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Self-assessment grid - Table 2 (CEFR 3.3) : Common Reference levels

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Self-assessment grid - Table 2 (CEFR 3.3) : Common Reference levels

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Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)

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Self-assessment grid - Table 2 (CEFR 3.3) : Common Reference levels - Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) - www.coe.int

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Self-assessment grid, CEFR, Common Reference levels

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International language standards | Cambridge English

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International language standards | Cambridge English

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common european framework of reference for languages

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International language standards | Cambridge English

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The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and international language standards explained by the experts at Cambridge English.

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Each TOEFL iBT score range is broken down into four or five proficiency levels to help you more accurately assess a test taker's skill.

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EduSynch - Adaptive Training for TOEFL | IELTS | TOEIC

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EduSynch - Adaptive Training for TOEFL | IELTS | TOEIC

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EduSynch - Adaptive Training for TOEFL | IELTS | TOEIC

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EduSynch - Adaptive Training for TOEFL | IELTS | TOEIC

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What TOEFL Scores Do You Need for Your Dream University? (Infographic) - Magoosh TOEFL Blog

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What TOEFL Scores Do You Need for Your Dream University? (Infographic) - Magoosh TOEFL Blog

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Good TOEFL scores for top universities - and your TOEFL results

If you're taking the TOEFL as part of your college applications, you're probably asking yourself, "Is my TOEFL score good enough to get me accepted to my dream program?"

If you don't know what score to aim for, the test stress won't stop - even after you've received your results (ETS posts TOEFL scores online about 10 days after the test date). How do you know if your TOEFL score is good enough?

The answer? It depends on where you're applying.

Good TOEFL results are the scores that meet (or exceed) the minimum requirements for the program you want to attend. Each university has a different required or recommended TOEFL score range for each of their programs. It's important to find out what your dream university considers a top TOEFL score. Once you know what score to aim for, you can plan your TOEFL preparation around that goal.

TOEFL scores infographic

On the other hand, your TOEFL results already may place your dream school within your reach. Find out what score you need to get on the TOEFL by consulting our helpful new infographic! This new resource provides the minimum required and/or recommended TOEFL scores for some of the top universities. Check it out!
(Updated: October 2017)
Share Using the Embed Code Below

Did you find your university? If not, you can research your university's minimum required score by visiting their website or contacting their admissions office. 🙂

Want more information on how TOEFL scoring works? You can check out our article on TOEFL score reports, and keep reading for more info!

TOEFL scoring basics

The TOEFL iBT test is broken into four sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. Each section is worth a maximum of 30 points, for a possible combined score of 120.

The TOEFL is a standardized exam, which means that ETS uses a specific (and secret) calculation to generate your final score. This process of equating scores compensates for the fact that some versions of the TOEFL exam are more difficult than other versions, ultimately making all scores directly comparable.

TOEFL score ranking

As you can see from the infographic, different universities - and even different programs within universities - require different scores. This makes ranking TOEFL scores extra challenging.

The important thing to understand is that there isn't one good score. Instead, each program has a preferred score range. Knowing your program's preferences will help you plan your TOEFL preparation and allow you to set a personal score goal.

And before you go ...

Have any questions? Like our infographic? Let us know by leaving a comment below and sharing with your friends! 🙂
This post was originally published in July 2014 and has been updated for freshness, accuracy, and comprehensiveness.

About Rita Neumann

Rita creates fun, inspiring, and educational resources that introduce students to Magoosh and help them prep for their exams. She earned both her BA and Master of Pacific International Affairs from UC San Diego, where she also studied Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Rita loves education and marketing, just as much as she loves vinyasa yoga and baking chocolate chip cookies.

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What TOEFL Scores Do You Need for Your Dream University? (Infographic) - Magoosh TOEFL Blog

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If you're taking the TOEFL as part of your college applications, you're probably asking yourself, "Is my TOEFL score good enough to get me accepted to my dream program?" If you don't know what score to aim for, the test stress won't stop - even after you've received your results (ETS posts TOEFL scores online about 10 days after the test date).

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TOEFL: For Academic Institutions: Interpret Scores

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TOEFL: For Academic Institutions: Interpret Scores

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TOEFL: For Academic Institutions: Interpret Scores

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ETS administers some TOEFL iBT ® test forms with 1 or more sections omitted. When 1 of these forms is administered, scores are given only for the sections that were included, and no total test score appears on the score report.

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Prepare Yourself for a Better TOEFL Score

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Prepare Yourself for a Better TOEFL Score

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page Denise sent me (took me to free course)

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If you are interested in studying at an American college or university, you have probably heard about the Test of English as a Foreign Language.

The test is widely known as the TOEFL. It is the most widely used language assessment exam for American colleges.

A TOEFL score may be necessary to get a student visa to an English-speaking country. Some businesses and even government offices use the test scores to measure the English language abilities of their employees.

Many foreign students worry about taking the TOEFL because it is important to meeting their goals. Good marks on the test will open many doors. But a low test score will limit your choices for financial aid and admission to top schools.

The most competitive universities generally expect an internet-based test, or iBT score of 90 or above. Others accept lower scores, and some do not require students to take the TOEFL at all.

Most universities do not publicize an actual cutoff score, but a high mark will always help.
Who should take the TOEFL?
Many students study for the TOEFL test before they are ready. You should have completed at least upper intermediate level English classes before you take the test.

If you scored below 70 on the iBT or 500 on the paper-based test, or PBT, it is wise to continue studying for a few months and come back to the TOEFL later.
Taking the paper or internet test?
Let's take a closer look at the two major versions of the TOEFL.

The iBT is offered in most of the world and accepted by nearly every college and university, as well as scholarship program, in the United States.

The PBT is given in places where the internet is not widely available. The content of the PBT was changed in 2017; as a result, its line of questioning is now similar to that of the iBT.

Both the iBT and PBT have integrated tasks. That means questions involving listening, reading, and writing are mixed together. The revised PBT costs less, around US$180, than the iBT; however, costs can differ from country to country - $215 in Brazil; $245 in France.

The PBT has three areas -- Reading, Listening, and Writing - and takes two hours and 50 minutes to complete.

The iBT has four parts: reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Including time spent on registration, the iBT test lasts four and one-half hours.

Test-takers spend 20 minutes answering six questions involving speech. Each question requires first reading or listening to English examples, then expressing one's opinion by speaking.

If you have a choice, take the iBT, unless you are trying to cut down on costs.
Practice makes perfect
Plan when you will take the TOEFL. If possible, register to take the test, even if the date is several months from now. This will give you a good reason to study. Take a sample test online or from a test preparation book to find out where you need to improve the most.

Do you do well in reading, but not so well in listening? This will help you to plan your studies to develop the skills you need to get a better score.
How will you study?
The Educational Testing Service, ETS) website has a free online course to help you prepare for the TOEFL. There are also sample preparation questions and games on the ETS Facebook page, like the 40-Word Challenge.

You can buy books with a guide to the test and sample questions from ETS or other publishers. In addition to answering those questions, try to surround yourself with English. Listen every day to podcasts or stories on VOA's Learning English website. Try taking notes on what you hear. Watch movies where English is spoken and listen to music with English lyrics. Read English-language newspapers to keep up with new words that relate to current events and technology.
When will you study?
Experts say that you should study for at least two months before taking the test. But if your practice test score is more than 20 points below your goal, you may need to improve your overall English ability, and that may take years.

To get a good score, you need to set aside time to study, set goals, and measure your progress. Think of it as a school where you are the top administrator. As the chief, you can decide your plan of action: "I will practice the listening section every night this week. Then I will take a listening sample test. If I am happy with my score, I will practice the speaking section every night next week." Be sure you build in rewards for improving your score, like taking a weekend off from study.
Where will you study overseas?
Did you know that TOEFL has a search service? It can help connect you with colleges, universities and other educational institutions, as well as postgraduate programs. TOEFL will send you information about other study programs, admissions requirements, financial aid, fellowships and other educational opportunities. Choose the search service when you create or change your registration.

