# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find and save recipes, parenting hacks, style inspiration and many other ideas to try.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Food and Cooking Recipes, Ideas & Videos - Lifestyle

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Looking for recipes? Get over 16,000+ recipes, recipe videos and cooking tips from celebrity chefs including Nigella Lawson, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
glossary of food and cooking related words

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
GLOSSARY OF FOOD AND COOKING RELATED WORDS, Culinary terms, DEFINITIONS, food dictionary, food encyclopedia, culinary phrases, culinary terminology, acids, adjust, aerate, aged, ahi, ala, amuse bouche, amuse bouche wines, aldente, airate, ambrosia, anchovy, bard, baste, blanch, blend, broil, boil, braise, brush, butterfly, channel, carmelize, culinary dictionary, amuse bouche, truffles, haricot verdes, chiffonade, chop, clarify, cure, deep fry, demiglace, devein, dice, dredge, eclair, egg wash, eg nog, eggplant, emulsify, entree, espresso

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
food words for Cooks and Chefs, restaurants, gourmets, spelling, GLOSSARY OF FOOD AND COOKING RELATED WORDS, TERMS, DEFINITIONS, food dictionary, food encyclopedia, culinary phrases, culinary terminology, use of tools

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Hurrah for the start of the pheasant shooting season. Make the best of your brace with our brilliant best pheasant recipes
The best pheasant recipes come in to their own once the 1 October appears. The start of the pheasant shooting season means a plethora of this delicious bird, ready to cook by the keen game chef, or those just learning. There is nothing scary or intimidating about game, once you understand it. Think of it like a chicken, but just more flavoursome, and a bird that has definitely had a far better life than the average battery chicken.

PHEASANT RECIPES

At this time of year the birds the cook will be presented with from the field should be young, and easy to cook. Old birds need long, slow cooking. At the start of the season young birds can be roasted whole, so plump straight for the perfect roast pheasant with white wine and charlotte potatoes as a starting point. It is not too heavy, perfect for the days before mid winter sets in, as is Pheasant Normandy. This French inspired pheasant recipe classic combines apples and Calvados for a sure fire supper sensation.

Being more adventurous with game is a useful way to deal with a pheasant glut. The chorizo, pheasant and prawn paella is perfection for a no-fuss Friday night supper.

And pheasant works brilliantly for elevenses recipes too. Try pheasant and tarragon sausage rolls to serve on the shoot. Or pheasant scotch quails eggs for the more adventurous cook.

One final tip. You can make the best pheasant stock form the carcasses. Granted the bubbling pan can be a trial fugging up the windows, but pop it in to the bottom of the Aga, and use it to make the best pheasant stock and soup.

PHEASANT COOKING TIPS

Even experienced cooks can be scuppered by the pheasant's tendency towards dryness. The recipes above and below will give great results. But there is always scope for a secret top tip. Take Mike Robinson's advice on the best way to cook pheasant breasts.

Top 10 best pheasant recipes
Chorizo, pheasant and prawn paella Pheasant burgers Pheasant sausages Parmesan pheasant breasts with crispy ham Pheasant Normandy Pheasant fajitas The best pheasant stock and soup ever Perfect roast pheasant with white wine and charlotte potatoes Pheasant Guidwife Pheasant and tarragon sausage rolls
And if you are keen to bring your own game to the table take a look through the rest of The Field website.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The top 10 best pheasant recipes - The Field

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hurrah for the start of the pheasant shooting season. Make the best of your brace with our brilliant best pheasant recipes The best pheasant recipes come in to their own once the 1 October appears. The start of the pheasant shooting season means a plethora of this delicious bird, ready to cook by the keen game chef, or those just learning.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
I know that for most, a page of dove recipes seems odd: Most people just pop the breasts off, wrap them in bacon with a jalapeno and grill. The venerable popper, as this recipe is called, is fine food - but it isn't the only thing you can do with a dove.

