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Taken from:
"Codeine Effects." RSS. Web. 22 May 2016. <http://www.narconon.org/drug-abuse/codeine-effects.html>.

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Taken from:
Ejiofor, Clement. "Do Young People Get High on Codeine Cough Syrup?"Nigeria News Today Breaking News Read on NAIJCOM Nigerian Newspapers. 23 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 May 2016. <https://www.naij.com/57413.html>.https://www.naij.com/57413.html

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Taken from:
"Emerging Trends: "Syrup," "Purple Drank,""Sizzurp," "Lean"" National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 05 Aug. 2013. Web. 22 May 2016. <https://www.drugabuse.gov/videos/emerging-trends-syrup-purple-dranksizzurp-lean>.

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Emerging Trends: "Syrup," "Purple Drank,""Sizzurp," "Lean"

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NIDA's Community Epidemiology Work Group(CEWG) member and University of Texas Research Scientist, Jane Maxwell, Ph.D talks about the emerging drug trend, drinking Codeine-Promethazine Cough Syrup also known as "Syrup,""Sizzurp," "Lean"

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Taken from:
"Future Teams Up With A$AP Ferg & More at New York City Show." The Boombox. Web. 22 May 2016. <http://theboombox.com/future-asap-ferg-yg-trey-songz-new-york-city-show-photos/>.

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Taken from:
"Sippin' Sizzurp to Get High." National Geographic Channel. Web. 22 May 2016. <http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/drugs-inc/videos/sippin-sizzurp-to-get-high/>.

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Since the 90's, Houstonians have been using syrups like Promethazine and Codeine to get high.

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Taken from:
"Three Arrested in Connection with Fake Prescriptions for Codeine."Idahostatesman. Web. 22 May 2016. <http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/crime/article75722807.html>.

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Three Portland men are in the Ada County Jail on charges that they tried to use fake prescriptions to buy codeine cough syrup at six different drug stores across Ada County on Tuesday.

Fuad A. Mohamed, 24, is charged with felony criminal conspiracy, computer crime and forgery. Devontae J. Ahmed, 22, and Abdullhi S. Abdulkadir, 23, are both charged with obtaining a controlled substance by deception.

Detectives began their investigation early Tuesday evening when a Boise-area pharmacist called to report he just received a fake prescription for cough syrup, the Ada County Sheriff's Office reports. Detectives trace the trio across six drug stores, eventually stopping them at a pharmacy in Meridian, ACSO reports.

Detectives found a computer and printer in the car used to make the fake prescriptions, along with several printed prescriptions in various stages of completion, according to a news release. Mohamed is charged in connection with those prescriptions. The other two are accused of going into the pharmacies and trying to fill the fraudulent prescriptions.

Detectives believe the trio were trying to get as many bottles of codeine cough syrup as possible so they could sell them in the Portland area, according to the news release. The crime of obtaining a controlled substance by deception is punishable by up to four years in prison and up to a $50,000 fine.

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Three arrested in connection with fake prescriptions for codeine

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Three Portland men are in the Ada County Jail on charges that they tried to use fake prescriptions to buy codeine cough syrup at six different drug stores across Ada County on Tuesday. Fuad A. Mohamed, 24, is charged with felony criminal conspiracy, computer crime and forgery. Devontae J.

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Codeine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus

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Codeine is most often used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain that does not respond fully to OTC analgesics. A number of different cough-suppressant (antitussive) medications contain low concentrations of codeine. Codeine can also be used to treat diarrhea, however, it is rarely used for this. There has been a renewed access to codeine since there are many OTC medications now as well. For some time, the medical community has debated whether codeine is truly effective in relieving pain and suppressing coughs. Several studies have shown that codeine alone is not significantly more effective than maximum doses of nonprescription analgesics such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. But other studies say otherwise; when acetaminophen was compared with acetaminophen with codeine, 10-15% of the patients studied reported better pain relief with the combination. In addition, the pain relief from the combination lasted longer than that of plain acetaminophen. Even if the physical benefits from codeine were truly minimal, the classification of codeine as a narcotic analgesic might provide a significant placebo effect in some individuals.

"Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Legal Use - What is "drank" really meant for?

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Legal Use - What is "drank" really meant for?

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Why is this medication prescribed?

