are the last published statistics of unemployment rates as a percentage of the population. Althpugh outdated, these statistics can often be a good indicator of the prosperity of the town and how hard it could be to get employment in the area.The rate of unemployment in Slapton is both lower than the average for Devon and lower than the national average, suggesting that finding a job in this area maybe easier than most places. The rate of claiming any benefit (which includes in work benefits) is more than 10% lower in Slapton than the national average, suggesting higher salaries than the average in the area.

Slapton Social Grade & Occcupation Statistics

Social grade is a classification based on occupation and it enables a household and all its members to be classified according to the job of the main income earner.

Slapton Immigration Statistics

These figures for Country of Birth for the residents of Slapton are from the UK Census of 2011. Since Slapton has a higher level of residents born in the UK than the national average and a lower rate of residents either born in other EU countries or outside the EU, it does not have a significant immigrant population.

Slapton Education Statistics

These statistics are for the highest level education obtained by the residents of Slapton and are from the UK Census of 2011. Slapton has a lower level of residents with either no qualifications or qualifications equal to 1 or more GCSE at grade D or below, than the national average. Slapton also has a high level of residents with a higher education qualification (level 4) than the national average, suggesting that the residents of Slapton are better educated than the average England citizen.

Slapton Property Ownership & Rental Statistics

Slapton General Health Statistics

The respondents of the 2011 Census were asked to rate their health. These are the results for Slapton. The percentage of residents in Slapton rating their health as 'very good' is more than the national average. Also the percentage of residents in Slapton rating their health as 'very bad' is less than the national average, suggesting that the health of the residents of Slapton is generally better than in the average person in England.

Sources: Office for National Statistics & Department for Work & Pensions.

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Slapton, Devon - iLiveHere - Britain's worst places to live

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If you are thinking of moving to Slapton or just want to know a what the area is like, the statistics on this page should give you a good introduction. They cover a range of socio-economic factors so you can compare Slapton to figures for Devon and nationally.

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Shows the most highly erdoded points.

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Home " England and Wales " England " South West " Devon " South Hams " Stokenham " E00102204

Postcodes covered by Stokenham E00102204

Stokenham is categorised by the Office of National Statistics as Coastal and Countryside: Senior Communities .

Stokenham output area E00102204 is categorised by the Office of National Statistics as being within a village surrounded by sparsely populated countryside.

The typical demographics of the area are categorised as Countryside: Accessible countryside.

Key Stats

Detailed Stats

Select the data you want to see from the dropdown list.

Some data tables are available as both "Quick Stats" and "Key Stats". In general, Key Stats tables have more detail, often including percentage values as well as simple numeric counts.

Contains National Statistics data © Crown copyright and database right 2012

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2012

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Home " England and Wales " England " South West " Devon " South Hams " Stokenham " E00102204 Stokenham is categorised by the Office of National Statistics as Coastal and Countryside: Senior Communities . Stokenham output area E00102204 is categorised by the Office of National Statistics as being within a village surrounded by sparsely populated countryside.

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Reference of image is from the sea defense article

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EdWordle is a tool for editing "word clouds" based on the Wordle. The initial word cloud can be generated from the input text or read from an existing one. You can re-font, re-colore, resize, move, rotate, add and delete words to create custom visualizations.
EdWordle's main benefit is that it allows a neighborhood-preserving editing process, which keeps words at predictable and close locations during and after the editing process. Like Wordle, the images you create with Wordle are yours to use however you like. You can save them to your own desktop to use as you wish.

Create Now "

Some examples created by others and you can further edit them:

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EdWordle is a tool for editing "word clouds" based on the Wordle. The initial word cloud can be generated from the input text or read from an existing one. You can re-font, re-colore, resize, move, rotate, add and delete words to create custom visualizations.

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Formal plans to realign and rebuild the storm-damaged A379 Slapton Line have been submitted - but if the road is damaged again it is likely to be abandoned and left to allow nature to take its course

The section between Slapton and Strete Gate has been closed since early March after most of the road was washed away or undermined during Storm Emma .

The Government has committed £2.5m for the reinstatement work and Devon County Council's cabinet have approved the proposed realignment of the A379 at Slapton Line.

Work, subject to planning permission being granted, is set to begin in the summer, and the road should be reopen by the Autumn.

Those plans have now been submitted by the county council - whose own development management committee will decide the application at a later date.

But the council admits that sometime in the future the A379 is likely to be breached due to extreme weather conditions, and a report with the application says: "At that time Devon County Council will arrange for the coated materials to be removed off site and it is highly likely that the remains of the A379 will abandoned and allow nature to take its course."

The southern section of the reinstatement, near the junction to Slapton village, will be implemented based on an existing planning permission.

The plans for the northern section, between Slapton and Strete Gate, will see the road moved 20m closer inland - after councillors heard that implementing the existing planning permission would leave the road highly vulnerable to future damage.

A statement submitted with the application says: "Works are expected to start in July 2018 on the southern section of the realignment. The works are anticipated to take up to six weeks to complete and will be built off line as far as possible. Once planning consent is achieved work will switch to the northern realignment, with those works expected to take a further eight weeks.