Doves and pigeons (squab when you buy them in a store) deserve their own category because they are dark meat birds with very little fat on them. You can use small ducks such as bufflehead or teal with these recipes, but they will often have a layer of fat that a pigeon or dove will not. A sharp-tailed grouse is an excellent alternative, though.

If you hunt your own doves and pigeons, please - please - pluck them and keep them whole. They are the easiest birds to pluck, taking only seconds, once you get the hang of it.

You get in return for your efforts a beautiful presentation and those little legs, which are so very tasty! Remove the wings from a dove (you can throw them into the stockpot, however) and all but the first wing joint on a pigeon (this is the "drumette" piece).

Here's a video on how to pluck a dove, done by my girlfriend (and photographer) Holly Heyser.

One dove is a good portion for an appetizer, three to four for a main course. Pigeons are larger, so one pigeon makes a light dinner main course - two is a bit much because the meat is so dense. Squabs are the same as pigeons: One to two per person.
GRILLED Grilling is by far the best way to cook doves. It's the only way to get the skin crispy without overcooking the breast meat, which should be eaten medium, i.e., still pink. Same goes for young pigeons. Older pigeons are better braised.
Here is another grilled dove recipe I wrote for my friend David Leite on his website: Grilled Doves, Portuguese Style.
ROASTED
When the weather cools, roasting is your next best bet for doves and pigeons. Get your oven hot for this one...
OTHER DOVE AND PIGEON RECIPES Here are some other ways to cook doves and pigeons.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
I know that for most, a page of dove recipes seems odd: Most people just pop the breasts off, wrap them in bacon with a jalapeno and grill. The venerable popper, as this recipe is called, is fine food -- but it isn't the only thing you can do with a dove.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Complete step-by-step directions for dressing and portioning all types of wild game.-- Over 100 mouthwatering recipes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Advanced skills for poultry and game dishes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Advanced skills for poultry and game dishes The differences between game and poultry There are key differences between poultry and game. Poultry are domesticated fowl bred mainly for egg and meat production. Game are all animals that are hunted and eaten.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
French Culinary-Baking Terms | The Bakery Network

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Although many of the terms below do not relate specifically for baking, you may encounter from time to time, a collection of these terms used through professional kitchens around the world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Eat Game Awards is an exciting initiative aimed at celebrating all that is best about wild British produce by recognising great culinary achievements and other contributions to the cooking and eating of game.

The public will nominate the people or businesses that they feel embody the criteria of each category.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Game Recipes, Game Dealers and Events in your area - Taste of Game

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Eat Game Awards is an exciting initiative aimed at celebrating all that is best about wild British produce by recognising great culinary achievements and other contributions to the cooking and eating of game. The public will nominate the people or businesses that they feel embody the criteria of each category.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Play the free The Food, Drink & Cooking Quiz at Quiz Factor. Create your own quiz questions & answers or play from a wide range of quizzes online!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How to satisfy the requirements set out by EU Food Hygiene Regulations. It includes guidance on the approval of premises and continued standards.

# data[].attributes.headline
Seasons and further info and pest controlls

# data[].attributes.subject
Seasons and further info and pest controlls

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
There are a number of gamebirds, waterfowl (ducks, geese and waders) and other bird species, as well as mammals, which can be shot legally. For many there is a close season when it is illegal to shoot them, and this helps to ensure that they are able to breed successfully and move between breeding and wintering grounds. The bird quarry species and their open seasons in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are shown below.

Gamebird and Waterfowl Open Seasons (dates inclusive)
MHW-Mean high water England, Wales and Scotland
Any area below high-water mark of ordinary spring tides.

Northern Ireland: The limit of where the living seaweed is attached to the stones of the foreshore.

Isle of Man: * Currently a voluntary ban on shooting red grouse is in place. ** Geese can only be shot under general licence under the Wildlife Act 1990. See the Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) website for terms and conditions of general licences http://www.gov.im/categories/the-environment-and-greener-living/wildlife/

Shooting in the Channel Islands

Guernsey

1. The close season for game (rabbit only) runs from Mar 1 until the Sep 30 inclusive. Owners/occupiers of land can kill game on their land at any time of year. Additionally, any person who has, in their possession, written permission from the owner/occupier of land may hunt or kill rabbits on that land at any time of year (Island of Guernsey, Ordinance of the States XXXII 1994 - The Protection of Game Ordinance 1994).