You can also find out which schools will accept the TOEFL score you earned on the ETS website.
What other tests can you take?
There are other large-scale testing programs to measure one's English ability. See our story comparing the TOEFL with the Test of English for International Communication, or TOEIC, and the International English Language Testing System, or IELTS.

You may need to take another test to meet the rules for immigration or studying overseas, so look around to find out the requirements.

And, don't waste time studying for the TOEFL if you will not attend school or go overseas in the next two years. Remember: colleges will only accept the test score for up to two years.

The bottom line is, the best way to do well on the TOEFL is to know English well. Do not depend on informal advice or tricks. Do not try to outwit the test maker. Think of reading, listening, speaking, writing, and grammar as a single connected idea: communication.

The real goal of the test is to measure how well a student can communicate in an English-speaking classroom. Immerse yourself in English on a daily basis and improvement is sure to follow.

I'm Phil Dierking.

And I'm Jill Robbins.
Dr. Jill Robbins wrote this story for Learning English based on an earlier VOA story by Adam Brock. George Grow was the editor. Are you preparing to take the TOEFL test? What are your methods for studying? We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section.
_______________________________________________________________

Words in This Story

score - n. the number of points that you get for correct answers

cutoff - adj. relating to the cutting off, separation or division of one group from another group

intermediate - adj. being in the middle of something; between two extremes

scholarship - n. financial assistance to a student

content - n. substance or meaning; the subject being discussed

practice - v. to perform work repeatedly so as to become skilled at something; to train by repeating exercises

reward - n. to give some kind of payment for good work or service

outwit - v. to defeat or trick (someone) by being more intelligent or clever

grammar - n. the set of rules that explain how words are used

immerse - v. to make yourself fully involved in some activity or field of study

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Prepare Yourself for a Better TOEFL Score

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If you are interested in studying at an American college or university, you have probably heard about the Test of English as a Foreign Language. The test is widely known as the TOEFL. It is the most widely used language assessment exam for American colleges.

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The Cornell Note-taking System – Learning Strategies Center

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The Cornell Note-taking System – Learning Strategies Center

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1. Record: During the lecture, use the note-taking column to record the
lecture using telegraphic sentences.
2. Questions: As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on
the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to clarify
meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen
memory. Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam-studying
later.
3. Recite: Cover the note-taking column with a sheet of paper. Then, looking
at the questions or cue-words in the question and cue column only, say
aloud, in your own words, the answers to the questions, facts, or ideas
indicated by the cue-words.
4. Reflect: Reflect on the material by asking yourself questions, for example:
"What's the significance of these facts? What principle are they based on?
How can I apply them? How do they fit in with what I already know?
What's beyond them?
5. Review: Spend at least ten minutes every week reviewing all your previous
notes. If you do, you'll retain a great deal for current use, as well as, for the
exam.

Adapted from How to Study in College 7/e by Walter Pauk, 2001 Houghton Mifflin Company
pdf of the Cornell Note-taking System

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1. Record: During the lecture, use the note-taking column to record the lecture using telegraphic sentences. 2. Questions: As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to clarify meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory.

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Test Practice and Preparation | The TOEFL® Test

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Test Practice and Preparation | The TOEFL® Test

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https://www.toeflgoanywhere.org/toefl-practice    No one knows how to prepare for the TOEFL® test better than the people who created it! Straight from ETS, there are several ways to help you study for test day.

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This free service uses information from your ETS account to match you with universities and institutions around the world. You can receive information about programs, admission requirements, financial aid opportunities and more.

Even if you aren't ready to register for the test yet, you can still create your ETS account and sign up today!

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This free service uses information from your ETS account to match you with universities and institutions around the world. You can receive information about programs, admission requirements, financial aid opportunities and more. Even if you aren't ready to register for the test yet, you can still create your ETS account and sign up today!

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TOEFL® Test Preparation: The Insider’s Guide

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TOEFL® Test Preparation: The Insider’s Guide

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toefl® test preparation: the insider’s guide

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TOEFL® Test Preparation: The Insider's Guide

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Prepare for the TOEFL® test and learn how to improve your score and English language skills from the experts who create the exam.

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Video with grid about the score

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تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية

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ללמוד אנגלית

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TOEFL SPEAKING | examples | score | tips

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IELTS Speaking Part 2 Topics & Questions

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IELTS Speaking Part 2 Topics & Questions

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IELTS Speaking Part 2 Topics & Questions

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You will be given a topic card. You will have 1 minute to prepare your talk and then you will need to speak for 1-2 minutes. Start preparing as soon as you are given the card, paper and pen. The examiner will let you know when to start talking.

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What Is Original? : TED Radio Hour : NPR

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What Is Original? : TED Radio Hour : NPR

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When is copying flattery, when is it thievery, and when is it sheer genius? In this hour, TED speakers explore how sampling, borrowing, and riffing make all of us innovators.

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Atlanta School System Caught in Epic Cheating Scandal Video - ABC News

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Atlanta School System Caught in Epic Cheating Scandal Video - ABC News

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Watch with Cambr. Advanced Skills "DOn't copy it's cheating"

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To the worst school cheating scandal in this country that we've ever seen, one of the nation's biggest school systems caught up in it. blamed but the teachers. Steve osunsami is on the case. Reporter: At the courthouse you'd think they were indict iing thugs. The accused thugs now fighting serious jail time are 35 atlanta teachers, principals and test coordinators. The whole purpose behind this is to vindicate the little children who got gypped out of an education. Reporter: The indictments are the latest page from now a three-year-long education that's shaken the faith of parents of schoolchildren. Nearly 200 teachers from 44 schools were accused of changing student answers to improve scores on federally required standardized tests. Frustrated and disappointed. If a jury finds them guilty, they should go to prison. Reporter: The educator in the most trouble is beverly hall, a national superintendent of the year who faces up to 45 years in prison. She's accused of giving bonuses to teachers who inflated test scores and firing teachers who didn't. She says she's innocent. What we're seeing is is that without her, this conspiracy could not have taken place. Reporter: Former atlanta schoolteacher, sidney fells, told us she was under so much pressure to cheat, she quit first. We were told that we needed to get the scores by any means necessary. Reporter: The atlanta newspaper exposed the cheating when reporters found too many schools with 45% gains in one year. It's not just atlanta that has this problem from what you saw. Correct. Again, we looked at st scores in every state, and what we found is that thousands of schools have similar patterns. Reporter: The accused educators have until tuesday to turn themselves in. Steve osunsami, abc news, atlanta.

This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.

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Video: Atlanta School System Caught in Epic Cheating Scandal

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To the worst school cheating scandal in this country that we've ever seen, one of the nation's biggest school systems caught up in it. blamed but the teachers. Steve osunsami is on the case. Reporter: At the courthouse you'd think they were indict iing thugs.

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CBN TV - Test Score Scandal Leaves Atlanta Schools in Shame

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CBN TV - Test Score Scandal Leaves Atlanta Schools in Shame

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Test Score Scandal Leaves Atlanta Schools in Shame

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Test Score Scandal Leaves Atlanta Schools in Shame

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Learn English Vocabulary: The people you will meet at UNIVERSITY · engVid

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Learn English Vocabulary: The people you will meet at UNIVERSITY · engVid

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What is the difference between a freshman and a sophomore? What exactly is a dean? In this lesson, I will teach you words to describe different people you will encounter in college and university. These words are very important to know if you plan to go to university or if you are taking the IELTS or TOEFL. You will learn vocabulary like junior, senior, TA, RA, grad, undergrad, prof, and many more. After watching the video, come take my quiz to see how much you learned from the lesson.

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Learn English Vocabulary: The people you will meet at UNIVERSITY

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What is the difference between a freshman and a sophomore? What exactly is a dean? In this lesson, I will teach you words to describe different people you will encounter in college and university. These words are very important to know if you plan to go to university or if you are taking the IELTS or TOEFL.

