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By: Alexander Magana

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Definition: Any events or situations that don't have a reasonable explanation; therefore causing people to come up with their own theories to try and explain it.

Connection: In 1997, the night sky of Phoenix, Arizona was covered by large floating lights in a mysterious 'V' like formation. While the U.S Air Force tried to explain the situation as aerial flares, there were just too many eyewitnesses who denied that the flares matched what they had originally seen.

Object: Website

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Phoenix Lights - 1997 The Phoenix Lights (sometimes called the "Lights over Phoenix") were a series of widely sighted unidentified flying objects observed in the skies over Arizona, Nevada in the...

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Definition: The potential withholding of information by the government/ authoritative figures from the general public.

Connection: Area 51 has been widely theorized to be considered a location where alien activity and experimentation occurs. This is due to the high security surrounding the base, along with the government being secretive about the true intentions of the area itself.

Object: Article

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Hidden within a ring of mountains deep within the high desert is Area 51, a secretive military installation that exists as part of the Nellis Military Operations Area. Well known for its role in conspiracy theories, it has served as a military test facility since the 1950's.

Originally known as "Site II" or "The Ranch," this mysterious base is where Lockheed created the first U2 spy planes. They went on to build the SR-71 Blackbird, the A-12 (or OXCART, likely the inspiration for many UFO sightings) and the F-117 Nighthawk at this location, shrouded in secrecy and deep in the desert. The base is perhaps the most famous secret military base in the world, and for decades determined visitors have been attempting to get close, yearning for a chance to unlock its secrets with their telephoto lenses.

Consistently thwarted, the snooping citizens are unable to get close-the area around the base is patrolled by numerous pickup driving guards armed with M16s, allowed to use deadly force if someone does not halt on entering the base. As of yet, there has never been such an incident, but it's surely a deterrent. Usually the guards call the local police, who dole out a $600 fine to those curious enough to try and get too close. The closest legal vantage point of the base is at the top of Tikaboo Peak, around 26 miles away.

For quite some time no reliable (untampered with) aerial images existed of the base, and it didn't show up on any maps. With its fame and the the existence of private satellites, one can now buy high resolution aerial images of the base from private Russian firms, as well as the firm IKONOS-a private company originally started under Lockheed-Martin.

A new element of the bizarre, famous-yet-secret nature of the base has cropped up as Nevada has begun to realize the tourist potential of Area 51, naming the adjacent highway "The Extraterrestrial Highway," with nearby towns awash with extraterrestrial key chains, T-shirts, and an alien-themed motel called Little A'Le'Inn. See what they did there? The minor league baseball team in nearby Las Vegas is even called the "51s."

While the base is said by conspiracy theorists to be the site of everything from time travel research, an underground transcontinental railroad, and of course a secret lab where aliens work with the government to reverse-engineer alien technology, there is little evidence for any of the fanciful claims that people have made. It is almost certainly true that much of the base is underground, but its more likely use is just as exciting-a secret testing space for experimental aircraft of a terrestrial nature, many of which could easily be considered unidentified flying objects.

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Hidden within a ring of mountains deep within the high desert is Area 51, a secretive military installation that exists as part of the Nellis Military Operations Area. Well known for its role in conspiracy theories, it has served as a military test facility since the 1950's.

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Perception/ Observation (Reasons for Belief)

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Perception/ Observation (Reasons for Belief)

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Definition: Assuming or coming to a conclusion about an event/situation being observed without knowing the full context.

Connection: While everyone wants to put on their best front in public, sometimes people aren't exactly who they act out to be. An example would be if there was a fight between students, and one of those students was widely known around the school to be a very kind and sweet person. Many would assume that it was the opposing student to start the engagement, when in fact it could've been the well-liked student who said something disturbing to the other.

Object: Image

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Definition: The using of an authoritative figure's word to prove that something is deemed true without any proof or evidence.

Connection: TV Show personality, Dr. Oz is a cardiothoracic surgeon who has a show where he talks about health and medical information, usually informing the audience watching about what's good and bad for your body. Many, though, are outraged as he lies about many things said on his show. An example would be when he once falsely alarmed parents that the amount of arsenic (chemical) found in many brands of apple juice was highly toxic. This was later proven to be misleading by many of the juice brands, as well as by the FDA.

Object: Article

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Arsenic in apple juice! Fed to babies! And it probably came from China! Television's Dr. Mehmet Oz is under fire from the FDA and others for sounding what they say is a false alarm about the dangers of apple juice.

Oz, one of TV's most popular medical experts, said on his Fox show Wednesday that testing by a New Jersey lab had found what he suggested were troubling levels of arsenic in many brands of juice.

The Food and Drug Administration said its own tests show no such thing, even on one of the same juice batches Oz cited.

"There is no evidence of any public health risk from drinking these juices. And FDA has been testing them for years," the agency said in a statement.

The flap escalated Thursday, when Oz's former medical school classmate Dr. Richard Besser lambasted him on ABC's "Good Morning America" show for what Besser called an "extremely irresponsible" report that was akin to "yelling 'Fire!' in a movie theater."

Besser was acting head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before joining ABC news as health and medical editor several years ago.