2. The open season for birds (pheasant, partridge, snipe, woodcock and collared dove) runs from Oct 1 to Jan 31.

3. Woodpigeon may be taken at any time under The Protection of Wild Birds Ordinance 1949.

Jersey

1. In Jersey there are no game seasons and gamebirds can only be shot under licence for the protection of agriculture. All wild birds are protected with the exception of carrion crow, magpie, feral pigeon and woodpigeon which may be shot under licence. However the Minister for Planning and Environment may license any person to do anything which would otherwise constitute an offence against wildlife (Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 Article 16(1) as amended).

2. In Jersey it is illegal to release or allow to escape into the wild any pheasant, red-legged partridge or grey partridge except under licence (Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 Article 15(1)(b) and (3)).

Waterfowl Species which can be shot

(For information on the use of non-lead shot for waterfowl please see specific technical information from BASC Research Team or Country Offices)

England, Wales & Scotland

The species that can be shot during their open season are (Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981):

* Canada geese

This species can be shot throughout the year (i.e. during the close season) in England, Wales and Scotland only under the terms and conditions of specific general licences. Click here to find out more.

**White-fronted geese

There are two races: European white-fronted goose, which can be shot throughout England and Wales, and the Greenland white-fronted goose, wintering mainly on the west coast of Wales. The latter is part of a declining population which is expected shortly to receive full statutory protection but, in the meantime, continues to be subject to a voluntary no-shooting moratorium by BASC-affiliated clubs.

Northern Ireland

The species that can be shot during their open season (Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985) are:

Isle of Man

The following species can be shot during the open season (Wildlife Act 1990)

* The geese listed can only be shot during the open season as specified on the general licence. See the DAFF website for the terms and conditions of general licences http://www.gov.im/categories/the-environment-and-greener-living/wildlife/

Guernsey

The shooting of ducks and geese is not permitted.

Jersey

The shooting of ducks and geese is not permitted

Ground Game Open Seasons (dates inclusive)

Brown Hare
Jan 1 - Dec 31
moorland & unenclosed land is subject to a close season (see below)

Open season Oct 1 - Jan 31

Aug 12 - Jan 31*

Brown or common hare
Oct 1 - Jan 31

Mountain Hare
Open season Aug 1 - Feb 28/29

Rabbit
Jan 1 - Dec 31
No close season (however certain restrictions can apply see below)

Jan 1 - Dec 31
moorland & unenclosed land is subject to a close season (see below)

Rabbit is classed as a pest and therefore not subject to a close season

No close season

* The Special Protection Order previously issued to give Irish hare additional protection is no longer in place and therefore the Irish Hare is now subject to an open season as above.

Moorland and unenclosed land does not include arable land or detached portions of land less than 25 acres which adjoins arable land.

In England and Wales under the Ground Game Act 1880 occupiers of land have an inalienable right to kill and take ground game concurrent with any other person holding such a right. Occupiers or a person authorised by them, acting under the authority of this act may only kill or take ground game on moorland between 1 September and 31 March inclusive. Further under Section 1 (3) and Ground Game Amendment Act 1906 Section 2) Firearms may only be used for such purposes between 11 December and 31 March.

In Scotland, the occupier of the land or persons authorised by him may kill rabbit throughout the year on moorland and unenclosed land (not being arable) by all legal means other than by shooting, and by means of firearms over the period from 1 July to 31 March inclusive (Section 1 (3) of the Ground Game Act 1880 as modified by the Agriculture (Scotland) Act 1948). Hares are subject to a close season (Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011) (see above).

Game Licences

Game licences to kill or take game are not required in England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. However, in Scotland, a venison dealer's licence is still required for those wishing to deal in venison although deer stalkers can sell their venison direct to a venison dealer without the need for a licence.