"The works are expected to be completed by October 2018 at which point the road will re-open. The initial stage of the works will focus on potential unexploded ordnance in the area with checks during the clearance and excavation to ensure the safety of the workforce.

"The road between the Sands Road junction and Strete Gate is currently closed so much of the work will be done within that closure. Traffic management will be necessary for the works at Sands Road junction. This will comprise 2-way lights as necessary and a full closure for the tie-in works. These will be programmed to minimise disruption.

"The proposed realignment will reopen the strategic route to Dartmouth via the A379. It will also provide and maintain the social, economic and amenity conditions of the communities along its route."

The Slapton Line Partnership supported the plans at a consultation event, documents submitted with the proposals say.

A decision on the application to realign the road is expected to be made next month.

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Slapton road will be moved 20 meters inland after Storm Emma damage

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Formal plans to realign and rebuild the storm-damaged A379 Slapton Line have been submitted - but if the road is damaged again it is likely to be abandoned and left to allow nature to take its course The section between Slapton and Strete Gate has been closed since early March after most of the road was washed away or undermined during Storm Emma .

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A good way to find depositional features is to look for name evidence - the term 'sands' appears at Slapton Sands, 833443 (Map 1) and Beesands, 821406 (Map 3).

In Scotland, the term 'links' often indicates a sandy area along a coastline.

The shape of the coast in a map is also a good indicator. In all three maps, the smoothness of the coastline shown indicates a depositional coastline.

Longshore drift

Longshore drift in this area has been responsible for the formation of sand bars across the mouths of several streams which would previously have drained into Start Bay, such as those in squares 8244 (Map 1) and 8345 (Map 2).

When sand spits appear on an O.S. map the direction of the longshore drift can be determined as it will be moving towards where the end of the spit is being formed.

Here, however, the direction cannot be determined from the map as the spits have formed sand bars right across the river mouths.

Bars have trapped water which form lagoons at Slapton Ley and Lower Ley in 8243 (Map 1) and the lake at 818411 (Map 3).

These lagoons are likely to remain, fed by the streams that flow into them. If the streams increased in flow, they might breach the sand bar and once again flow into Start Bay.

These lagoons are likely to remain, fed by the streams that flow into them. If the streams increased in flow, they might breach the sand bar and once again flow into Start Bay.

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Deposition features on an OS map - Coastal landscapes - Higher Geography Revision - BBC Bitesize

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A good way to find depositional features is to look for name evidence - the term 'sands' appears at Slapton Sands, 833443 (Map 1) and Beesands, 821406 (Map 3). In Scotland, the term 'links' often indicates a sandy area along a coastline. The shape of the coast in a map is also a good indicator.

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Fieldwork Risk Assessment / Field work Risk Assessment

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Torcross - sea defences © Colin Vosper

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The solid wall and promenade in front of the houses provides a defence against the sea especially when there are easterly storms. Sea defences like this are vital along this vulnerable stretch of coast. Especially after neighbouring Hallsands was totally ruined in such storms and is a reminder of how vulnerable such villages are.

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Create a survey | Free surveys & questionnaires online | Survio®

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Create professional surveys easily. Collect responses on multiple channels. Share automatically analyzed results online.

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4. Data analysis

Sophisticated data analysis will help you spot patterns, trends and relationships in your results. Data analysis can be qualitative and/or quantitative, and may include statistical tests. An example of a statistical test is outlined below.

Calculating wave energy

To calculate the energy of the waves, you need to have measured two things:

Wave period (`T`): the time taken (in seconds) for 2 successive waves to pass a fixed point

Wave height (`H`): the height of the wave (in metres) from trough to peak

Step 1. Calculate wave period

Wave period is expressed in seconds.

If you have counted how many wave crests pass a fixed point in 60 seconds, wave period is calculated as

`"Wave period" = 60 / "Number of wave crests passing a fixed point"`

Step 2. Calculate the wavelength

Wavelength is expressed in metres.

`"Wavelength" = 1.56 xx ("Wave period")^2`

Step 3. Calculate the wave energy

Wave energy is expressed in joules per metre per second.

Wave energy is directly proportional to the wavelength (`L`). Wave energy is directly proportional to the square of wave height (`H^2`).

`"Wave energy" = 740 xx "Wavelength" xx "Wave height"^2`

Sediment analysis

(a) Size of coarse sediments: mean size

Coarse sediments are pebbles and cobbles. If you have measured the a, b and c axes using calipers or a ruler, you could calculate the mean pebble size for each sample site on the beach.

`"Mean size" = (a + b + c)/3` for each pebble

(b) Size of fine sediments: phi sizes

Fine sediments are clay, silt and sand. Once you have sieved the sediment, you can calculate phi sizes. Use the conversion table if you do not have the phi sizes already.