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Natalie Goldberg’s “Rules for Writing Practice” | whisper down the write alley

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Natalie Goldberg’s “Rules for Writing Practice” | whisper down the write alley

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British Council LearnEnglish Teens | Free resources for teens to help improve your English

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LearnEnglish Teens provides information, tips and resources to help teenagers learn English.

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Italian citizenship is currently regulated by Law no. 91/1992 (and regulations for its implementation: specifically DPR no. 572 of 12 October 1993 and DPR no. 362 of 18 April 1994) which, in contrast with previous laws, reassesses the importance of individual intention in the acquisition or loss of citizenship and recognises the right to hold more than one citizenship simultaneously.

Citizenship legislation applies to:

persons born Italian who have lost their citizenship and wish to reinstate it;

descendents of Italian citizens claiming citizenship;

foreigners applying for Italian citizenship.

ACQUISITION OF ITALIAN CITIZENSHIP
Italian citizenship can be acquired in one of the following ways:
1. AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION

CITIZENSHIP AS A RESULT OF ITALIAN PARENTS/ANCESTORS ("iure sanguinis")
Children of Italian parents (mother or father) who are Italian citizens. Citizenship is passed on from parent to child without limitation of generation, on the condition that none of the ancestors has ever renounced their citizenship.
Transmission of citizenship through maternal lineage is possible only for persons born after January 1st 1948.
A minor child living with a parent at the moment in which that parent becomes an Italian citizen also acquires Italian citizenship. Contrary to past legislation, current legislation recognises the right to hold more than one citizenship simultaneously.
Ascertainment of citizenship. When a person claims to be of Italian parentage or ancestry but no proof of the fact can be found in Italian registers, it is necessary to provide proof that all ancestors have maintained, and thereby passed on, their Italian citizenship. The authority legally valid to ascertain these facts depends on the person's place of residence: for foreign residents, the diplomatic-consular mission in the country of residence; for residents in Italy the official statistics office (Anagrafe) office of the city of residence.

CITIZENSHIP GRANTED TO PERSONS BORN ON ITALIAN SOIL ("iure soli")
Italian citizenship is granted to persons born on Italian soil:
- whose parents are unknown, Stateless or cannot pass on their citizenship to their child according to the laws of the State of which they are citizens;
- of unknown parentage found on Italian soil and whose natural citizenship is impossible to ascertain.

CITIZENSHIP THROUGH JUDICIARY RULING ON NATURAL PATERNITY / MATERNITY.
A child recognized or declared while a minor to be of Italian parentage. Persons of legal age recognised or declared as such must elect to become citizens within one year of that recognition. The following documentation must be annexed to the declaration:

Birth certificate;

Act of recognition or authenticated copy of the ruling on paternity/maternity, or of an authenticated copy of a ruling that declares a foreign ruling binding in Italy, or an authenticated copy of a ruling acknowledging the right to child support or alimony;

Certification of parent(s)' citizenship.

CITIZENSHIP BY ADOPTION. The right to citizenship is extended to any minor child adopted by an Italian citizen by means of the provisions of the Italian Judiciary Authorities, or in the case of adoption abroad and rendered valid in Italy through an order issued by the Juvenile Court for enrolment in an official Italian statistics office (Anagrafe). Adoptees of legal age can acquire citizenship after 5 years of legal residence in Italy after the adoption (see point 3. NATURALISATION).

FOREIGN DESCENDENTS OF ITALIANS UP TO THE SECOND DEGREE, OR BORN IN ITALY.
Foreign or Stateless descendents (up to the second degree) of Italian citizens can claim citizenship.
Requirements include one or more of the following:

service in the Italian armed forces;

employment by the Italian government, even abroad;

residence in Italy for at least 2 years before reaching the legal age of 18.

Claims must be accompanied by the following documentation:

birth certificate;

certificate of Italian citizenship of mother or father or a direct ancestor up to the second degree;

certificate of residence, where requested.

Foreigners, even those not of Italian descent, born on Italian soil can claim Italian citizenship after continuous legal residence in Italy up to legal age, and upon declaration of their desire to do so.
That declaration, to be presented within one year of reaching the age of 18, must be accompanied by the following documentation:

CITIZENSHIP BY MARRIAGE TO AN ITALIAN CITIZEN.
The foreign spouse of an Italian citizen can claim Italian citizenship in the presence of the following requirements:

a) in Italy: two years legal residence (permit to stay and enrolment in an official statistics office (Anagrafe)) after the wedding; abroad: three years after the wedding; the timeframes are reduced by half in the presence of children born or adopted by the spouses;
b) valid marriage certificate and permanence of marriage bond up until the issuance of citizenship;
c) absence of convictions for crimes leading to a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison or convictions by a foreign judiciary authority of more than one year for non-political crimes;
d) absence of convictions for any of the crimes listed in Book 2, Title I, items, I,II and III of the criminal code (crimes against government personnel);
e) absence of obstacles related to the security of the Republic.

Claims to Italian citizenship, addressed to the Ministry of the Interior, must be submitted to the Prefecture of the Province of residence, if in Italy; if residence is abroad, to the diplomatic-consular mission. Claims must include the reasons for claiming the right to Italian citizenship accompanied by the following documentation, duly legalized and translated:

birth certificate containing all pertinent data or, in the case of the documented impossibility of producing that, an affidavit issued by the diplomatic-consular authorities of the country of origin stating all exact personal data (name, surname, date and place of birth), as well as those of the father and mother of the applicant;

criminal record (or certified lack thereof) from country of origin and eventual third countries of residence;

certificate of history of legal residence in Italy (with affixed tax stamp);

marriage certificate issued the Italian city where the related marriage act was registered (non-certified or copy of marriage certificate);

legal certificate of citizenship of Italian spouse (with affixed tax stamp);

certificate of criminal record (or lack thereof) in Italy (with affixed tax stamp);

certificate of charges pending in Italy (or certified lack thereof) issued by the State Prosecutor's Office at the court authorised for the area of residence of the applicant (with affixed tax stamp);

authenticated copy of residence permit (with affixed tax stamp);

copy of passport (with attached official translation in Italian, where the document does not contain data, in addition to the original language, also in English or French), authenticated by the diplomatic-consular mission of the State that issued it;

certificate of family status (with affixed tax stamp);
Pursuant to Ministry of the Interior Directive of 7 March 2012, as from June 2012 authority to issue citizenship decrees is assigned to:
a. the Prefect for applications submitted by foreigners legally residing in Italy;
b. Head of the Department for Civil Liberties and Immigration in the case of a foreign spouse residing abroad;
c. the Minister for the Interior in the case of reasons pertaining to the security of the Republic.

Required legal residence in Italy for:

3 years for descendents of former Italian citizens up to the second degree and for foreigners born on Italian soil;

4 years for citizens of a European Union country;

5 years for Stateless persons and refugees, as well as for adult foreigners over the age of 18 adopted by Italian citizens;

7 years for children adopted by Italian citizens before the entry into effect of Law no. 184/1983;

10 years for non-EU citizens.

No period of legal residence is required for foreigners who have been employed in the service of the Italian Republic for a period of at least 5 years, also abroad.