On the Isle of Man a game licence is required in order to shoot game and is available from the Treasury Office. Game is defined as pheasant, partridge, grouse or moor game and hare (brown or common). A game dealer's licence is also required for those wishing to deal in game.

There is no requirement for a game licence on Guernsey but you must hold an appropriate firearm or shotgun certificate.

In Jersey there are no game seasons and therefore a game licence is not required.

Sunday and Christmas Day Shooting

England and Wales

No game may be killed or taken in any county on Sunday or Christmas Day. Game for the purposes of this section means pheasant, partridge, red grouse, black grouse and hare.

Orders prohibiting the shooting of wildfowl on Sundays made under sections 2 and 13 of the Protection of Birds Act 1954 still in existence are in the following counties (or parts of counties in existence before the 1974 local authority re-organisation): Anglesey, Brecknock, Caernarvon, Carmarthen, Cardigan, Cornwall, Denbigh, Devon, Doncaster, Glamorgan, Great Yarmouth County Borough, Isle of Ely, Leeds County Borough, Merioneth, Norfolk, Pembroke, Somerset, North and West Ridings of Yorkshire.

Scotland

There are no statutory restrictions on the killing of game on Sunday or Christmas Day but it is not customary to do so. The wildfowl species listed may not be shot on Sunday or Christmas Day.

Northern Ireland

It is an offence to kill any wild bird, gamebird or hare on a Sunday. Although there is no restriction on killing any wild bird, gamebird or hare on Christmas Day, provided it does not fall on a Sunday, it is not customary to do so. There is no prohibition on shooting deer on any day during the open season.

Isle of Man

The killing or taking of game is not permitted on Sunday. There are no restrictions on shooting on Christmas Day unless it falls on a Sunday.

Guernsey

Shooting is not permitted on Sunday or Christmas Day.

Jersey

The use of a firearm to kill any wild bird or animal is not permitted on Sunday, Good Friday and Christmas Day unless acting under and in accordance with the terms or conditions of a licence.

Night Shooting

Night is defined as between one hour after sunset until one hour before sunrise (except Jersey - see below).

England, Wales and Scotland

The shooting of game at night is not permitted. Ground game (rabbit and hare - which is subject to a close season in Scotland) may be shot at night by an occupier of land or one other person authorised by the occupier, with the permission of the holder of the shooting rights under Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 Schedule 7, unless the occupier has the exclusive rights.

Northern Ireland

Night shooting of any wild bird, gamebird, hare or deer is prohibited. Foxes and rabbits may be shot (lamped) at night.

Isle of Man

Night shooting of rabbits is permitted by the use of suppressed firearms or sound moderated shot guns, lamps and dogs. Night shooting of any game, bird or vermin is not permitted under the Game Act 1927.

Guernsey

Night shooting is not permitted.

Jersey

The use of a firearm to kill any wild bird or animal is not permitted between sunset and sunrise on any day unless acting under and in accordance with the terms or conditions of a licence.

Sale of Game

Game for the purposes of this section means pheasant, partridge, red grouse, black grouse and hare.

England and Wales

The sale of game (except hare *) is permitted year-round provided the game was obtained legally during the season relevant to the species.

*Under the Hares Preservation Act 1892 in England and Wales it is illegal to sell or expose for sale, hares or leverets between 1 March and 31 July inclusive. This does not apply to imported hares.

Scotland

The sale of game including hare is permitted year-round provided the game was obtained legally during the season relevant to the species.

Northern Ireland

Game can be sold all year provided it was obtained legally during the season relevant to the species

Isle of Man

It is illegal to sell or offer for sale any game after ten days from the end of the open seasons. Additionally it is illegal to have possession or control of any game 14 days after the end of the respective season unless it was obtained legally and has been frozen or is lawfully imported dead game. Rabbits can be sold all year.

Guernsey

During the close season (1 March - 30 September inclusive) it is illegal to buy or sell any game originating in Guernsey.

Jersey

It is illegal to sell protected wild birds which include pheasants. Rabbits can be sold at any time.

