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Earthquakes occur due to the friction (moving against each other) and pressure build up between two plates. They occur on:

DESTRUCTIVE MARGINS - the pressure from the sinking subducting plate and it's melting can trigger powerful earthquakes

CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS - The earthquakes on constructive margins are a lot less damaging, the friction and pressure from plates that are moving apart are a lot less powerful than that of two plates moving apart.

CONSERVATIVE MARGINS -

~Natalia

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Ring of Fire is the name of home of most damaging earthquakes in history, about 90 % of most earthquakes happened in this large area of Earth crust which is full of fault lines and collisions of lithospheric plates.

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Example of an earthquake - Helen

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At least 32 people have died in the latest Kyushu earthquake, according to Kumamoto Prefecture's disaster management office. The magnitude-7.0 quake hit early Saturday.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe described the search for survivors amid piles of rubble as a "race against the clock," noting that bad weather had conspired with the devastating quake, its aftershocks and the threat of landslides to make a dire situation worse.

In a Sunday morning press briefing, Abe said he received an offer of help from the U.S. military but it was not urgently needed yet. Japan has deployed 25,000 self-defense forces to the rescue effort, Suga said.

At least 23 people are buried inside buildings, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said.

"We're racing against the clock," Abe said. "(We) will provide more personnel if necessary."

Residents were already on edge after a 6.2. quake rattled the area two days earlier, killing nine people. The combined death toll has reached 41.The two earthquakes left 968 people injured, according to the disaster management office.

"This is the worst thing that could happen to us," said Shigeru Morita, an official in the town of Mashiki, Kumamoto Prefecture.

The latest and most powerful earthquake struck near the city of Kumamoto, toppling buildings and bridges, shredding sections of landmarks into piles of debris, and sending frightened residents fleeing from their homes and into the night.

Thursday's earthquake hit near Ueki city, just 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) away.

"The first earthquake was very big," said Osamu Yoshizumi, the senior chief of international affairs in Kumamoto. "We thought it was the big one."

That initial earthquake was a "foreshock" to the latest one, according to USGS.

A bigger tremor would come overnight Friday.

"When the second earthquake came everything shook and I thought I might die," said Taiki Hishida, 38, who evacuated with his wife and two young children to a crowded shelter in Mashiki.

Samuel Borer, a U.S. citizen living in Kumamoto, said the latest quake struck at about 1:30 in the morning.

"It was just pitch black in the middle of the night and everything just started to go wild," he said.

Noel Vincent went through both earthquakes.

"This extremely intense shaking began," he told CNN International. "And whereas the first earthquake was more of an up-and-down type of shaking, this was a side-to-side shaking. I can't comment on what that is seismologically but I can tell you it was very intense and I feared for my life."

Television images and photos showed empty shelves at supermarkets and stores, leaving many evacuees to line up for food and water at shelters.

"There wasn't actually enough food for everyone, which was the only problem," said Borer, speaking at an elementary school being used as a shelter. "Most of the food went to the elderly and children first."

Kumamoto Prefecture continues to experience aftershocks, with about 165 so far.

"I feel every aftershock," said Yoshizumi, who was working from the city hall building in Kumamoto. "It's swaying here every hour."

Rescue efforts

CNN International's Matt Rivers, reporting from an evacuation shelter, said the aftershocks are creating great anxiety among rescuers and residents.

"You're seeing people assigned here from one of two sorts of tracks," he said. "On the one hand, people who had their homes destroyed so they have nowhere to go. (But) the reality is that most people inside this evacuation shelter here are afraid to go home. They're not sure that maybe there might be another aftershock."

The aftershocks also could hamper rescue efforts as emergency workers attempt to pull out people trapped in the rubble. TV Asahi showed crews crawling over a collapsed roof in an attempt to find an elderly couple. An 80-year-old man was rescued from the rubble, according to CNN affiliate TV Asahi.

The tremors appear to have caused extensive damage, overturning cars, splitting roads and triggering a landslide as shown by TV Asahi footage. Television images showed flattened houses, shards of broken glass and debris piled onto the streets and people huddled outside. Nearly 92,000 people have evacuated, according to the prefecture's disaster management office.