Codeine is used to relieve mild to moderate pain. It is also used, usually in combination with other medications, to reduce coughing. Codeine will help relieve symptoms but will not treat the cause of symptoms or speed recovery. Codeine is an opiotic, and when codeine is used to treat pain, it works by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain. When codeine is used to reduce coughing, it works by decreasing the activity in the part of the brain that causes coughing.

Codeine is also available in combination with acetaminophen (Capital and Codeine, Tylenol with Codeine); aspirin; and carisoprodol; and as an ingredient in many cough and cold medications.

How should this medicine be used?

Codeine (alone or in combination with other medications) comes as a tablet, a capsule, and a solution (liquid) to take by mouth. It is usually taken every 4 to 6 hours as needed. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take codeine exactly as directed. Codeine can be habit-forming. Do not take a larger dose, take it more often, or take it for a longer period of time than prescribed by your doctor. If you suddenly stop taking codeine, you may experience withdrawal symptoms such as restlessness, widened pupils (black circles in the center of the eyes), teary eyes, irritability, anxiety, runny nose, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, yawning, sweating, fast breathing, fast heartbeat, chills, hair on your arms standing on end, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, muscle aches, or backache. If you are giving codeine to a child, give the medication only as needed. Do not give codeine on a regular (around-the-clock) schedule and do not give more than six doses in 24 hours.

"Codeine: MedlinePlus Drug Information." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 18 May 2016. <https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682065.html>.

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In the United States, the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 provided the first real regulation of the general sale of opiates. The exceptions were sales to licensed physicians for use on their own patients. The adoption of laws controlling the production and distribution of all prescription medications occurred primarily because of morphine and codeine. Codeine is a controlled substance in United States. Its manufacture and distribution are controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the DEA. In the United States, though, even OTC codeine medications have restrictions. A person purchasing codeine must be at least eighteen years of age and provide valid identification. In addition, their name may be entered in a special logbook maintained by the pharmacy.

"Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Most people who use codeine for its prescribed purposes experience few side effects: a bothersome cough disappears, post-surgical pain decreases, but will generally stop once pain is relieved. However  some users, who take more than prescribed, may experience a sense of well-being, along with a loss of INHIBITIONS and feelings of drowsiness or lightheadedness (euphoria). Other users have reported the opposite effect: a sense of discomfort and restlessness. However, the method in which codeine is taken, or ingested, is orally. The sensations last several hours and then slowly diminish. Users might feel nauseated or their skin might itch. The most profound effect of codeine and other related opiates is psychological. Flooding the brain with opioids from drug use causes the brain to stop producing naturally occurring ENDORPHINS, or pleasure-enhancing hormones. Then, when the effects of the drug wear off, the user may feel uncomfortable, anxious, and irritable. He or she might have trouble relaxing or sleeping. Many abusers take another high dose of the opiate in order to restore that feeling of well-being. Such abuse leads to serious problems with addiction, since a tolerance is then built up, and an abuser might suffer from withdrawals.  Almost immediately, the codeine abuser who stops taking the drug experiences a host of unpleasant symptoms, including restlessness, anxiety, INSOMNIA, muscle and bone pain, diarrhea, chills that produce goose bumps (hence the term "cold turkey"), and leg tremors ("kicking the habit"). The patient may yawn frequently and feel more sensitivity to pain.. The recovering codeine abuser will just "not feel good" psychologically as the brain readjusts to producing its own endorphin. Cynthia Kuhn, Scott Swartzwelder, and Wilkie Wilson described this situation in Buzzed: The Straight Facts about the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstasy. "There is a DYSPHORIA (the just-feeling-lousy feeling), which may be the reverse of opiate-induced euphoria. Withdrawing opiate addicts just feel bad, and they feel bad in a way that they know [taking more] opiates will solve. The craving for a fix can last for months, long after the physical symptoms have abated," or gone away.

"Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Between 1990 and 1998, abuse of some illegal drugs among teens and young adults leveled off or decreased slightly. However, increases in new users of prescription pain relievers were reported in young teens, age 12-17, as well as in young adults age 18-25. In 2000, the NHSDA found that the youngest teens, age 12-14, reported psychotherapeutic medications as the most frequent drugs of abuse, with that group alone making up 53% of the total of all drug abuse reports. Teens and young adults in the 18-25 age group reported prescription drug abuse at a rate of 36%, while 28% of those over age 26 reported that type of abuse. Most teenagers begin prescription drug abuse by taking someone else's medication, usually someone from their family. Teens are also more likely than adults to be acquainted with someone who sells prescription drugs like codeine illegally. "In 2007, 21.7 percent reported lifetime use (down significantly from 2006); 15.4 percent reported past-year use; and 7.6 percent reported past-month use. Prescription and OTC medications were the most commonly abused drugs by high school students after marijuana. They represent 6 of the top 10 illicit drugs reported by 12th-graders."