Sale of Dead Wild Birds

England, Wales and Scotland

The sale of the following dead birds is permitted from 1 September to 28 February inclusive.

Northern Ireland

Only woodpigeon may be sold dead (at all times).

Isle of Man

The following birds may be sold dead from 1 September to 28 February inclusive.

Under the Wildlife Act 1990 the following birds only may be killed under a Wildlife Act licence and sold dead at all times. See the DAFF website for the terms and conditions of general licences http://www.gov.im/categories/the-environment-and-greener-living/wildlife/

Jersey

The following birds are unprotected and therefore can be sold at any time under Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000

Bird Pest Species

Pest birds, such as woodpigeons and corvids, can be controlled all year round for defined purposes (such as protection of crops or wildlife) subject to the terms and conditions of general licences. No one hasto apply for a general licence. The purposes, species of birds and terms and conditions may be different in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man. General licences typically are renewed once a year and can change. For that reason BASC maintains an up-to-date guide to general licences on its website.
Click here for information on General Licences
Guernsey

All wild birds are protected with the exception of carrion crow, magpie and woodpigeon which may be shot under licence. Any gull which is found within the boundary of the States Airport or any refuse tip (either in flight or landed) may be lawfully controlled under the authority of the States Board of Administration.

Jersey

All wild birds are protected with the exception of carrion crow, magpie, feral pigeon and woodpigeon which may be shot under licence. However licences may be granted by the Minister under the Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 Article 16(1) and (2) which would otherwise constitute an offence for the purposes of:

Preventing damage to crops, livestock, foodstuff for livestock, vegetables, fruit, growing timber, fisheries or other forms of property ,

Public health or public or air safety,

Prevention of the spread of disease

Mammalian pest species

The following mammals can be controlled by legally-approved methods all year in England, Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland

* All species except common/hazel dormouse

Isle of Man

The following are defined as 'vermin' under the Game Act 1882 and can be controlled all year.

Guernsey

Only the following mammals may be killed by approved methods all year

Jersey

Licences may be granted by the Minister under the Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 Article 16(1) and (2) which would otherwise constitute an offence for the purposes of:

Preventing damage to crops, livestock, foodstuff for livestock, vegetables, fruit, growing timber, fisheries or other forms of property ,

Public health or public or air safety,

Prevention of the spread of disease

Statutory OPEN Seasons for Deer (all dates inclusive)

The latest best practice guides on deer can be downloaded free of charge from the Deer Initiative.

Wild Boar

As wild boar can have a prolonged breeding season, at the moment there is no statutory close season. Shooting is the recommended method of control but best practice recommends avoiding killing sows with dependent young.

The latest best practice guides on wild boar can be downloaded by clicking here.

Prohibited Methods of Taking/Killing Wildlife (including game)

The following is an Aide Memoire on the prohibited methods for killing or taking wildlife, based on the combined legislation from all the Acts listed here.

***THE ONUS IS ON THE PERSON CARRYING OUT THE ACTION TO ENSURE THEY ARE COMPLYING WITH THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION***

(click on the links below to connect to the relevant Act).

Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended in 2011), Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (as amended in 2011) & the Isle of Man Wildlife Act 1990 and Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 the following are prohibited methods of killing or taking wildlife:

All wild birds

It is illegal to use;

Any spring(e), trap, gin, snare, any electrical device for killing, stunning or frightening, or any poisonous, poisoned or stupefying substance (or hook and line or muscle-relaxing agent - Northern Ireland only) so placed as to be calculated to cause bodily injury to any wild bird

Any net, any baited board, bird-lime or substance of a like nature to bird-lime

Any bow or crossbow

Any missile which is not discharged from a firearm including any arrow or spear (Northern Ireland only),

Any metal bar, axe, hatchet, cudgel, club, hammer or similar instrument (Northern Ireland only)

Any explosive other than ammunition for a firearm.