The Kumamoto government has opened more than 100 evacuation centers for residents and has started handing out food, water and blankets, Yoshizumi said.

Kumamoto Castle, a famous site in Japan built in the early 17th century, is badly damaged, he said.

Vincent told CNN he had an annual pass and would visit the castle each month. He described extensive damage to a retaining wall and a turret at the castle.

"I was just devastated to see the damage," he said. "It's just all surreal. I can't really quite process it. ... It's such a shame to see ... a treasure like that, a national treasure like that fall to pieces."

Hundreds treated

The Red Cross treated more than 1,000 people in the Kumamoto area Friday, but the organization said it anticipates the number will increase following Saturday's earthquake.

The most serious injuries were to people cut by glass or in collapsed houses, said Nobuaki Sato, director of the International Relief Division at the Japanese Red Cross.

"We don't know what is happening in the whole disaster area because it is a remote mountain area and some big bridges were down and many landslides were found, so we were working around the clock and are making assessments," Sato said. "But so far the road access is not easy to the remote areas."

Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency said 7,262 people have sought shelter since Friday in the Kumamoto Prefecture.

Abe called off a planned visit to Kumamoto on Saturday. His office told CNN the prime minister would instead spearhead efforts from Tokyo. The country's air force planned to send six planes and nine ships to Kumamoto to deliver food, blankets and all emergency necessities.

Japan received offers of support from other nations.

Japan's 'Ring of Fire'

The shallow depth of the latest quake and the dense population of where it struck could prove to be devastating, according to experts.

"No question, this is a large and very important earthquake," said Doug Given, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, "and it will do a lot of damage."

The four islands of Japan are on the edge of what's traditionally been known as the 'Ring of Fire'" -- a stretch along parts of the Pacific Ocean prone to volcano activity and earthquakes.

Victor Sardina, a geophysicist in Honolulu, Hawaii, told CNN the latest quake was about 30 times more powerful than the first one near Ueki. He predicted "severe, serious implications in terms of damage and human losses."

Japanese media reported a small-scale eruption of Mt. Aso on Saturday morning. It was unclear whether it was related to the earthquake, according to the Japan's meteorological agency.

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japan earthquakes: racing to find survivors - cnn

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Junko Ogura, Madison Park, Yoko Wakatsuki and Ray Sanchez, CNN

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Japan earthquakes: Race to find survivors

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At least 32 people have died in the latest Kyushu earthquake, according to Kumamoto Prefecture's disaster management office. The magnitude-7.0 quake hit early Saturday. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe described the search for survivors amid piles of rubble as a "race against the clock," noting that bad weather had conspired with the devastating quake, its aftershocks and the threat of landslides to make a dire situation worse.

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The Richter scale is what is usually used for measuring earthquakes. which goes from 1 -10. However, the difference is 10-fold, so a 2 on a Richter scale is 10 times worse than a 1 on the Richter scale. Thus a 3 on the Richter scale is 100 times as bad as a 1.
Additionally, we have the Mercalli Scale, which measures the effect of earthquakes (effectively the damage done). It runs from 1-12 (in roman numerals) . This makes it very subjective (biased) compared to the objective Richter scale.
~Natalia

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Constructive plate boundaries

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Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. They occur at conservative plate boundaries.
- Helen

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The power of an earthquake is measured using a seismometer. A seismometer detects the vibrations caused by an earthquake. It plots these vibrations on a seismograph.

The strength, or magnitude, of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale. The Richter scale is numbered 0-10.
- Helen

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Earthquakes happen in the outer crust of the Earth,the only solid  part of the Earth that forms the surface. Specifically, where two plates suddenly slip past each other therefore in plate boundaries causing fault lines.
-Diego

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A sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
- Helen

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Earthquakes begin deep in the crust, in a place called the focus. Deep-focus earthquakes cause less damage than shallow-focus ones (logical, they're a lot further away...)
The point on the ground where earthquakes first surface is called the epicenter. Shock waves radiate out from this point. These shock waves (otherwise known as seismic waves) cause the shaking of the ground that creates the majority of the damage from an earthquake.
~Natalia