Calculate the percentage mass of sediment in each phi size category. For example, if total mass=100g and the mass of material at 5-10mm = 20g, then 20% of the total mass of sediment is 5-10mm in diameter. This can be presented in a number of ways

using a histogram with % mass on the y axis and sediment size on the x-axis

pie charts to show changes along the transect, which might be overlaid on a map or aerial photograph

plot a scattergraph to show how mean sediment size varies with distance along the beach (see below).

Alternatively, use semi-logarithmic graph paper to plot a cumulative frequency graph of phi against mass. Plot phi size on the linear x-axis. Plot the cumulative mass of sediment on the logarithmic y-axis.

On your finished graph, find the phi size values at 16% and 84% cumulative mass. Use these figures in the following formula

`("phi at 84% mass" - "phi at 16% mass")/2`

Use the following table to interpret the result

(c) Zingg's shape classification

The analysis of the shape of coarse sediments can be divided into 4 categories: shape, sphericity, flatness and roundness.

The raw data needed for each pebble are the lengths of the a, b and c axes.

Calculate the ratio `b-:a`

Calculate the ratio `c-:b`

Now classify each pebble into one of the four groups shown in the table

(d) Krumbein's Index of Sphericity

The raw data needed for each pebble are the lengths of the a, b and c axes.

For each stone, calculate Krumbein's Index as follows

`"Krumbein's Index" = ((bc)/a^2)^(1/3)`

Krumbein's Index (K) K must be between 0 and 1. K = 1 for a perfectly spherical pebble. The lower that K is, the less spherical the pebble.

(e) Cailleux's Flatness Index

The raw data needed for each pebble are the lengths of the a, b and c axes.

For each stone, calculate Cailleux's Flatness Index as follows

`"Flatness Index" = (a + b) / (2c) xx 100`

A perfectly equidimensional particle will have a Flatness Index of 100 and will increase infinitely as it become flatter.

(f) Cailleux's Roundness Index

The raw data needed for each pebble are:

the length of the longest axis (l)

the radius of curvature of the sharpest angle (r)

For each stone, calculate Cailleux Index as follows

`"Roundness Index" = (2r)/lxx1000`

Roundness Index =1000 for a perfectly spherical pebble. The lower the Roundness Index is, the more angular the pebble.

Cailleux's Roundness Index may be presented using box and whisker plots.

Spearman's Rank Correlation Test

Spearman's Rank Correlation is a statistical test to test whether there is a significant relationship between two sets of data.

The Spearman's Rank Correlation test can only be used if there are at least 10 (ideally at least 15-15) pairs of data.

There are 3 steps to take when using the Spearman's Rank Correlation Test

Step 1. State the null hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between _______ and _______

Step 2. Calculate the Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

`r_s = 1-(6∑D^2) / (n(n^2-1))`

`r_s` = Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient

`D` = differences between ranks

`n` = number of pairs of measurements

Step 3. Test the significance of the result

Compare the value of `r_s` that you have calculated against the critical value for `r_s` at a confidence level of 95% / significance value of p = 0.05.

If `r_s` is equal to or above the critical value (p=0.05) the REJECT the null hypothesis. There is a SIGNIFICANT relationship between the 2 variables.

A positive sign for `r_s` indicates a significant positive relationship and a negative sign indicates a significant negative relationship.

If `r_s` (ignoring any sign) is less than the critical value, ACCEPT the null hypothesis. There is NO SIGNIFICANT relationship between the 2 variables.

Worked example

A geographer is interested in whether longshore drift is operating along a coastal spit at Abermenai Point in Anglesey. Random samples of pebbles were taken at the base of the storm beach at 15 sites every 50m along a spit. Here are the results.

Step 1. State the null hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between distance along the spit and mean pebble size at Abermenai Point.

Step 2. Calculate the Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

(a) Rank the measurements

(b) Calculate `D` and `D^2`

(c) Calculate `∑D^2`i.e. the sum of the `D^2`column`= 865.6`

(d) Calculate `r_s`

`r_s = 1-(6∑D^2) / (n(n^2-1))`

`r_s = 1-(6xx865.5) / (15xx(225-1))`

`r_s = -0.55`

Step 3. Test the significance of the result

The critical value at `p=0.05` significance level for `15` pairs of measurements is `0.521`

Since our calculated value of `0.55> 0.521` (ignore the minus sign), the null hypothesis can be rejected.

In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between distance along the spit and mean pebble size at Abermenai Point. The negative sign for `r_s`indicates a significant negative relationship.

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Sophisticated data analysis will help you spot patterns, trends and relationships in your results. Data analysis can be qualitative and/or quantitative, and may include statistical tests. An example of a statistical test is outlined below.

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Farmers had the added worry of evacuating their livestock and dealing with crops. Some 3000 people (750 families) were involved. The parishes involved covering 30,000 acres were: "the whole, or almost the whole, of Blackawton, East Allington, Sherford, Slapton, and Strete, most of Stokenham, and parts of Stoke Fleming, Buckland-tout-Saints and Halwell".