Any automatic or semi-automatic weapon against any bird except the Bird Pest Species listed on the general licences (see note below)

Any shotgun where the barrel has an internal diameter at the muzzle of more than 1¾ inches

Any device for illuminating a target or sighting device for night shooting or any form of artificial light or any mirror or other dazzling device

Any gas or smoke not covered any where else in this section, any chemical or wetting agent

Any sound recording (see note below)

Any live animal or bird as a decoy which is tethered, secured by braces or other similar appliances, or which is blind, maimed or injured.

Any mechanically-propelled vehicle in immediate pursuit of birds for the purpose of killing or taking.

Any wild mammal (animals (NI))

It is illegal to use;

Any self-locking snare

Any bow or crossbow

Any missile which is not discharged from a firearm including any arrow or spear (Northern Ireland only),

Any explosive other than ammunition for a firearm.

Any live bird or mammal as a decoy which is tethered, or which is secured by means of braces or other similar appliances, or which is blind, maimed or injured.

Any sound recording (Northern Ireland only - see note below)

Mammals/animals (with special protection)

(For the purposes of the following section mammals/animals means: schedule 6 mammals Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended in 2011), schedule 6 wild animals Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (as amended in 2011) & schedule 6 mammals Wildlife Act 1990 (Isle of Man) and schedule 3 mammals Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000)

It is illegal to use;

Any trap, snare, any electrical device for killing, stunning or frightening, or any poisonous, poisoned or stupefying substance (or hook and line, gin, muscle-relaxing agent - Northern Ireland only) so placed as to be calculated to cause bodily injury

Any net

Any metal bar, axe, hatchet, cudgel, club, hammer or similar instrument (Northern Ireland only)

Any automatic or semi-automatic weapon, any device for illuminating a target or sighting device for night shooting, any form of artificial lighting, mirror or other dazzling device or any gas or smoke not covered anywhere else in this section (see note below).

Any sound recording (see note below)

Any mechanically-propelled vehicle in immediate pursuit of mammals for the purpose of killing or taking (or driving that animal - NI only).

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended in 2011),

Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (as amended in 2011)
Conservation of Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2000 Wildlife Act 1990 NOTES:
"Firearm" includes shotguns
"Automatic weapon" and "semi-automatic weapon" means any weapon which is capable of holding more than two rounds in the magazine
"Illuminating device" may include laser-type sighting devices

"Sound recording" is likely to include sounds made by digital or electronic devices.
Please note additional legislation applies specifically to deer, further information is available from the BASC Game and Deer Management team on 01244 573019 or from the BASC regional and country offices.
Amended: December 2013

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Quarry Species & Shooting Seasons - BASC

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are a number of gamebirds, waterfowl (ducks, geese and waders) and other bird species, as well as mammals, which can be shot legally. For many there is a close season when it is illegal to shoot them, and this helps to ensure that they are able to breed successfully and move between breeding and wintering grounds.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
News, Stories and Blog | Kaplan Pathways Blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Follow our blog for the latest news and stories from the world of international education and discover how studying abroad could transform your future.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The types and quantities of foods we eat are influenced by our personal characteristics and also our social and economic situations. Income and educational attainment are particularly important in determining dietary behaviour. Using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey, we have created a graphic that illustrates how UK food consumption varies for population groups differing in level of income and education against the national average.

Foods appear in this graphic only if they are consumed in quantities significantly greater than that of the UK population as a whole.

Therefore the foods shown here are those food which stand out on a statistical basis, not the totality of the diet within each demographic group.

The relative size of each circle indicates how much greater than average each of the foods is eaten. For example, based on this graphic you can say that people with high incomes and degrees have unusually high consumption of game birds compared to the population, but not that they necessarily eat more game birds than they eat beef & veal dishes.

A more detailed description of the methods can be found under the graphic.

Click on the image to enlarge it, and explore graphics for individual food groups via the images underneath.

The data for this graphic come from years 1-3 of the rolling programme of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), which contains detailed data about food eaten by 1,491 adults. Because of the way NDNS is conducted, these data are a statistically representative sample of what is eaten by people in the UK.

For each income-education category, consumption (in grams) was estimated for 68 food, beverage, and nutrient categories, as defined in NDNS.