Citizenship applications, addressed to the President of the Republic, must be submitted to the Prefecture of the Province of residence, accompanied by the following documentation:

birth certificate containing all pertinent data or, in the case of the documented impossibility of producing that, an affidavit (duly legalized and translated) issued by the diplomatic-consular authorities of the country of origin stating all exact personal data (first name, second name, surname, date and place of birth), as well as those of the father and mother of the applicant;

certificate of history of legal residence in Italy for 3, 4, 5, 7 or 10 years as required (with affixed tax stamp); ;

certificate of family status (with affixed tax stamp);

criminal record (or certified lack thereof) from country of origin and eventual third countries of residence, duly translated and legalised;

certificate of criminal record (or certified lack thereof) in Italy (with affixed tax stamp);

certificate of charges pending in Italy (or certified lack thereof) issued by the State Prosecutor's Office at the court authorised for the area of residence of the applicant (with affixed tax stamp);

official declaration of income for tax purposes for the preceding three years (Forms 730, Unico, etc.)

declaration renouncing the protection of the Italian diplomatic-consular authorities from the authorities of the country of origin, using the preprinted form available from the prefecture;

waiver in the sole case in which the original citizenship is not automatically lost with the voluntary acquisition of a foreign one (to be presented only upon formal request by the Ministry of the Interior);

copy of passport (with attached official translation in Italian, where the document does not contain data, in addition to the original language, also in English or French), authenticated by the diplomatic-consular mission of the State that issued it;

certificate of family status (with affixed tax stamp);

declaration authorising the competent authorities of the country of origin to release all information regarding the applicant requested by the Italian diplomatic-consular authorities in the country of origin, using the preprinted form available from the prefecture.

Where applications for Italian citizenship cite the more favourable dispositions described in letters a), b) e) of paragraph 1 of Article 9 of Law no. 91/1993 (3 or 5 years of legal residence), they must be accompanied by the following documentation:

certificate of Italian citizenship by virtue of the Italian citizenship of one or both parents or grandparents (for applicants requesting application of art. 9 par. 1, letter a));

authenticated copy of ruling declares a ruling by a foreign judiciary authority valid in Italy (for applicants requesting application of art. 9 par. 1, letter b));

authenticated copy of Italian judiciary ruling recognising Statelessness, or a copy of the ministerial provision declaring Statelessness (for applicants requesting application of Art. 9 par. 1, letter e));

certificate of refugee status issued by the National Commission for the Right to Asylum (former Central Commission for the Recognition of Refugee Status pursuant to Art. 2, par. 1 of DPR no. 136 of 15 May 1990) (for applicants requesting the combined application of article 9, par. 1, letter e), and article16, par. 2, of the law).

4. GRANTING OF ITALIAN CITIZENSHIP PURSUANT TO SPECIAL LAWS

A. Law n. 379 of 14 December 2000, provides for recognition of Italian citizenship to persons born and formerly resident in the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and their descendents in possession of the following requirements:

birth and residence of an ancestor in the territories formerly belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and annexed to Italy at the end of the First World War in the Treaty of San Germano;

emigration abroad of an ancestor between 25 December 1867 and 16 July 1920.

Claims for recognition of Italian citizenship had to be submitted by 20 December 2010 to the Italian diplomatic-consular authorities if the applicant was living abroad, or to the official statistics office (Anagrafe) of the city of residence if living in Italy.
Claims submitted by the deadline are examined by an inter-ministerial commission set up in the Ministry of the Interior, which rules in function of satisfaction of the prescribed legal requirements. If the ruling is favourable the Ministry of the Interior issues clearance for recognition.

B. Law no. 124 of 8 March 2006, provides for recognition of Italian citizenship for Italian nationals resident in Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia from 1940 to 1947, whose property was confiscated and ceded to the Yugoslav Republic by the Treaties of Paris of 10 February 1947 and Osimo of 10 November 1975, and their descendents.
Claims must be submitted to the Italian diplomatic-consular authorities if the claimant resides abroad, or to the municipal authorities of their Italian city of residence, along with the following
documentation.
Persons subject to article19 of the Paris Peace Treaty, so as to prove the existence of the requirements stated in art. 17 bis, par. 1, lett. a) of Law no. 91/92, must attach the following documentation to their claims:

a) birth certificate, international if possible;
b) certificate verifying foreign citizenship;
c) certificate verifying current residence;
d) certificate or other documentation proving residence before 10 June 1940 in the territories ceded to the former Yugoslav Socialist Federal Republic;
e) proof that the claimant was an Italian citizen on 15 September 1947- the date the Paris Peace Treaty took effect - or other equally valid documentation such as certificate of military service, passport, etc.;
f) written confirmation from any Italian clubs, associations or communities located in the foreign country of residence proving claimant's membership, usual language used and any other element proving his/her knowledge of the Italian language;
g) any other documentation proving the claimant's knowledge of the Italian language (e.g. copy of certificate of attendance of Italian-speaking schools, report cards, etc. ).

Children or direct descendents of persons subject to art. 19 of the Paris Peace Treaty, intending to avail themselves of art.17-bis, par. 1, lett. b), must attach the following documentation to their claims for recognition of Italian citizenship:

certification or other documentation from which it results that claimant's parent(s) or direct ancestor(s) were in possession of the requirements stated in points d-e-f-g above;;

certificate of birth confirming the claimant's relationship with parent(s) or direct ancestor(s);

certificate proving claimant's foreign citizenship;

written confirmation from any Italian association or community in the claimant's foreign country of residence proving the claimant's knowledge of the Italia language and culture;

any other documentation proving the claimant's knowledge of the Italian language and culture.

Persons subject to the provisions of art. 3 of the Treaty of Osimo, former residents of Area
B of the former Free Territory of Trieste, intending to avail themselves of art.17-bis, par. 1 lett. a), must attach the following documentation to the claims for recognition of Italian citizenship:

a) birth certificate, international if possible;
b) certificate verifying foreign citizenship;
c) certificate verifying current residence;
d) proof that the claimant was an Italian citizen on 3 April 1977- the date the Osimo Peace Treaty took effect;
e) written confirmation from any Italian clubs, associations or communities located in the foreign country of residence proving claimant's membership, usual language used and any other element proving his/her knowledge of the Italian language;
f) any documentation proving that the claimant belonged to an ethnic Italian group as specified in art. 3.

Children or direct descendents of persons subject to art.3 of the Osimo Treaty intending to avail themselves of art.17-bis, par. 1, lett. b), must attach the following documentation to their claims for recognition of Italian citizenship:

certification or other documentation from which it results that claimant's parent(s) or direct ancestor(s) were in possession of the requirements stated in points d-e-f- above;

certificate of birth confirming the claimant's relationship with parent(s) or direct ancestor(s);

certificate proving foreign citizenship;

written confirmation from eventual Italian associations or communities in the claimant's foreign country of residence proving the claimant's knowledge of the Italian language and culture;

any other documentation proving the claimant's knowledge of the Italian language and culture.

An inter-ministerial commission set up at the Ministry of the Interior decides whether to issue clearance for recognition of citizenship.

As from 16 August 1992, Italian citizenship is no longer lost in concomitance with the acquisition of foreign citizenship unless the Italian citizens formally renounces it, and save international agreements..
The Italian government's adherence to the 1963 Strasbourg Convention means that, as from 4 June 2010, Italian citizenship is not automatically lost for those Italians who become naturalised citizens of the signatories to that Convention.

LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
An Italian citizens can lose citizenship automatically or formally give it up.

Automatic loss of citizenship:

any Italian citizen who voluntarily enlists in the armed forces of a foreign government or accepts a government post with a foreign State, despite express prohibition by Italian law;

any Italian citizen who has served during a state of war with a foreign country, or held a government post or acquired citizenship in that State;

adoptees for which adoption is revoked by fault of their own, on the condition that he/she is in possession of or acquires citizenship in another country.

Formal renunciation of Italian citizenship:

Adoptees of legal age following revocation of adoption by fault of their own, as long as they are in possession of or acquire citizenship in another country;

Any Italian citizen resident abroad and that is in possession of, acquires or reacquires citizenship in another country;

Anyone of legal age who acquired Italian citizenship as a minor following the acquisition or reacquisition of citizenship by one parent, as long as he/she is in possession of citizenship in another country.