Arsenic is naturally present in water, air, food and soil in two forms — organic and inorganic. According to the FDA, organic arsenic passes through the body quickly and is essentially harmless. Inorganic arsenic — the type found in pesticides — can be toxic and may pose a cancer risk if consumed at high levels or over a long period.

"The Dr. Oz Show" did not break down the type when it tested several dozen juice samples for total arsenic. As a result, the FDA said the results are misleading.

Furthermore, the agency's own tests found far lower total arsenic levels from one of the same juice batches the Oz show tested — 2 to 6 parts per billion of arsenic versus the 36 that Oz's show had claimed.

Tests of the same batch conducted by two different food testing labs for the juice's maker, Nestle USA, which sells Juicy Juice under the Gerber brand, also found levels consistent with the FDA results.

In a letter published on the Oz show's website, Nestle said it told the program's producer in advance that the method the show's lab used was intended for testing waste water, not fruit juice, and "therefore their results would be unreliable at best."

The FDA also sent a letter in advance to the show and threatened to post its findings and the letters online if the program proceeded.

Oz went ahead.

"American apple juice is made from apple concentrate, 60 percent of which is imported from China," the website version of his report says. "Other countries may use pesticides that contain arsenic, a heavy metal known to cause cancer."

The show tested three dozen samples from five brands, and Oz claimed that 10 had more arsenic than the limit allowed in drinking water — 10 parts per billion.

However, the FDA said the arsenic in water tends to be inorganic, justifying the strict limit. In contrast, organic arsenic is the form usually found in food and juices. Tests over the last 20 years show apple juice typically has fewer than 10 parts per billion total arsenic.

The mercurial Oz is a heart surgeon at Columbia University and heads an alternative medicine program at New York Presbyterian Hospital. He was a regular on Oprah Winfrey's show for many years before getting his own program two years ago.

This is the first week of a new TV season, the first in two decades without Winfrey dominating the talk show scene.

Tim Sullivan, a spokesman for Oz's show, said in an interview: "We don't think the show is irresponsible. We think the public has a right to know what's in their foods."

Sullivan said Oz does not agree that organic arsenic is as safe as authorities believe. The show will do further tests to distinguish organic from inorganic arsenic in juice samples, he said.

"The position of the show is that the total arsenic needs to be lower," he said. "We did the tests. We stand by the results and we think the standards should be different."

In an interview with The Associated Press on Thursday, even Oz said he wouldn't hesitate to keep giving his four children apple juice.

"There's no question in my mind folks can continue drinking apple juice. ... There have been no cases at all of kids being harmed by elevated levels of arsenic, and the kinds of numbers we are talking about are not high enough to cause acute injury," he said.

He said he was concerned instead about the possible ill effects from drinking apple juice for many years.

An independent lab agreed with the FDA's contention that the form of arsenic matters.

Oz's testing "certainly begs the question how much of that is inorganic," the type of arsenic that is of prime concern, said Dr. Tod Cooperman, president of ConsumerLab.com. The company tests dietary supplements and publishes ratings for subscribers, much as Consumer Reports does with household goods.

However, Cooperman and others have long called on the FDA to strengthen regulation of contaminants.

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Dr. Oz slammed over apple juice arsenic warning

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Arsenic in apple juice! Fed to babies! And it probably came from China! Television's Dr. Mehmet Oz is under fire from the FDA and others for sounding what they say is a false alarm about the dangers of apple juice.

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Definition: The practices and beliefs used by those in the ancient past; which some today still think to be true and right, even though modern day science and ethics deem otherwise.

Connection: During the year of 1962, in Salem, Massachusetts, the infamous "Witch Trials" began. While there was never any proof of witchcraft being carried out during the times of the trials, many of the accused would be burned at stake in order to cleanse the town. In the video, it is said that nothing but the strange actions and accusations from two teenage girls caused the people of the town to believe that they were bewitched.

Object: Video

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25 DISTURBING Facts About The Salem Witch Trials

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Definition: A person is more likely to believe in something if it correlates with their ideologies/beliefs, even if their is facts or information to prove otherwise.

Connection: "If you sit too close to the TV, you'll end up needing glasses," is something most parents say to their children when they are glued too close in front of the television. Contrary to popular belief, a study done by the American Academy by Orthamology (AAO) states that while being too close to the TV won't cause someone to need glasses, it does cause eyestrain. This, though, is safer for children than it is for adults.

Object: Image

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Emotional Connection (Reasons for Belief)

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Emotional Connection (Reasons for Belief)

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Definition: When a person connects a strong emotion to an event/item/person thus making it meaningful, when otherwise would've been deemed insignificant.

Connection: Valentine's Day is often seen as the day of the year where loved ones give each other gifts as a token of appreciation and affection. Many people add an emotional connection to the gifts, such as chocolates and stuffed animals, that they receive on this day compared to getting them any other time of the year.

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Definition: When something like a product is promoted to be safer and healthier, even though it usually is misleading and untrue.

Connection: This video goes on to talk about whether hair product brands that promote being "All Natural" actually are; and whether the ingredients are healthier for your hair. From the video, it is discussed that many natural hair products contain minerals, which don't benefit the hair at all, and tend to cause flaking and dryness.

Object: Video

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ARE THESE NATURAL HAIR PRODUCTS REALLY MADE WITH NATURAL INGREDIENTS?? || NATURALLY CROWNED EPI. 9