The estimation of intake was adjusted for the age and gender make-up of each group and the total quantity of food consumed.

The group was plotted as a circle within the graphic if its consumption exceeded the 95% upper confidence interval of the population mean.

The size of the circle is proportional to the difference between the level of consumption within a specific income-education category and that of the population overall.

Within each square in the grid, similar foodstuffs are clustered together, but otherwise the relative placement of each circle does not have any meaning.

The income categories use equivalised household income, to account for differently sized households.

Acknowledgements and feedback

Developed at the UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge. Data analysis by Nick Jones and Pablo Monsivais. Graphic by Oliver Francis using Adobe InDesign.

Download a pdf of the composite image with explanation of data.

We would like to develop this graphic by adding more interactive features. If you have any comments or questions, or suggestions for other interactive features, please email Oliver on ocf26@cam.ac.uk.

The NDNS survey is commissioned by the Food Standards Agency and Department of Health, The data it produces are used for many different purposes and are an important asset for public health research in the UK, since they provides us with a detailed account of what is eaten in a representative sample of people in the UK. The NDNS survey is carried out by MRC Human Nutrition Research and NatCen.

We took inspiration from a matrix plot published by Bloomberg Businessweek in November 2013, which explored food purchasing in the USA.

Please cite this resource as: UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Food, income and education: who eats more of what? February 2014. http://www.cedar.iph.cam.ac.uk/resources/evidence/food-income-education-graphic/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Food, income and education: who eats more of what?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The types and quantities of foods we eat are influenced by our personal characteristics and also our social and economic situations. Income and educational attainment are particularly important in determining dietary behaviour. Using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey, we have created a graphic that illustrates how UK food consumption varies for population groups differing in level of income and education against the national average.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trichinella spiralis is an ovoviviparous nematode parasite, occurring in rodents, pigs, horses, bears, and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. It is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm" due to it being typically encountered in undercooked pork products. It should not be confused with the distantly related pork tapeworm.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Buyer's guide

You can buy oven-ready game direct from game dealers, butchers, farm shops, online suppliers and supermarkets (game from the latter will almost always be farmed).

When buying oven-ready game, look for moist, well-shaped cuts that are firm to the touch, not slimy, with no discolouration or dry spots. The meat should smell fresh. The skin on game birds should be smooth and supple and the wing tips moist and pliable.

If you're not confident about what to buy, don't be afraid to ask for advice. Tell your game dealer or butcher how gamey you want your meat and also how you plan to cook it. They should be able to tell you hold old your chosen game is, how long it has been hung and whether it's fresh or wild.

It's important to know the age of your game, because this will affect how you cook it. Young game can be successfully roasted for a short time at a high heat. Older game will be tough if you cook it in this way and needs slow braising, pot roasting or stewing to become tender. A young bird's beak and feet will be pliable and the breast firm and proud. Young rabbits and hares have ears that can be torn easily.

Fresh wild game can only be bought in season but it can be bought frozen at any time. Farmed game is not subject to the same seasons and some, such as venison, is available year-round. Each type of game can only be shot during its shooting season, so check this before you go hunting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The term 'game' applies to wild animals and birds that are hunted and eaten. It also includes birds and animals once caught in the wild that are now raised domestically, such as quail, rabbit and deer (the latter two can be farmed or wild; quails are no longer allowed to be shot in the wild, so are always farmed).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Game Season dates for all wildfowl and deer in the UK.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The following list details game opening and closing dates for all wildfowl and deer in the UK.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The majority of game can only be shot during specific times of the years to allow them to breed and successfully migrate to their wintering grounds. A comprehensive guide to the shooting seasons is given below.

Game birds
Additional restrictions: England and Wales
No game may be killed on Sundays or Christmas Day.

Game may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.
Scotland
Game may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.
Northern Ireland
All wild birds are protected on Sundays and Christmas Day.