A declaration renouncing citizenship is made before an official of the official statistics office (Anagrafe) of the Italian city of residence or, if residing abroad, before an authorised diplomatic-consular official, and must be accompanied by the following documentation:

a) birth certificate issued by the city of birth and where the birth was registered;
b) certificate of Italian citizenship;
c) documentation of foreign citizenship;
d) documentation of residence abroad, where required.

Minors do NOT lose Italian citizenship if one or both parents lose it or acquire foreign citizenship.

Women married to foreign husbands after January 1st 1948 who automatically acquired foreign citizenship did NOT lose their Italian citizenship.
Since January 1st 1948 woman have not had to lose their Italian citizenship even in cases of their Italian-born husbands becoming naturalised citizens of other countries. Nevertheless, in order to maintain the civil statistic records in order, it is necessary for those women (or their descendents) to manifest their desire to maintain their citizenship to the authorities (municipal or consular).

RIACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP
Italian citizens who have lost their citizenship can reacquire it:

Automatically one year from the date in which they established residence on Italian soil, unless they renounce it within that term of time.

By specific declaration:

serving in the Italian armed forces;

by being or having been in the employ of the Italian government, even abroad;

if a foreign resident, once legal residence in Italy is established, within one year of the declaration for reacquisition submitted to the Italian consular authorities;

once legal residence in Italy has been established for at least 2 years, and it can be proven that the applicant has left the foreign government employ or military service undertaken despite express prohibition by Italian law.

Women married to foreigners prior to January 1st 1948, who - by virtue of marriage - automatically acquired their husband's citizenship, can reacquire Italian citizenship, even though they reside abroad, by means of a declaration.
The declaration for the reacquisition of citizenship must be submitted to an official of the statistics office (Anagrafe) of the city of residence in Italy or, in the case of residence abroad, the local diplomatic-consular authorities. The declaration must be accompanied by the following documentation:

a) birth certificate issued by the city of birth and where the birth was registered;
b) documentation proving previous Italian citizenship;
c) documentation proving foreign citizenship or Stateless status;
d) certificate of family status or equivalent.

PLEASE NOTE: With regard to all required documentation, whether for acquisition or renunciation of citizenship, pursuant to article 43, par. 1, 46 and 47 of DPR 445/2000 (as stated in Law no. 183/2011) and the limitations pursuant to art. 3 of the same DPR, Italian public administrations are officially obliged to acquire information, data and documentation already in possession of the Public Administration, pending submission by the party concerned of the elements indispensable to the retrieval of such information or data.
Therefore, applicants (Italian, UE or non-UE citizens legally living in Italy) are not required to produce information or data already in the possession of the Italian Public Administration, but only the elements indispensable to the retrieval of such information or data.

As from 8 August 2009 applications or declarations regarding the election, acquisition, reacquisition, renunciation or granting of Italian citizenship are subject toa fee of 200 euro. As from 8 July 2014 applications by legal-age adults for recognition of Italian citizenship are subject to a fee of 300 euro.

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Italian citizenship is currently regulated by Law no. 91/1992 (and regulations for its implementation: specifically DPR no. 572 of 12 October 1993 and DPR no. 362 of 18 April 1994) which, in contrast with previous laws, reassesses the importance of individual intention in the acquisition or loss of citizenship and recognises the right to hold more than one citizenship simultaneously.

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USA American culture: This is the test that immigrants who want to become USA citizens need to take, to obtain the citizenship. We discussed it during election week ("Who votes? quiz").

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The 2008 civics practice test is a study tool to help you test your knowledge of U.S. history and government. Use this online tool in English to prepare for the civics portion of the naturalization test. The civics practice test is also available in Spanish, but please note that the actual test is in English.

This practice test contains 20 questions.

What to Expect During the Real Test

The actual civics test is NOT a multiple choice test. During the naturalization interview, a USCIS officer will ask you up to 10 questions from the list of 100 questions in English. You must answer correctly 6 of the 10 questions to pass the civics test.

Certain applicants, because of their age and time as a lawful permanent resident, are exempt from the English requirements for naturalization and may take the civics test in the language of their choice. For more information, see our Exceptions and Accommodations page.

Tips for Studying

On the naturalization test, some answers may change because of elections or appointments. As you study for the test, make sure that you know the most current answers to the questions. Answer these questions with the name of the official who is serving at the time of your eligibility interview with USCIS. The USCIS officer will not accept an incorrect answer.

The instructions and content in this practice civics test are not intended to provide legal advice or guarantee that you will pass the civics test during your naturalization interview. If you have any questions, visit the Find Help in Your Community page.

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Welcome to the 2008 Civics Practice Test!

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The 2008 civics practice test is a study tool to help you test your knowledge of U.S. history and government. Use this online tool in English to prepare for the civics portion of the naturalization test. The civics practice test is also available in Spanish, but please note that the actual test is in English.

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Carol Dweck: The power of believing that you can improve | TED Talk | TED.com

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Carol Dweck: The power of believing that you can improve | TED Talk | TED.com

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The power of believing that you can improve

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Carol Dweck researches “growth mindset” — the idea that we can grow our brain’s capacity to learn and to solve problems. In this talk, she describes two ways to think about a problem that’s slightly too hard for you to solve. Are you not smart enough to solve it … or have you just not solved it yet? A great introduction to this influential field.

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English Teacher from all over the world give you tips on writing/reading/speaking for both IELTS and TOEFL exams

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Learn English for free with 1291 video lessons by experienced native-speaker teachers. Classes cover English grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, IELTS, TOEFL, and more. Join millions of ESL students worldwide who are improving their English every day with engVid.

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Faster please!!!!!!

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IELTS Writing Task 2: Achieve Band 7+ in 5 Hours | Udemy

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IELTS Writing Task 2: Achieve Band 7+ in 5 Hours | Udemy

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Mastering IELTS Writing: Task 2 (Achieve Band 7+ in 5 Hours)

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Complete preparation to achieve the band score you need (Band 6 to Band 8) in IELTS Writing Task 2.

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Get 7-9 in IELTS Speaking: IELTS Speaking Masterclass | Udemy

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Get 7-9 in IELTS Speaking: IELTS Speaking Masterclass | Udemy

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Get 7-9 in IELTS Speaking: IELTS Speaking Masterclass

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Improve your fluency, vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation in preparation for the IELTS Speaking test.

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TOEFL iBT Complete Online Preparation Course! | Udemy

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TOEFL iBT Complete Online Preparation Course! | Udemy

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TOEFL iBT Complete Online Preparation Course! | Udemy

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A TOEFL iBT Online Course that includes video lessons, live submission feedback, strategies, tactics and practice exams.

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5 Types of TOEFL Essays & TOEFL iBT Essay Patterns · engVid

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5 Types of TOEFL Essays & TOEFL iBT Essay Patterns · engVid

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5 Types of TOEFL Essays & TOEFL iBT Essay Patterns

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Before writing the TOEFL essay, you must be able to identify the essay type and choose the correct essay pattern. This important English lesson explains the five essay categories and two essay patterns you need to know to succeed in the Independent Essay Writing task of the TOEFL iBT.

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How to write a 5 Paragraph Essay - YouTube

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How to write a 5 Paragraph Essay - YouTube

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Essay Writing made easy with EssayPro.com

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How to write 5 paragraph essay: http://essaypro.com/blog/5-paragraph-essay/ Hey guys, in this video we will give you guys a step by step tutorial on how to write an efficient and effective 5 paragraph essay! Be sure to like, share, and subscribe! Thanks!

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Jeremy Howard: The wonderful and terrifying implications of computers that can learn | TED Talk | TED.com

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Jeremy Howard: The wonderful and terrifying implications of computers that can learn | TED Talk | TED.com

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The wonderful and terrifying implications of computers that can learn

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What happens when we teach a computer how to learn? Technologist Jeremy Howard shares some surprising new developments in the fast-moving field of deep learning, a technique that can give computers the ability to learn Chinese, or to recognize objects in photos, or to help think through a medical diagnosis. (One deep learning tool, after watching hours of YouTube, taught itself the concept of “cats.”) Get caught up on a field that will change the way the computers around you behave ... sooner than you probably think.