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Shows the effects of costal erosion through human activity

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The Lost Village of Hallsands

Hallsands village, located in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the South Devon coast at Start Bay, about I mile north of Start Point, was until the last few years of the 19th century associated with fishing. From 1897 for the next 20 years, it suffered hardship, with its community progressively losing their means of fishing, culminating in losing their houses and belongings to the sea. This was brought about by removal of vast quantities of sand and shingle which had protected the precarious community for many, many decades. The result was that most inhabitants were forced to abandon their houses before they collapsed, but today the village has international renown within the Coastal Engineering fraternity, an example of the effect of coastal dredging when processes are not fully understood.

The early history of Hallsands is unknown, but a chapel has existed there since at least 1506. The village was at a cave known as Poke Hole, and probably was not inhabited before 1600. The village [1] grew in size during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by the 1891 census, it was thriving with 37 houses, a spring, a public house called the London Inn dating from 1784 with stables, a bakery, a greengrocer, and a population of 159. The nearest school was a 2 mile walk. Many of the men of Hallsands had other trades to supplement the living they made through fishing, such as tailor, carpenter and blacksmith.

Most residents of Hallsands depended on fishing for a living: crab fishing on the nearby Skerries Bank and seine fishing for mackerel and pilchards. The Leicester Chronicle reported in October 1842 that the "seins belonging to Hallsands secured the immense number of about 800,000 pilchards, which were rather small, fetching from 9d. to 18d. per hundred". (Approx. £4 to £8 in 2017).

The environment of the village was sometimes harsh. Exposed to the weather and storms, but built on a rocky ledge above sea level and protected by the sand and shingle banks in front of it, the hardship was a way of life. The Devon Sea Fisheries Committee added to the difficulties, by passing bylaws [2] in the mid-1890s curtailing certain kinds of fishing, much to the annoyance of fishermen from Hallsands and the nearby communities of Slapton, Torcross and Beesands. Despite trawl nets being banned, some fishermen continued to use them. The Rev.Conrad Finzell of Stokenham wrote to the Dartmouth and South Hams Chronicle to report that continued trawl fishing had entirely crippled the crab fishermen of Hallsands and Beesands, where over 100 crab pots had been destroyed by nets in a three week period [3].

The Admiralty decided in 1895 that the Royal Navy dockyard at Keyham, Plymouth should be extended to accommodate the increasing size of modern warships. By 1907, Keyham, itself renamed as North Yard and now part of HMNB Devonport, had expanded greatly, requiring vast quantities of sand and gravel for its construction. Sir John Jackson, an established contractor for large scale civil engineering works including docks and harbours won the contract, and turned to a 1,100m stretch of coast off Hallsands for the materials needed, having secured a licence from the Board of Trade for removal of sand, shingle and gravel from below the low water mark in a designated area, without the villagers' knowledge. The licence contained a clause that if the operation should damage the foreshore defences of the adjacent land, then the licence would be cancelled. Dredging started in April 1897, initially with a bucket-ladder dredger, later replaced by two suction-pump dredgers discharging into 1,100-ton capacity hopper barges for transport to Devonport. Soon afterwards, Sir John Jackson obtained a similar licence from the Office of Woods that permitted the removal of sand and shingle from the foreshore between high and low water marks, again without the knowledge of the villagers. A clause in this agreement stated that the work should be done in such a way that the land above the high-water mark should not be exposed to the encroachment of the sea.

By the end of May 1897, the removal of shingle at an average of 1,600 tons per day had altered the shape and angle of the beach, so much so that the low water mark moved until it was actually further inland than the old high-water mark. A Board of Trade Inquiry[4] was held on 10 June 1897 with reference to a complaint against the dredging made by the local MP, Mr F.B. Midmay, on behalf of the fishermen and villagers who feared that the dredging might destabilise the beach and thereby threaten the village. The inquiry[5] found that the activity was not likely to pose a significant threat to the village, so dredging continued, as the licence was not withdrawn, but Sir John Jackson undertook to pay the fishermen of Hallsands £125 a year while the dredging continued, together with a Christmas gratuity of £20. The payments were intended to compensate for the interference with fishing, not for any damage to the shoreline.

Disquiet continued. Over the next few years, there were more pleas for help, enquiries and damage. In November 1900, the villagers petitioned their MP about damage to the houses. At spring high tide, the sea now came within 1m (3ft.) of the village rather than the 21-24m (70-80ft.) it had been before dredging started. Cracks started to appear in houses at the south end of the village and the sea wall was undermined. Following another Board of Trade inspection, Jackson was ordered to provide new concrete footings to the sea wall and a concrete slipway for the boats, to compensate for the lack of beach.

There followed more damage to the sea walls which were built to protect the houses, and to the houses themselves. After much campaigning and protesting [6] by the villagers and their supporters, on 8 January 1902, the licence [7] to dredge was revoked. After nearly 5 years of dredging, around 650,000 tonnes of shingle were removed from the beach. In the years that followed, especially 1903, some houses suffered further damage, including the London Inn, which lost the kitchen, a bedroom and the cellars. In 1903, John Masefield wrote prophetically about the eventual demise of Hallsands in a poem [8].

