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Por que é tão difícil fazer decisões saudáveis?

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Por que é tão difícil fazer decisões saudáveis?

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Watch these recommended TED-Ed Lessons and TED Talks:

The psychology behind irrational decisions
Often people make decisions that are not "rational" from a purely economical point of view - meaning that they don't necessarily lead to the best result. Why is that? Are we just bad at dealing with numbers and odds? Or is there a psychological mechanism behind it? Sara Garofalo explains heuristics, problem-solving approaches based on previous experience and intuition rather than analysis.

5 tips to improve your critical thinking
Every day, a sea of decisions stretches before us, and it's impossible to make a perfect choice every time. But there are many ways to improve our chances - and one particularly effective technique is critical thinking. Samantha Agoos describes a 5-step process that may help you with any number of problems.

The art of choosing
Sheena Iyengar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make. At TEDGlobal, she talks about both trivial choices (Coke v. Pepsi) and profound ones, and shares her groundbreaking research that has uncovered some surprising attitudes about our decisions. Sheena Iyengar studies how people choose (and what makes us think we're good at it).

Should you trust your first impression?
You can't help it; sometimes, you just get a bad feeling about someone that's hard to shake. So, what's happening in your brain when you make that critical (and often lasting) first judgment? Peter Mende-Siedlecki shares the social psychology of first impressions -- and why they may indicate that, deep down, people are basically good.

The power of the placebo effect
The placebo effect is an unexplained phenomenon wherein drugs, treatments, and therapies that aren't supposed to have an effect - and are often fake - miraculously make people feel better. What's going on? Emma Bryce dives into the mystery of placebos' bizarre benefits.

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Why it's so hard to make healthy decisions - David Asch

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Why do we make poor decisions that we know are bad for our health? In this frank, funny talk, behavioral economist and health policy expert David Asch explains why our behavior is often irrational- in highly predictable ways- and shows how we can harness this irrationality to make better decisions and improve our healthcare system overall.

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The Prospect Theory first introduced the concept of heuristics by describing how people make choices in uncertain and risky situation, as opposed to the standard economic model's idea of human decision-making.

This theory was developed by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman and first appeared in 1979 with a paper that laid the foundation of the field of behavioral economics.

Here's an interesting paper from Harvard Magazine which explains the basic idea behind Behavioral Economics. Take a look at it and see what else you can find out about this topic!

In 2002 Kahnerman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his discoveries on the psychology of judgment and decision-making. In 2011 he published the book " Thinking, Fast and Slow ", in which decades of research and insights on heuristics and cognitive biases are summarized.

Interested in listening to the above author talk about his research? Here you can find an interview with Daniel Kahneman about his book and an independent quick video-review of the Thinking, Fast and Slow. And here is a link to his TED Talk: The riddle of experience vs. memory.

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The psychology behind irrational decisions - Sara Garofalo

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Often people make decisions that are not "rational" from a purely economical point of view - meaning that they don't necessarily lead to the best result. Why is that? Are we just bad at dealing with numbers and odds? Or is there a psychological mechanism behind it?

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Iyengar offers Burger King and Starbucks advertising as evidence for her argument that "Americans tend to believe that they've reached some sort of pinnacle in the way they practice choice. They think that choice, as seen through the American lens, best fulfills an innate and universal desire for choice in all humans." Identify two or three other advertisements that embody these assumptions. Select one of the studies Iyengar describes in her talk and recreate it locally. Or design your own experiment exploring the promise and pitfalls of choice and recruit classmates and community members to participate. Sheena Iyengar http://sheenaiyengar.com/ TED: Sheena Iyengar: How to make choosing easier http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/sheena_iyengar_choosing_what_to_choose.html TED: Barry Schwartz on the paradox of choice http://www.ted.com/talks/barry_schwartz_on_the_paradox_of_choice.html

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Sheena Iyengar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make. At TEDGlobal, she talks about both trivial choices (Coke v. Pepsi) and profound ones, and shares her groundbreaking research that has uncovered some surprising attitudes about our decisions.

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Should you trust unanimous decisions? - Derek Abbott

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Imagine a police lineup where ten witnesses are asked to identify a bank robber they glimpsed fleeing the scene. If six of them pick the same person, there's a good chance that's the culprit. And if all ten do, you might think the case is rock solid.

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Desafio da teoria dos jogos: você pode prever o comportamento humano?

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Desafio da teoria dos jogos: você pode prever o comportamento humano?

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This TED-Ed lesson has featured a great deal of discussion about concepts that are already assumed you were somewhat familiar with in game theory, namely Nash equilibrium and rationality. For more discussion about these topics, the following TED-Ed videos may be up your alley.

This video explains the psychology of rationality and discusses the limits of this kind of thinking more generally.

This lesson discusses Nash equilibrium from another angle, explaining why businesses cluster together even though you might think they shouldn't.

This final video tests your knowledge of Nash equilibrium with a fun ultimatum game.

In game theory, the 2/3 the average game, though simple, is incredibly influential because it showed the failings of solution concepts like Nash equilibrium in the real world. While the formalization of k-level games is relatively new, the idea has been around for at least 80 years, and can be traced at least to the famous economist John Maynard Keynes.

When thinking about how stock traders trade on the stock market, he likened the best strategy to the strategy one would employ if they were trying to pick the prettiest (or most handsome) person, in a hypothetical "beauty" contest, saying:

"It is not a case of choosing those [faces] that, to the best of one's judgment, are really the prettiest, nor even those that average opinion genuinely thinks the prettiest. We have reached the third degree where we devote our intelligences to anticipating what average opinion expects the average opinion to be. And there are some, I believe, who practice the fourth, fifth and higher degrees." (Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936).