Polzin, Scott J. "Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2003. 85-94. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 May 2016.

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Harmful Effects - Is lean really worth it?

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Harmful Effects - Is lean really worth it?

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Physiological effects

Other than analgesia, the most common physiological effects produced by medicinal quantities of codeine are nausea, vomiting, constipation, and itching of the skin (pruritis). For most people, the higher the codeine dose, the more likely side effects will be present or the more severe the side effects will be.

Harmful side effects

Overall, codeine's lower potency results in fewer side effects compared to other drugs in the class. The complication of greatest concern is respiratory depression. Opioids affect the part of the brain that controls breathing, and a large enough dosage can halt breathing and result in death. Combining codeine with another central nervous system depressant, such as alcohol or sedatives, is especially risky. Drowsiness caused by the opioid can be a problem if a user decides to operate a vehicle while intoxicated or under the influence. Most codeine is usually part of a compound preparation, which is why it can have many side effects. Someone with stomach ulcers should not take codeine that is combined with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. This can also lead to abuse. For instance, a person who abuses codeine might routinely take a dose of 100-200 mg of codeine to produce noticeable euphoria. Using Tylenol #3 to obtain this dose would also mean ingesting 1,000-2,000 mg of acetaminophen. Taking that amount of acetaminophen for any extended period presents a risk for liver damage, especially in combination with alcohol.

"Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Most people describe the euphoria produced by codeine as a pronounced feeling of well-being and calmness. A few people may get a mild stimulant effect and a feeling of elation. Evidence indicates that the euphoria produced by codeine and other opioids is similar to, but stronger than, the perceived feeling from high levels of endogenous opioids in the body--the so-called endorphin rush experienced by some athletes after heavy exercise. Instead of euphoria after a codeine dose, some people report a feeling of dysphoria--a general feeling of discomfort and restlessness. Still other people may just feel drowsy, with no noticeable positive or negative effect on their mood.

It remains a misconception that opioids offer no true analgesic effect, but instead produce a type of euphoria that simply results in one not caring about their pain. With the discovery of opioid receptors in the central nervous system, along with an understanding of how opioids such as codeine affect nerve cells, no dispute remains that opioids are indeed potent pain relievers. The more codeine ingested in a single dose, the greater the analgesia. People with moderate or severe pain usually don’t report feelings of euphoria. Those with mild pain who take one of the higher doses of codeine (e.g., Tylenol #4) may experience pain relief along with some euphoria. People who abuse codeine are most likely to experience euphoric feelings, and are at the greatest risk of becoming addicted.

"Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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The brand-name product Fiorinal with Codeine contains aspirin, butalbital (a barbiturate), caffeine (a stimulant), and codeine. This prescription drug is used primarily for relief of migraine headache pain.

"Codeine." UXL Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances. Ed. Barbara C. Bigelow. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2006. 186-99. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Codeine-containing medications are usually prescribed to relieve pain or control coughs. Pills containing codeineand other analgesics are typically used for mild to moderate pain that is expected to go away within days or weeks. Cough syrups containing codeine are usually prescribed for dry coughs that keep a patient up at night.

"Tylenol by the Numbers"

People experiencing levels of pain that will not respond to over-the-counter drugs can sometimes receive prescription pain relievers containing various dosages of codeine. Tylenol-brand acetaminophen is one product that contains codeine in its prescription form. These drugs are assigned the numbers one through four to indicate their various strengths. Here's a quick rundown of "Tylenol by the Numbers":

Tylenol with Codeine No. 1 (more commonly referred to as Tylenol 1) contains 8 milligrams of codeine and 300 milligrams of acetaminophen.

Tylenol with Codeine No. 2 (more commonly referred to as Tylenol 2) contains 15 milligrams of codeine and 300 milligrams of acetaminophen.

Tylenol with Codeine No. 3 (more commonly referred to as Tylenol 3) contains 30 milligrams of codeine and 300 milligrams of acetaminophen.