A new stronger sea wall was put in place in 1906 to protect the remaining 25 cottages and their 93 inhabitants. Although these numbers fell to 79, the sea wall contributed to the villagers' feeling of security but this was shattered in a violent storm[9] which started on 26 January 1917. The fishermen, expecting worsening gales, storms and a high tide, hauled the boats high up in to the village street and battened them down. The children were evacuated to the Mildmay Cottages. At 8pm spring tides brought huge waves which crashed into the houses at roof height and destroyed the buildings behind the sea walls from above. The houses built on the empty chasms in the ledge collapsed and those on the rocks were battered by wind, waves and stones. The villagers feared for their lives.

By midnight, four houses were totally demolished and none survived intact. Amazingly, all 79 villagers survived and scrambled to safety during a lull in the storm at low tide. Dawn on 27th January revealed a devastating picture, and the sea was strewn with timber and broken furniture. The sea walls had held, otherwise many more houses, and possibly lives, would have been lost. It was likely that the next high tide would destroy all that remained so with the wind still raging, villagers worked to salvage what they could. On 28th January 1917, with the next high tide, the walls broke and the village was destroyed. Only one house remained in any way habitable, the highest in the village, that of the Prettyjohn family.

The Kingsbridge Gazette that day led with the headline ' The beach went to Devonport and the cottages went to the sea '.

On 25 September 1917, The Board of Trade held an enquiry[10][11] at Hallsands, on the order of the Devon Sea Fisheries Committee, on behalf of the inhabitants of Hallsands, for compensation in respect to the damage recently sustained by the village from the sea. The Committee urged that compensation should be made to the sufferers out of national funds, and adequate protection afforded, but it would be impossible to construct the houses where they once were. A civil engineer, R Handsford Worth, conducted extensive survey of the coastline with respect to the dredging, and his work was often quoted at this and other Public Inquiries of the day for Hallsands.

Many families, having lost everything, relocated to neighbouring villages North Hallsands and Beesands to fight the long battle for compensation [12] which took seven years! This delay is encompassed in an article "The day the Sea came down the Chimney"[13] which relates the following:
In 1918 the Government appointed an inspector for a local inquiry. His conclusions were unequivocal: the dredging had caused the collapse. He recommended compensation of £10,500 (approx. £0.55m in 2017) to rebuild the village on safer ground. The civil servants were not impressed. The Assistant Secretary to the Treasury wrote: "If we offer [a grant] at once we shall only be pressed for more - the Hallsands fishermen, as past history shows, are past masters in squeezing. One sympathises with them in the disaster which has overtaken them but a year or more has now elapsed and it is probable that by now they have managed to get homes and a livelihood."
In fact, most of them were still living nearby, renting rooms, overcrowding the homes of their neighbours or even sleeping in the ruins.

Embarrassed by its findings, the Government refused to release the report until, sometime after the Second World War, it was passed with other documents to the Public Records Office, where it has remained unnoticed for half a century.

In May 1918, a lower payment of £6,000 (approx. £0.3m in 2017) was made as a "full and final settlement" of all claims. As inflation reduced its value, the committee administering the grant tried in vain to access the new funds allocated for council housing. In August 1922, they were forced to admit defeat, and work began on a development of just ten houses, which still stand today in the 'new' village of North Hallsands. The remaining money was insufficient even to pay for these, so the former homeowners were forced to borrow and pay rent for the rest of their lives.

Only one house was left standing on 27 January 1917, on the road leading down to the village. It was owned by Elizabeth Prettyjohn who stubbornly refused to leave, and lived there with her chickens until her death in 1964, aged about 80 years. She acted as a guide to visitors who came over the years, curious to see the remains of the village. Today her house is used as a summer holiday home.

Another famous Hallsands resident was Ella Trout and her sisters Patience, Clara and Edith. When their fisherman father, William, became sick, Patience and then Ella gave up school and operated his boat which was the only source of income for the family. William died in 1910 when Ella was 15 years old. On the 8th of September 1917, after the Hallsands disaster, Ella was out in the boat crab fishing with her 10-year-old cousin William, when they saw the SS Newholm struck by a naval mine one mile south of Start Point. Along with William Stone, another fisherman in the vicinity, they rowed to the scene and helped rescue nine men. In recognition of her bravery, she received the Order of the British Empire. The sisters, with compensation for the destruction of their cottage at Hallsands and their own earnings, built Trout's Hotel on the cliff above the deserted village. The Trouts ran the hotel successfully until 1959.

Another poem[14], by Susan Wicks, was written about Hallsands and published in 2003.

In 2006, the world premiere of an opera[15], Whirlwinds, based on Hallsands was presented at Gateshead.