In an experiment by the radio show Planet Money, they tested this idea with 12,000 participants and photos of 3 cute animals. They asked a random half which they thought was the cutest, and other half which everyone else would think was the cutest. Sure enough, the answers were very different. You can listen to that informative podcast here.

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Game theory challenge: Can you predict human behavior? - Lucas Husted

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Given a range of integers from 0 to 100, what would the whole number closest to 2/3 of the average of all numbers guessed be? For example, if the average of all guesses is 60, the correct guess will be 40.

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How to use rhetoric to get what you want - Camille A. Langston

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How do you get what you want, using just your words? Aristotle set out to answer exactly that question over two thousand years ago with a treatise on rhetoric. Camille A. Langston describes the fundamentals of deliberative rhetoric and shares some tips for appealing to an audience’s ethos, logos…

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Prós e contras das pesquisas de opinião pública

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Prós e contras das pesquisas de opinião pública

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Considered the father of modern public opinion polling, George Gallup created the Gallup organization renowned for its scientific polling.
Another reputable, scientific polling company is Rasmussen Reports.
How else could you improve the accuracy of polls? Some people think that if the sample had some skin in the game (a greater interest) in the results, they would choose their answers more carefully. To that end, the Iowa Electronic Markets creates a public opinion tracking poll by treating presidential elections like the stock market wherein individuals can purchase shares of candidates.
How did Nate Silver famously predict the outcome of the 2012 Presidential election so accurately? By looking at polls across America (and weighting the polls based on their historical accuracy). Check out his blog.
Interested in learning more about the history of public opinion polling? Check out this great resource from PBS!

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Pros and cons of public opinion polls - Jason Robert Jaffe

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Considered the father of modern public opinion polling, George Gallup created the Gallup organization renowned for its scientific polling.Another reputable, scientific polling company is Rasmussen Reports.How else could you improve the accuracy of polls? Some people think that if the sample had some skin in the game (a greater interest) in the results, they would choose their answers more carefully.

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Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions is a 2008 book by Dan Ariely, in which he challenges readers' assumptions about making decisions based on rational thought. Book review of Dan Ariely's Predictably Irrational in the New York Times Sunday edition. Cost-benefit analysis is a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a decision.An honor code or honor system is a set of rules or ethical principles governing a community based on ideals that define what constitutes honorable behavior within that community. Behavioral economics explains why we procrastinate, buy, borrow, and grab chocolate on the spur of the moment. Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without inference and/or the use of reason.

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Behavioral economist Dan Ariely studies the bugs in our moral code: the hidden reasons we think it's OK to cheat or steal (sometimes). Clever studies help make his point that we're predictably irrational -- and can be influenced in ways we can't grasp.

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5 dicas para melhorar seu pensamento crítico

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5 dicas para melhorar seu pensamento crítico

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Let's Begin...

Every day, a sea of decisions stretches before us, and it's impossible to make a perfect choice every time. But there are many ways to improve our chances - and one particularly effective technique is critical thinking. Samantha Agoos describes a 5-step process that may help you with any number of problems.

Create and share a new lesson based on this one.

About TED-Ed Animations

TED-Ed Animations feature the words and ideas of educators brought to life by professional animators. Are you an educator or animator interested in creating a TED-Ed Animation? Nominate yourself here "

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5 tips to improve your critical thinking - Samantha Agoos

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Every day, a sea of decisions stretches before us, and it's impossible to make a perfect choice every time. But there are many ways to improve our chances - and one particularly effective technique is critical thinking.

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O que a democracia realmente significou em Atenas?

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O que a democracia realmente significou em Atenas?

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What did democracy really mean in Athens? - Melissa Schwartzberg

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While we might consider elections to be the cornerstone of democracy, the Athenians who coined the term actually employed a lottery system to choose most of their politicians. Melissa Schwartzberg describes the ins and outs of the Athenian democracy, and addresses some ways in which a lottery system might benefit us today.

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When faced with a bump in the road, sometimes we forget we have a choice: overcome the obstacle or let it overcome you. Steven Claunch, who was born without fingers on his right hand and with one leg shorter than the other and has excelled in basketball nonetheless, explains why obstacles can pr…

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Os hábitos surpreendentes dos pensadores originais

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Os hábitos surpreendentes dos pensadores originais

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WorkLife with Adam Grant:

Podcast episode: The Creative Power of Misfits, at Pixar and in the U.S. Navy

Podcast episode: The Real Reason You Procrastinate, with author Margaret Atwood

Podcast episode: The Daily Show's Secret to Creativity, with Trevor Noah and his writing staff

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The surprising habits of original thinkers - Adam Grant

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Great innovators are supposed to dream up brilliant ideas. They're supposed to act quickly and decisively to make them a reality, without any fear or doubt. But social scientists have found that original thinkers rarely follow this recipe. In this talk, Adam Grant explores three unexpected habits of originals - including embracing failure.

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Voting is a common way we make collective decisions. But how we conduct and count the votes can have a drastic impact on the outcome.

An introductory overview of voting methods and Social Choice Theory can be found at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, as well as on this page. Condorcet's Essay on the Application of Analysis to the Probability of Majority Decisions is considered one of the foundational texts in this field. Papers by Gibbard and Satterthwaite discuss the problems of strategic voting and the drawbacks found in any voting system.

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Which voting system is the best? - Alex Gendler

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Imagine we want to build a new space port at one of four recently settled Martian bases, and are holding a vote to choose its location. Of the 100 colonists on Mars, 42 live on West Base, 26 on North Base, 15 on South Base, and 17 on East Base.

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Como duas decisões me tornaram campeão olímpico

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Como duas decisões me tornaram campeão olímpico

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How two decisions led me to Olympic glory - Steve Mesler

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From setback and injury to an Olympic gold medal -- see how confidently making decisions led one bobsledder down an unexpected pathway to victory.