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TOEFL, TOEIC, Cambridge or IELTS? Which test is best for me? – Global Blog – Explore our learning resources

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TOEFL, TOEIC, Cambridge or IELTS? Which test is best for me? – Global Blog – Explore our learning resources

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Global Blog - Explore our learning resources

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Taking an English test is a great way to find out what level your language skills are at and might be something you need to do in order to reach your goals in the future. With so many English tests to choose from, is TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS or one of the Cambridge exams best for you? Read on to find out which English test would suit you best!

I want to study in a North American university

If you want to study in the US or Canada, TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is the most logical test for you to take. It's recognised as the standard test of English ability by most universities and grad schools.

Although there is a paper-based version of this test, the internet-based test (iBT) is by far the most popular way to take TOEIC. There are test centres all over the world and you can get the results back quickly. In order to get a score that truly reflects your ability, make sure you familiarise yourself with how the TOEIC iBT works before taking it.

Universities often require a score of above 550 in the paper-based test or above 80 for the iBT but requirements vary so make sure to check with the university you want to go to before booking your test.

I want to work or study in England, Australia, or New Zealand

If you're heading to the UK, the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) test should be the first exam you consider. It includes Speaking, Listening, Reading and Writing tests, with a choice between Academic and General Training in the Reading and Writing sections.

If your main goal is to study at a university, then the Academic focus is better. If you are planning to live or work abroad, then the General Training test is probably a better bet.

There is no pass or fail grade for IELTS: participants are provided with an overall score from 1 (non-user) to 9 (expert user), as well as a score for each section. IELTS is also popular with students who just want to check their English level as it's a very thorough test and a good reflection of your practical English abilities.

I want to land a job in an international company

TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) is THE test for the workplace. With more than 3 million test-takers every year, it is widely recognized by corporations worldwide for measuring employees' English level.

There are two types of TOEIC test, one focuses on reading and listening while the other focuses on speaking and writing. In addition to these two tests, some companies purchase a license to use TOEIC as an internal test and use their own custom version.

If you are looking for a job where you can utilize your English skills, this may be the test to take to prove your ability.

I want to pursue a career in business

BEC (Cambridge Business English Certificate) is a series of 3 proficiency tests, which revolves heavily around business topics. The tests - BEC Preliminary, BEC Vantage, and BEC Higher - cover skills necessary for business situations, like making presentations, negotiating, or writing business letters and reports.

Unlike TOEFL and TOEIC, the BEC test sets a minimum score required to pass and to receive the certification.

BEC is practical in nature, requiring candidates to engage in work-related discussions and write business letters. Like other Cambridge English certificates, a minimum score is required to pass the exam and receive the certification.

I just want to check my English level

The Cambridge general English exams are a popular choice for learners who want to just have a certificate to prove their English level and show what they have achieved on their English course.

They are traditional exams that you either pass or fail and you can take them at Preliminary, First, Advanced, or Proficiency level depending on your ability. Unlike many of the other tests, it doesn't expire, so once you have passed that test you can use it as proof of your English level for as long as you want.

People often talk about one of the tests above being 'better' than the others but in reality they are all equally valid indications of your English level. The test you take should depend on your own goals and circumstances. Remember, the best test is the one that's right for you!

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Which English test is best? TOEFL, IELTS, Cambridge?

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Taking an English test is a great way to find out what level your language skills are at and might be something you need to do in order to reach your goals in the future. With so many English tests to choose from, is TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS or one of the Cambridge exams best for ...

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Phrasal Verbs for TRAVEL: “drop off”, “get in”, “check out”… · engVid

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Phrasal Verbs for TRAVEL: “drop off”, “get in”, “check out”… · engVid

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Want to learn some extremely common verbs for traveling? You've come to the right place. They say traveling is the school of life. It is also a great opportunity to improve your English! In this video, I will teach you common phrasal verbs that we use when talking about traveling. But first, I will explain what phrasal verbs are and show you their importance in conversational English. We will look at how to correctly use drop off, see off, take off, get in, check in, and more. Join me, and get ready for a big trip to improve both your life and your English!

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Phrasal Verbs for TRAVEL: "drop off", "get in", "check out"...

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Want to learn some extremely common verbs for traveling? Youve come to the right place. They say traveling is the school of life. It is also a great opportunity to improve your English! In this video, I will teach you common phrasal verbs that we use when talking about traveling.

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Six thin things | LearnEnglish Kids | British Council

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Six thin things | LearnEnglish Kids | British Council

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Famous Dyslexics & Celebrities | Helen Arkell Dyslexia Centre

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Famous Dyslexics & Celebrities | Helen Arkell Dyslexia Centre

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Maggie Aderin-Pocock

Astronomer and space scientist, co-producer of the long running TV programme 'The Sky at Night' with Chris Lintott. She is a research fellow in UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies and an Honorary Research Associate in UCL Department of Physics and Astronomy.

Orlando Bloom

Hollywood actor most commonly known for his starring roles in Pirates of the Caribbean and Lord of the Rings. When he was discovered as dyslexic at school his mother encouraged him to take art and drama classes. Bloom continued on to appear in many Hollywood hits and made his Broadway stage debut as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet in August 2013 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre.

Richard Branson

Richard Branson struggled in school and dropped out at age 16 - a decision that ultimately led to the creation of Virgin Records. His entrepreneurial projects started in the music industry and expanded into other sectors. He is now estimated to be worth over £3 billion. Branson is also known for his adventurous spirit and sporting achievements, including crossing oceans in a hot air balloon.

Tom Cruise

Blockbuster action film actor Cruise was diagnosed with Dyslexia age 7 but that didn't stop him. "I'd try to concentrate on what I was reading, then I'd get to the end of the page and have very little memory of anything I'd read". He eventually adopted unique techniques in order to learn his lines and went on to be a multi award winning Hollywood star!

Leonardo da Vinci

Primarily a painter accomplishing the famous Mona Lisa, however Da Vinci was skilled in many other areas including mathematics, sculpting and as an inventor.

Walt Disney

An American icon who built the Disney Empire with his brother and is responsible for the growth of animation production. The popular Disney Land Parks have since been developed globally.

Jim Carrey

The two-time Golden Globe-winner rose to fame as a cast member of the Fox sketch comedy In Living Color. Leading roles in Ace Ventura, Dumb & Dumber and The Mask established him as a bankable comedy actor.

Albert Einstein

One of the most influential physicists in history who developed the laws of relativity and shaped the ways we think of the world today.

Sally Gardner

English children's writer and illustrator. She won both the Costa Children's Book Award and the Carnegie Medal for Maggot Moon.

Whoopi Goldberg

Comedian, political activist but more recently talk show host. Whoopi is one of a handful of people to win an Oscar, a Grammy, a Tony and an Emmy.

John F Kennedy, George Washington & George W Bush,

All of these Presidents of the United States of America were believed to be dyslexic.

Keira Knightley

Keira gained widespread recognition in 2002 after co-starring in the film Bend It Like Beckham and achieved international fame in 2003 after appearing as Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Since then she has succeeded in many more world-renowned performances.

John Lennon

Lead singer of the Beatles in the 1960's and singer songwriter. Lennon produced a critically acclaimed album for his solo career despite his worldwide fame with 'The Beatles' and seemingly endless lists of smash hits.

Jamie Oliver

Professional Chef, bookseller and TV personality. He initially left school at 16 without any qualifications, however working his way up the kitchen ladder he rose quickly to head chef.

Theo Paphitis

Known for his entrepreneurial skills and his appearances on the TV series 'Dragons Den'. In 2014, Paphitis was reported to have an estimated net worth of £210 million. He has made the majority of his fortune in the retail sector and is the former Chairman of Millwall Football Club.