Wild birds may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

Wildfowl, Geese and Waders
Additional restrictions: England and Wales
Sunday shooting of wildfowl is not permitted in the following counties or county boroughs: Anglesey, Brecknock, Caernarvon, Carmarthen, Cardigan, Cornwall, Denbigh, Devon, Doncaster, Glamorgan, Great Yarmouth County Borough, Isle of Ely, Leeds County Borough, Merioneth, Norfolk, Pembroke, Somerset, North and West Ridings of Yorkshire.
Scotland
Wildfowl may not be shot on Sunday or Christmas Day.
Northern Ireland
All wild birds are protected on Sundays and Christmas Day.

Wild birds may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

Ground Game
Additional restrictions: England and Wales
Ground game can only be killed with firearms on moorland or unenclosed land between 11 December and 31 March.
Northern Ireland
Irish Hare is fully protected under a Special Protection Order which has to be renewed regularly.

Ground game may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

Deer
Additional restrictions: England, Wales and Scotland
Deer may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.
Northern Ireland
Deer may not be shot between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

Wild Boar

No statutory close season, but culling should not include sows with dependant offspring.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The majority of game can only be shot during specific times of the years to allow them to breed and successfully migrate to their wintering grounds. A comprehensive guide to the shooting seasons is given below. Ready for the season ahead? Save 20% on our comprehensive country sports insurance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
You can shoot rabbit and pigeon all year round - known as an open season. However, for other species, you are only permitted to shoot in certain months. This is known as close-season when it is illegal to shoot game or deer. These controls are essential to allow the populations to flourish, breed and move to different areas to feed and overwinter. All responsible shooters will respect this by adhering strictly to the dates.

Read our list of open seasons for different quarry here and you'll know exactly when you can go out into the field in 2019. (All dates are inclusive.)

Red Grouse

England and Wales: Aug 12- Dec 10
Scotland: Aug 12- Dec 10
Northern Ireland: Aug 12- Nov 30

England and Wales: Aug 12- Jan 31
Scotland: Aug 12- Jan 31
Northern Ireland: Sep 1 - Jan 31

Grey Partridge

England and Wales: Sep 1 - Feb 1
Scotland: Sep 1 - Feb 1
Northern Ireland: Sep 1 - Jan 31

Red-legged Partridge

England and Wales: Sep 1 - Feb 1
Scotland: Sep 1 - Feb 1
Northern Ireland: Sep 1 - Jan 31

England and Wales inland: Sep 1 - Jan 31
England and Wales below high water mark: Sep 1 - Feb 20
Scotland inland: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Scotland below high water mark: Sep 1 - Feb 20
Northern Ireland inland: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Northern Ireland below high water mark: Sep 1 - Jan 31

Golden Plover

England and Wales: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Scotland: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Northern Ireland: Sep 1 - Jan 31

Coot/Moorhen

England and Wales: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Scotland: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Northern Ireland: Protected

Pheasant

England and Wales: Oct 1 - Feb 1
Scotland: Oct 1 - Feb 1
Northern Ireland: Oct 1 - Jan 31
Isle of Man: Oct 1 - Jan 31

Woodcock*

England and Wales: Oct 1 - Jan 31
Scotland: Sep 1 - Jan 31
Northern Ireland: Oct 1 - Jan 31
Isle of Man: Oct 1 - Jan 31

*For the latest guidelines on shooting woodcock check the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT) website here. In fact, some shoots will ask you not to shoot woodcock at all.

No shooting on Sundays

Curlew are protected in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

Jack Snipe are protected in England, Scotland, Wales but have an open season in Northern Ireland Sept 1 - Jan 31

No game may be killed or taken in any county in England and Wales on Sunday or Christmas Day. This applies to pheasant, partridge, red grouse and black grouse.

Orders prohibiting the shooting of wildfowl on Sundays still exist in almost 20 counties in England and Wales

The information above on 2019 game shooting seasons is correct at the time of writing but we would also advise a look at the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT) website to check for further notes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
2019 game shooting seasons - the dates you need to know

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You can shoot rabbit and pigeon all year round - known as an open season. However, for other species, you are only permitted to shoot in certain months. This is known as close-season when it is illegal to shoot game or deer.