A viewing platform [16] overlooking Hallsands, was erected by South Hams District Council and signage is incorporated into the South West Coast Path. In May 2012, it was reported that a 200 tonne, 10 m-long section of coastal cliff had collapsed damaging a stone barn and threatening the stability of the popular cliff-top viewing platform. Whilst this was a relatively small failure by national standards, the inhabitants of the two remaining houses in the village were evacuated amid fears that the access route to these houses would be undermined. As a result of the damage to property, the need for evacuation measures and a well-documented history of coastal erosion in the area, the BGS Landslide Response Team visited the site to assess the landslide. The viewing platform was subsequently reopened, declared safe.

In 2015 the campaign for commemoration of Hallsands at 100 years received the backing of Blur frontman Damon Albarn[1], who had owned a property in Hallsands for 15 years and who credited the village with inspiring his successful Gorillaz album Plastic Beach, which was released in 2010.

In January 2017, a 100-year memorial[17][18][19][20] was held and a plaque was erected.
Geology and Coastal Engineering
During the dredging and after, a civil engineer, R Handsford Worth, conducted extensive survey of the coastline with respect to the dredging, and his work was often quoted at Public Inquiries of the day. Hallsands has become internationally one of the world's best known coastal erosion sites due to the circumstances of the loss of the village, and is an exemplar of the effect of coastal dredging when processes are not fully understood.

It should be noted that the storm of 1917 was particularly destructive due to the gale direction, north easterly, and the offshore Skerries Bank during north easterly winds was of primary importance creating wave energy impacting on Hallsands stretch of coast.

Sir John Jackson.

Throughout the saga, Sir John Jackson had apparently provided funds under the terms of his contract, but these were regarded as insufficient based on the damage created by the dredging. He owned, apart from his contracting operation, Westminster Shipping Company. In 1918, Sir John Jackson's luck finally ran out. A parliamentary inquiry[22] found him guilty of overcharging the nation on war contracts. He resigned from parliament in disgrace and died a year later.

Researched and written by Maritime Archaeology Trust Volunteer Roger Burns.

References

[2] Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, 15 August 1898.

[3] Dartmouth & South Hams Chronicle, 30 November 1900.

[4] Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, 11 June 1897.

[10] Western Times 26 September 1917

[11] Western Morning News 26 September 1917

<div class="sketchfab-embed-wrapper"><iframe width="640" height="480" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/b234919b67484262870dfc4cfdb2777e/embed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 5px; color: #4A4A4A;"> <a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/the-lost-village-of-hallsands-retextured-b234919b67484262870dfc4cfdb2777e?utm_medium=embed&utm_source=website&utm_campaign=share-popup" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; color: #1CAAD9;">The Lost Village of Hallsands [retextured]</a> by <a href="https://sketchfab.com/maritimearchaeologytrust?utm_medium=embed&utm_source=website&utm_campaign=share-popup" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; color: #1CAAD9;">Maritime Archaeology</a> on <a href="https://sketchfab.com?utm_medium=embed&utm_source=website&utm_campaign=share-popup" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; color: #1CAAD9;">Sketchfab</a></p></div>

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Hallsands village, located in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the South Devon coast at Start Bay, about I mile north of Start Point, was until the last few years of the 19th century associated with fishing.

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

Beach morphology

1. Beach profiles

Beach profiles use distance and angle measurements to help you investigate the shape of the beach.

Follow a straight transect line from the edge of the sea to the end of the active beach. Split the line into segments where the slope angle changes. Each reading is taken from from break of slope to break of slope.

Person A stands at a safe distance from the edge of the sea holding a ranging pole

Person B stands holding a second ranging pole further up the beach where there is a break of slope

The distance between the two ranging poles is measured using a tape measure

The angle between matching markers on each ranging pole is measured using a clinometer

Repeat this process at each break of slope until the top of the beach is reached

Measuring beach gradient by Field Studies Council / CC BY.

Beach profiles can also be used to calculate cross-sectional area and the amount of beach material present.

2. Coarse sediment analysis

Random, systematic and/or stratified sampling is used to take a sample of beach sediments (such as sand, gravel and pebbles). The measurement technique used depends on the size of the sediments.

Using calipers to measure the a, b and c axes of a pebble. Using calipers to measure the a, b and c axes of a pebble by Field Studies Council / CC BY.

Measuring size

The a-axis is the longest axis

The b-axis is the widest axis at right angles to the a-axis.

The c-axis is the shortest axis

The size and shape of coarse sediments can be measured on the beach. You do not have to take any sediments from the beach to the lab.

Use rules or calipers to measure the a, b and c axes of each pebble.

Use a stone card to measure the minimum radius of curvature.

Measuring shape

The simplest way to record pebble shape is to classify the stone as very angular, angular, sub-angular, sub-rounded, rounded or very rounded using a Power's Scale of Roundness. This is judged by eye.

Using a protractor or concentric circle card, measure the minimum radius of curvature. This is the sharpest corner on the a-axis.

Alternatively use the pebble size measurements (a, b and c axes) to calculate Zingg's shape classification, Krumbein's Index of Sphericity or Cailleux's Flatness Index (see Data Analysis). Use the a-axis and minimum radius of curavture to calculate Cailleux's Roundness Index.