Pablo Picasso

One of the most renowned artists of all time with his ability to paint unusual abstract art. Many believe it was his dyslexia that inspired his extraordinary painting ideas.

Guy Ritchie

The well-known filmmaker (and ex of Madonna) was a school dropout without even attending film school, however he didn't let that be an issue and through years of hard work broke onto the scene of major crime films.

Chris Robshaw

England Rugby Captain and Harlequins player, Robshaw has represented his country 38 times. Through his determination and hard work, he has proven to be a testament to young aspiring players.

Steven Spielberg

One of the most influential film personalities in the history of film, Steven Spielberg is perhaps Hollywood's best known director and one of the wealthiest filmmakers in the world. Winner of 3 academy awards, 3 Golden Globes, 4 Emmy Awards, and the list goes on!

Holly Willoughby

Model and Television Presenter Holly Willoughby demonstrates that despite having dyslexia, you can still be a professional in your field with application and hard work.

Dominic Wood

An English magician, entertainer and half of the presenting duo 'Dick and Dom' who specialise in children entertainment.

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Astronomer and space scientist, co-producer of the long running TV programme 'The Sky at Night' with Chris Lintott. She is a research fellow in UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies and an Honorary Research Associate in UCL Department of Physics and Astronomy.

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Dyslexia is a learning disorder that is language-based. If a person has this disorder then it likely that they have a difficult time with reading. They may also experience other problems with language skills: pronouncing words, spelling, and writing.

If someone has this disorder they usually have to deal with it throughout their life but at different stages it can change. This disability makes it very hard for students to be successful in school or in a normal school environment. In severe forms a student may qualify for extra support, special accommodations and special education.

It is unclear as to what exactly causes dyslexia. However, there is research has shown that dyslexics make excellent entrepreneurs.

Although the causes are not clear, brain imagery and anatomical studies can show the differences as to how the brain of someone suffering from this disorder functions and develops. The majority of people that have dyslexia have problems with speech sounds in words and have problems learning how each letters represents those sounds.

People do not deal with this disorder because they are lacking intelligence and have no desire in learning. If teaching methods are appropriate, people with dyslexia can successfully learn how to overcome this disorder. The impact this disorder varies for each individual.

The main difficulty with dyslexia is in spelling, writing, reading fluency and word recognition. With proper instruction some learn early language-based tasks but may experience more sever problems with more complex skills such as writing essays, grammar, and understanding textbook related things later in their educational path.

Spoken language can also be difficult for people that have dyslexia even after proper exposure to proper language being used in school or their homes. It is likely that they will have difficulties expressing themselves clearly and they may not fully comprehend the meaning of what others say. A person's self-image may also be affected by this disorder as they often doubt their capabilities.

People that suffer with this disorder have difficulties with things related to language. They may read or write words and letters in the wrong order. They may also face problems when learning to speak, learning a foreign language, memorizing numbers, doing math, and organizing language.

Not every person that faces a difficult time with these things is dyslexic and whether or not a person has dyslexia can only be confirmed through proper diagnosis. Adults may not admit they have reading problems, they may rely on someone else to spell correctly, they may rely on memory, and tend to have great people skills and are very competent in speaking.

In young children the signs of this disorder might include talking later than it is thought they should, being slow at adding new words to their vocabulary, they may have difficulties with rhyming, and they may have trouble when it comes to following directions that include more than one step. Once they start school they may have difficulty with reading single words, difficulties making connections between sounds and letters, they may confuse small words, and make word and letter reversals. How do you know if your child is facing dyslexia?
You can ask a few questions that may indicate if they have dyslexic symptoms .

Can your young child remember simple sequences like naming days of the week, reciting the alphabet, or counting?

Can they understand the rhyming of words? Can they recognize words that start with the same sound?

Can they clap their hands easily to a song rhythm? Do they remember spoken directions easily?

Do they remember names of people and places?

Do they show that they understand direction like up-down, front-back, and right-left

Can they sit still for a good amount of time? How are their social skills?

Depending on the answers to these questions your child may be faced with dyslexia and you should seek a professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Dyslexia is not a disease so there is no cure. If it has been diagnosed properly it can be treated. A person with this learning disorder simply needs support from their family, friends, teachers, and anyone else involved in their lives.

There is some work involved and it takes some determination and persistence, but people faced with dyslexia can be successful students and successful in their adult life.
Other Related Links:
Famous People with Dyslexia:

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Dyslexia is a learning disorder that is language-based. If a person has this disorder then it likely that they have a difficult time with reading. They may also experience other problems with language skills: pronouncing words, spelling, and writing. If someone has this disorder they usually have to deal with it throughout their life but at different stages it can change.

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How to live longer: blue zones, truth or myth

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How to live longer: blue zones, truth or myth

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Documentary for the National Geographic.

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To find the path to long life and health, Dan Buettner and team study the world’s “Blue Zones,” communities whose elders live with vim and vigor to record-setting age. In his talk, he shares the 9 common diet and lifestyle habits that keep them spry past age 100.

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Good Luck IELTS Speaking Topics, can be used as writing prompts: use them to practice Free Writing

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IELTS Speaking: Sample IELTS Speaking Topics | Good Luck IELTS

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Over 100 sample IELTS Speaking topics for both the General and Academic versions of the IELTS.

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How to Write a 5-Paragraph Essay: Outline, Example, Rubric | EssayPro

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How to Write a 5-Paragraph Essay: Outline, Example, Rubric | EssayPro

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The 5 paragraph essay is considered to be the standard essay writing assignment. It is used in most exams such as TOEFL, IELTS, and the SAT. Since most of these exams limit the student time-wise in the "Writing" section, students are trained to memorize this format. This allows the student to answer the exam prompt quickly and efficiently. The format's plasticity allows students to experiment with various essay styles. Persuasive, Argumentative, Expository, Narrative, and Cause and Effect essays can all be written in this format.

Perfecting the 5 paragraph essay is a practice that can turn a rookie into an experienced essay writer. Do you need some help? At our experienced academic writing service, every student can count on the support of professional tutors and editors.

Types of Essays on Standardized Tests and More

A student should be aware of various types of academic papers if they wish to learn how to write an essay of an A+ level. The most challenging assignment is the one written for a standardized test. It is critical to decide on the type of essay at the beginning by either following a prompt or choosing on your own. The type of essay may define the topic and thesis. It means that some type of essays are better off with narrow and serious topics while the rest of the essays suit better if the student writes a creative story full of jokes. The various types of essays include:

Definition - add a personal definition of the term or phrase along with the official one paraphrased from the dictionary

Descriptive - add as many details as possible to illustrate the research problem

Narrative - tell a story with vivid examples

Argumentative & persuasive - the difference between these academic projects is the writer has to mention and explain personal position towards the analyzed problem in argumentative essay while it is also important to defend the position and convince the readers of your truth when it comes to persuasive one

Compare & contrast - show the differences & similarities between several subjects

Cause & effect - explain the reasons for something to happen and the consequences of these actions

Literary analysis - pick the specific literary text like a poem or essay and evaluate/criticize it

While sometimes it is enough to answer a question, in other cases, a student has to conduct in-depth research and offer more solutions to the discussed problems. Standardized tests ask for the 5 paragraph essays. It means the writing should not be longer than 500-800 words and contain the opening part, 3 supporting paragraphs, and a meaningful conclusion.
Train hard at home mastering the art of academic writing. Remember that any essay you have to write for a standardized test is limited by time, so you will have to prepare a 5 paragraph essay outline and write the text itself with the speed of light.

20 Good Example Topics

Look at these 20 ideas from different categories. Choose those you like or offer new ideas to discuss:

Can one learn a life lesson from an experience that they didn't have?

Factors that make higher education important

Things you would do as the President of the United States

Wealthy nations should share goods with nations living in poverty

The role of fashion in modern mass media

Should marijuana be legalized?

Should education be free for all students?