Tylenol with Codeine No. 4 (more commonly referred to as Tylenol 4) contains 60 milligrams of codeine and 300 milligrams of acetaminophen.

"Codeine." UXL Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances. Ed. Barbara C. Bigelow. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2006. 186-99. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Codeine is a type of medication belonging to a class of drugs known as opioid analgesics, which are derived from the Papaver somniferum, a type of poppy flower, or are manufactured to chemically resemble the products of that poppy. In Latin, Papaver refers to any flower of the poppy variety, while somniferum translates to mean “maker of sleep.” The plant has been used for over 6, 000 years, beginning with the ancient cultures of Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China, to cause sleep. Analgesics are drugs which provide relief from pain.Codeine, an opioid analgesic, decreases pain while causing the user to feel sleepy. At lower doses, codeine is also helpful for stopping a cough.

Although codeine is present in nature within the sticky substance latex, which oozes out of the opium poppy’s seed pod, it is present in only small concentrations (less than 0.5). However, morphine, another opioid analgesic, is present in greater concentrations (10) within the opium poppy’s latex, and codeine can be made from morphine via a process known as methylation, which is the primary way that codeine is prepared.

Codeine is a centrally acting drug, meaning that it goes to specific areas of the central nervous system (in the brain and spinal cord) to interfere with the transmission of pain and to change perception of the pain. For example, if you have your wisdom teeth removed and your mouth is feeling very painful, codeine will not go to the hole in your gum where the tooth was pulled and which is now throbbing with pain, but rather will act with the central nervous system to change the way you are perceiving the pain. In fact, if you were given codeineafter your tooth was pulled, you might explain its effect by saying that the pain was still there, but it just was not bothering you anymore.

Codeine’s anti-tussive (cough stopping) effects are also due to its central actions on the brain. It is believed thatcodeine inhibits an area of the brain known as the medullary cough center.

Codeine is not as potent a drug as is morphine, so it tends to be used for only mild-to-moderate pain, while morphine is useful for more severe pain. An advantage to using codeine is that a significant degree of pain relief can be obtained with oral medication (taken by mouth), rather than by injection. Codeine is sometimes preferred over other opioid analgesics because it has a somewhat lower potential for addiction and abuse than do other drugs in that class.

"Codeine." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 985-986. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Codeine is a narcotic analgesic and antitussive, that is a drug which relieves pain and inhibits coughing. It is a naturally occurring opioid which is extracted from the opium poppy. Codeine is effective for treatment of mild to moderate pain; stronger drugs are usually preferred for more severe pain. Although some studies indicate that codeine has no more benefit that non-narcotic pain relievers, a 2009 review concluded that a combination of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol, or by the common brand name Tylenol®) and codeine is more effective and lasts longer than the acetaminophen alone.

In common with all narcotic analgesics, codeine  has a large number of adverse effects. The most common adverse effects are constipation and sedation. Because codeine is a narcotic, it may be addicting, and is rigidly controlled under United States and international law. Although it has been widely abused in past years, particularly in the form of cough syrups, codeine itself appears to have declined in use and has been replaced by similar, but more powerful drugs.

"Codeine." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2010.Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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Taken from:
"James White, a Former Addict Who Now Works as a Counselor, Speaks on the Dangers of Codeine." NewsLook. Web. 16 May 2016.
http://www.newslook.com/cengage/4b9/videos/540011-james-white-a-former-addict-who-now-works-as-a-counselor-speaks-on-the-dangers-of-codeine

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James White, a Former Addict Who Now Works as a Counselor, Speaks on the Dangers of Codeine | NewsLook

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Official Names: Codeine, Codeine phosphate, codeine sulfate, methyl-morphine
Street Names: T-threes, schoolboy, coties, dors and fours, cough syrup,
(codeine cough syrup names: barr, down, karo, lean, nods)
Classification: Schedule II, III, or V, narcotic.

"Codeine." UXL Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances. Ed. Barbara C. Bigelow. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2006. 186-99. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.

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The sap of the opium poppy is used to make a variety of prescription and illegal painkillers

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The sap of the opium poppy is used to make a variety of prescription and illegal painkillers

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"UXL Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances. Ed. Barbara C. Bigelow. Vol. 5. Detroit: UXL, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 May 2016.