3. Fine sediment analysis

Samples of fine sediments (clay,silt and sand) will need to be taken from the beach to the lab. Each sample should be placed in a sealed plastic bag and accurately labelled.

Use a set of graduated sieves can be used to sort sediment samples into different size categories (in millimetres or as phi sizes).

The sieves are arranged in decreasing mesh diameter with the largest at the top. The sediment sample is placed in the top sieve then the sieves are shaken to sort the sediment into the various sieves. The mass of sediment in each sieve is measured using scales and the percentage of the total sample can be calculated.

4. Longshore drift: direction and strength

Select 30-50 pebbles of different shapes and sizes from the beach. Use waterproof paint to mark each pebble. Spread the pebbles out in the swash zone, and place a marker further up the beach to show the start point for the pebbles. After 20 minutes find as many pebbles as you can, and measure how far each has moved from the start point.

After 20 minutes, you may find that some of the pebbles will have disappeared from the beach or moved in a different direction to the others. This does not mean that your results are 'wrong'. Record what happened to each pebble (including 'disappeared').

Repeat the experiment at least 3 times, or until you judge that the running mean for distance travelled by a pebble indicates that you have taken an adequate sample.

Beach material is higher on one side of the groyne. Groyne at Worthing Beach by Andrew Skudder / CC BY.

Physical impact of coastal management

5. Groyne measurements

Curved sea wall and rip-rap. Beesands by Slapton Ley / CC BY.

Use a tape measure to find the height of beach material on either side of a groyne. Measure in at least three heights along the beach profile for each groyne. You can compare a series of groynes along a length of beach.

6. Rip-rap volume and weight measurements

Rip-rap or rock armour is often used as a technique of coastal defence. You can collect field data on the effectiveness of the rip-rap simply by measuring the length, width and height of each boulder. Measure the angle of rest of the boulder - is the widest facing facing straight into the waves, or does it lie at an angle?

Use secondary data to find the rock type used and its density. This information can then be used to calculate Hudson's equation (see Data Analysis).

Here are some densities of rocks often used for rip-rap.

Human impact of coastal management

7. Bi-polar analysis

characteristics (e.g age, sex, place of residence)

behaviour (e.g. usage of the coast)

attitudes (e.g. do they agree with a scheme for managed retreat?)

Questionnaires can be a useful technique where there are many passers-by. Dawlish by Iantherev / CC BY.

Construct your own environmental quality assessment. Choose a series of opposing positive and negative statements. For each location that you visit, decide which score to give for each factor. A pilot survey will show whether the criteria you have chosen are appropriate. Here is an example

7. Questionnaires

Questionnaires are useful for finding out more about people's

An effective questionnaire contains a mixture of closed and open questions:

Closed questions: answers are limited to single words, numbers of listed options

e.g. "Have you heard of the new protection scheme planned for Borth Beach?

Possible answers YES or NO

Closed questions can also be given as a statement. Responses are limited to positions on a scale. There are two ways of presenting statements:

(i) Semantic differential scale - use pairs of words and a scale from negative to positive.

e.g. What do you think of the beach protection at Beesands?

Ugly -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Beautiful

Dangerous for the public -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Safe for the public

A long-term solution -2 -1 0 +1 +2 A temporary fix

(ii) Likert scale - ask participants whether they agree or disagree with a series of statements. Use statements with a balance of positive and negative.

e.g. "The coastal defences at Sandsend will protect the town for the next 30 years

Answers: Strongly agree / Agree / Don't know / Disagree / Strongly disagree

(iii) Rating - ask participants to rank a small number of categories from most important to least important.

e.g. What do you think are the most important reasons for protecting the coast at Tywyn? Please rank the following statements from 1 (most important) to 6 (least important)

Answers: protect houses, protect main road, reduce flood risk, protect the beach, protect natural habitats, protect farmland

Open questions: responses may be long and detailed. Often it is a good idea to word the question so that people could respond with positive answers, negative answers or a mixture of the two. Asking participants to focus on a specific area or time frame may be more effective than just asking "Any other comments?" or "What do you think about the coast?" at the end of a questionnaire.

e.g. "Do you think the proposed scheme will protect Borth for the next 40 years?"

8. Cost-benefit analysis

Cost benefit analysis assessments of coastal defences take into account the cost of a defence and the value of the land (and properties) that it protects.

Cost Benefit = Value of land protected /Cost of defence over x years

Shoreline Management Plans and Environment Agency documentation can provide you with values for the cost of the different types of sea defence in your study area. Different sea defences require different levels of maintenance than others (e.g. rip rap groyne is cheaper to maintain than a wooden groyne) and so this should also be factored in. The cost of maintenance over a set time year period should be found in the same documentation and used for your calculation.

Land use type can be recorded as a tally as shown above, values for different types of land use can also be found in secondary sources.