Allowing students to grade their tutors

The discrimination of female employees at work

The destruction of the globe's forests and its consequences

Should laws on gun-control be more strict?

Should the death penalty be abolished completely?

Separate classes for male and female students

Actors in the United States are overpaid

The importance of investing money in space exploration

Living in the world without any rules

Is animal testing ethical?

Should same-sex marriage be allowed?

The role of advanced technologies in education

Ways to protect endangered species

The paper topics listed above are some of the most common topics students write essays about. Of course, they are not limited to only these. Before choosing a topic and starting the writing process, students should come up with a catchy title. The reason for doing so is centered around grabbing the readers attention right from the get-go. It may influence the final grade.

Academic Paper Outline

A typical essay format starts with an Introduction, goes to Body Paragraph 1, Body Paragraph 2, Body Paragraph 3, and sums things up with a Conclusion. Each body paragraph serves a specific purpose, and the essay is in the form of a keyhole. This means that it starts out very BROAD, gets more NARROW and finishes out BROAD.

Here you can get more info about Five-Paragraph Essay Outline

Introduction: 3-5 Sentences

An outline format is important. To start your essay impressively, think about a hook. A hook is a 1-2 sentence bang that makes the reader WANT to keep on reading the entire text: rhetorical question, literary quote, joke, anecdote, metaphor, simile, a famous person saying, fact, or statistic. It is important to check the credibility of information twice.

The introduction sets the structure for the rest of the essay, with the first sentence being the HOOK sentence.

The Hook Sentence is kind of like the spark to a flame. It grabs the reader's attention.

The Hook is usually either a rhetorical question or some life example or a stunning fact

For Example: If your essay is about the preservation of our environment, you could say something like: "Do we want to live on a planet where we are surrounded by desert and wasteland?"
This is a rhetorical question, meaning it does not need an answer because it is obvious.

Brief Introduction of Supporting Arguments (1-3)

Here you are taking your supporting arguments and briefly introducing them to the reader without revealing too much information.

Tip! Think of it as a trailer for a movie, like it should be exciting but can't give away the "PLOT."

Example: Preservation of our environment is one of the keys to keeping our planet in a healthy state.
Thesis Statement

The most important part of your entire essay; this is your argument.

This statement will be the basis for the rest of your custom essay.

Since we are talking about nature preservation, an example of a good thesis would be:

"The preservation of our planet is the most important aspect of keeping Mother Nature in check and avoiding draconian disasters."

Quick Tip: if you find that your body paragraphs have nothing to do with your thesis, you can go back and change the thesis.

Body Paragraphs 1,2,3 (5-7 Sentences)!

Grab this 5 paragraph essay graphic organizer! Even though all body paragraphs are equally vital, keep in mind that the opening paragraph should be the strongest one! It may include the most powerful argument. A writer should come up with the most vivid example, smartest illustration, and an obvious starting point - topic sentence. Do not forget to add the "reverse hook" sentence. Each and every argument of the body must relate to the thesis. Here are some other facts about the body:

This is the "meat" of your 5 paragraph essay, where you explain the side you are defending (Thesis Sentence)

Structure of the body paragraphs is usually: Intro sentence (1), Supporting Argument

Explanation (3-5), Concluding Sentence (1)

Intro sentence should briefly bring out your argument without revealing too much information
Example: Deforestation and air pollution not only hurt's the planet but reduces air quality and increases the likelihood of disease!

What about Supporting Argument and Explanation? This is taking the topic and going into detail, while still most importantly DEFENDING YOUR THESIS!
Example: Greed and selfishness are big players that damage our environment with methods that kill our trees and worsen our air. Though short term it may be profitable for the few, long-term it is hazardous for all. In Beijing for example, the air quality is so poor that it is mandatory to wear masks just for its large population to walk around in the streets.

The Concluding Sentence should be the opposite of the intro. Instead of introducing your argument, you are briefly concluding your argument, transitioning into your next one.
Example: To conclude, the destruction of our natural resources and our air quality not only worsens the planet's health, but humanity's as well.

THE FORMAT FOR ALL 3 BODY PARAGRAPHS IS THE SAME! KEY TIP:

The arguments should go in this order:

The 1st body paragraph should be your second strongest argument

The 2nd body should be your weakest argument

The 3rd body should be your strongest argument

To give our readers a nice keyhole format visual, we have a picture of a standard Graphic Organizer below.

The Role of Transition Words & Phrases

Between the paragraphs, a student should have transition words from different categories:

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Cause / Condition / Purpose

Examples / Support / Emphasis

Effect / Consequence / Result

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

Time / Chronology / Sequence

Space / Location / Place

Why do transition words matter? Could they be the reason for the better grade? Many students fail to include these important building bridges between different paragraphs, and it makes the paper lose its sense. It is critical to insert a transition. Do it either at the end of the paragraph or the beginning of the upcoming one. Here are the questions you have to consider to choose the appropriate transition word out of the pool of choices:

Decide whether the 1st paragraph reveals a pro and the next one stands for a con;
Think about whether the 2nd paragraph share something of bigger importance;
Is there an earlier historical example to serve as evidence?
Is there another sort of consideration?

Conclusion (3-5 Sentences): This is the "mirror" of your intro

The last paragraph of your paper must contain these elements:

An allusion to the pattern applied in the opening part,

A rewritten thesis statement with the help of original language and interpretation - do not simply copy-paste the thesis,

A summary of the 3 major points from the paper's body,

A closing statement that alarms the reader that the discussion is about to be over.

Look at the detailed descriptions of the recommended steps.

Restate Your Thesis (Sentence 1): You take your main argument (thesis) and restate it in a conclusive way. You are paraphrasing it in an assertive manner. Show that you have "proved your point."
Example: The safety and survival of the Earth are incredibly dependent upon how we as people decide to treat it, and the more carefully we nourish the process, the more beneficial it will be for all.

Conclude your supporting arguments (1-3 Sentences): This is taking your supporting arguments (your body paragraphs) and rephrasing the main points you made in one sentence per paragraph.

What if some of the supporting arguments are similar? combine them into one sentence to keep the good structure.
So for example, if one of your supporting arguments was about limiting the use of resources, you could say "Limiting the use of our natural resources and improving their efficiency are key steps in improving the health of our planet."

Concluding Hook Sentence (Optional)

A good way to end an essay is something unexpected, to surprise the reader.
Create a second hook. This time it should be a hook that SUMS things up in a few words, rhetorical questions are good for this.
Example: "The health of our planet is of great importance, and after all, we don't want to live in a wasteland do we?"
This gives the 5 paragraph essay some spice at the end and makes the reader question your statement.

How about a General Grading Rubric?

Several schools and universities worldwide use several different types of rubrics, but one of the most standard rubric styles is the 5 point style, where it is broken down into 5 segments: Focus, Organization, Conventions, Style, and Content.

Focus: Did the writer spends his time proving his thesis? Did he accomplish his goal?

Organization: Was the essay readable; the transitions between paragraphs smooth; and did the writer follow the proper outline format and not diverge from the set structure?

Conventions: Did the writer make many grammatical mistakes? Did they have run on sentences?

Style: Did the writer use high-level vocabulary, were words rarely repeated, how creative were his sentence structures?

Content: Did the writer properly prove his argument and were his statements logical, strong, and factual?

Example

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How to write a 5 Paragraph Essay: Outline, Examples | EssayPro

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The 5 paragraph essay is considered to be the standard essay writing assignment. It is used in most exams such as TOEFL, IELTS, and the SAT. Since most of these exams limit the student time-wise in the "Writing" section, students are trained to memorize this format.

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english as a second language certification

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IELTS Exam Preparation - Free IELTS Practice Tests

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Offering free IELTS practice materials for all major exam task types, this section provides guidance on how to approach each different task type.

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The latest and most popular Essays from Aeon. Longform articles on philosophy, psychology, science, society, history and the arts, written by the world's leading thinkers.