For a more representative cost benefit analysis, consideration of different house and business prices depending on the location along the coastline should be taken into account. Distance away from the sea defence and height above it should also be taken in to account when surveying land use. High resolution maps are available that show individual buildings and height above sea level.
Determining likelihood of flooding
Risk and vulnerability

9. Risk mapping

using supporting pictures to clearly see the height that storm surges reach on a defence

using people as guidance for heights

lowering a tape measure from the top of the defence (be aware of the risks involved in fieldwork where there are exposed drops of any height and take suitable precautions as required.)

Evaluating the impact (and severity) of flooding behind coastal defences
Flood risk at a coastal location can be quantified by taking into account the likelihood of flooding occuring and the severity of a breach or overtopping of sea defences.

Flood risk = likelihood x severity

High-status retail (e.g. department stores), high tech industry, offices

5

High value housing, low order retail, possibly small scale industry/cafes/pubs

4

Low value housing, small businesses (small convenience stores, independent garages, storage facilities)

3

Open space (car parks, derelict land, parks, allotments)

2

In its simplest form likelihood can be scored depending on the estimated height of the sea defence above a high tide or storm tide. The table below shows how the height of the defence can be categorised.

There are a range of ways to increase the accuracy of this piece of data collection:

Severity of coastal flooding can be determined by considering the properties that would be affected by flooding, especially their economic value or worth if damaged.

Choose a small number of categories for the types of land use. Sample a representative number of locations behind the coastal defences. At each location, tally the number of different types of land use found. Use your tally chart to find the most common land use at each location. (i.e. the mode). This modal land use and its associated score can then be used in the flood risk calculation.

To show the spatial change of land use along your stretch of coastline, the buildings can be marked on a map using colours or symbols for different types of land use.

Secondary data sources

1. Wave and wind data

This can be found at

2. Shoreline management plans

Shoreline management plans are an essential source to find our more about about erosion and other coastal processes in your chosen length of coastline.

Projections of coastal flooding as a result of sea level rise can be modelled using Flooding Firetree.

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Method for Coastal Management - Field Studies Council

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

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Slapton is a village and civil parish in the South Hams district of Devon, England. It is located near the A379 road between Kingsbridge and Dartmouth, and lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The nearby beach is Slapton Sands.

In 1901 the population of the civil parish was 527, decreasing to 473 in 2001, and decreasing further to 434 at the 2011 census. The parish is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Blackawton, Strete, Stokenham and East Allington.

Slapton was recorded in the Domesday Book as Sladone. The Collegiate Chantry of St Mary was founded in 1372 or 1373 by Sir Guy de Brian. The Tower Inn and West tower remain and the tower has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building. The Church of St James dates from the late 13th or early 14th century, and is also grade I listed.

The nearby beach is a coastal bar (see below), known as Slapton Sands.[citation needed ] After Lalla Rookh, a tea clipper, was wrecked at Prawle Point in March 1873, some of her cargo of tea and tobacco, heaped up to 11 feet (3.4 m) high in places, as well as pieces of wreckage, were washed up on Slapton Sands.

In 1944, during World War II, it was part of the site of Exercise Tiger, a rehearsal for the Invasion of Normandy which was attacked by German E-Boats and also saw a large number of friendly fire deaths. An M4A1 Sherman tank that was sunk in this action has been recovered and now stands on the road behind the beach at nearby Torcross. Part of Exercise Fabius took place a week after Exercise Tiger on Slapton Sands. The beach itself is not sand, but consists of small smooth pebbles ranging in size from ¼ inch to several inches.[citation needed ]

Behind Slapton Sands is Slapton Ley, a nature reserve and example of serial or ecological succession - the process whereby open water becomes reed bed and eventually, as silt and leaf litter builds up, woodland. The beach itself is a bar: the material that makes up the beach was pushed up by the rising sea levels during the Flandrian transgression after the last glacial period (from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago). A similar process formed Chesil Beach. Beaches formed like this are reworked by coastal processes now but are not supplied by enough material to recreate them, should material be removed. This had terrible consequences nearby at Hallsands where most of the beach was removed as building material for Devonport dockyards, leaving the village exposed to storms. It was struck by a storm in 1917 and most of the village was washed away, although no villagers were killed.

Further north, the beach is known as Strete Gate and at the northernmost end is Pilchard Cove. The southern end of the beach is known as Torcross Sands. A length of beach about 100 metres (110 yd) south of Pilchard Cove is regularly used by naturists.

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Slapton is a village and civil parish in the South Hams district of Devon, England. It is located near the A379 road between Kingsbridge and Dartmouth, and lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The nearby beach is Slapton Sands.

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How far does coastal geomorphic processes influence the place profile of Slapton Sands?

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Flood Warning Area Details

Exposed coastal areas at Hallsands, Beesands, Torcross, Slapton, Blackpool Sands, Teignmouth Promenade and Dawlish

Region: South West

Counties covered: Devon, Torbay

Watercourses covered: English Channel, South Devon Coast

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South Devon Coast at Beesands, Torcross, Slapton and Dawlish

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The risk of flooding from the sea has now reduced, and tide levels, wave heights and wind speeds are falling below levels of concern. A flood alert for this area will remain in force for tomorrow mornings tide.

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