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The Barbarian attacks on Rome partially stemmed from a mass migration caused by the Huns' invasion of Europe in the late fourth century. When these Eurasian warriors rampaged through northern Europe, they drove many Germanic tribes to the borders of the Roman Empire. In AD 476, Odoacer, leader of the barbarian mercenaries in the Roman army, overthrew Emperor Romulus Augustulus, and installed himself as King of Italy. TheRoman Empire in the west had come to an end. However, the eastern empire, ruled from Constantinople, continued for another thousand years. Finally completely fallen in 1806

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Charlemagne, or  Charles the Great , was King of franks between 768 and 814, and emperor of the West between 800 and 814. He founded the Holy Roman Empire, strengthened European economic and political life, and promoted the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Rome's Old St. Peter's Basilica. ...Charlemagne died in 814, having ruled as emperor for almost 14 years.

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Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. Land was granted to people for service. It started at the top with the king granting his land to a baron for soldiers all the way down to a peasant getting land to grow crops. The center of life in the "Middle Ages" was the manor. The manor was run by the local lord.

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Just as Christian Europe had settled down after the barbarian invasions, followed by the onslaught of Islamic armies, a new wave of barbarian invaders came from the north in the form of the Vikings. ... The Vikings launched an early attack on the monastery of Indiscipline on a small island off the East coast of England. The Vikings who invaded western and eastern Europe were mainly pagans from the same area as present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. They also settled in the Faro Islands, Ireland, Iceland, peripheral Scotland (Caddishness, the Hebrides and the Northern Isles), Greenland, and Canada.

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The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which had lasted until the 11th century. This Schism happened gradually over centuries and became official in the year 1054. It had political and religious causes. The political cause was the splitting of the Roman Empire. In the 400's AD, the Roman Empire split into a western empire and an eastern empire.

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Led by Geoffrey of Bouillon, Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Bohemond of Taranto and Hugh of Vermandois; four large Christian armies left the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, in August, 1096, on the way to the Holy Land.The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims  started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred in 1096.

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The Second Crusade (1147–1149) was the second major crussade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Eddesa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade  (1096–1099) by King Baldwin of Boulogne in 1098. While it was the first Crussader State to be founded, it was also the first to fall. The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe.

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The Third Crusade was launched to retake Jerusalem after its fall to the Muslim leader Saladin in 1187 CE. The Crusade was led by three European monarchs, hence its other name of 'the Kings' Crusade'. The three leaders were: Frederick I Barbarossa, King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. On September 2, 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a treaty that left Jerusalem under Muslim control but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city. Richard started back to Europe on October 9. The Third Crusade was over.

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The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. The siege and sack of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade. Mutinous Crusader armies captured, looted, and destroyed parts of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. ... The sack of Constantinople is a major turning point in medieval history.

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Magna Carta, or “Great Charter,” signed by the King of England in 1215, was a turning point in human rights. The Magna Carta, or “Great Charter,” was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today in the English-speaking world.The barons captured London in May 1215, which forced King John's hand and caused him to finally negotiate with the group, and the Magna Carta was created as a peace treaty between the king and the rebels. The whole document is written in Latin, and the original Magna Carta had 63 clauses.

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Most infamous of all was the Black Death, a medieval pandemic that swept through Asia and Europe. It reached Europe in the late 1340's, killing an estimated 25 million people. It was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.

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The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. The Renaissance was important because it ushered in many changes, particularly in European art and culture. The Renaissance is generally understood to be the art, literature and culture accumulated in the 14th to 16th centuries. ... This is why the Renaissance was so important.

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The Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England during the late Middle Ages. It lasted 116 years from 1337 to 1453. The war started because Charles IV of France died in 1328 without a son. Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France through his mother. End of the Hundred Years War. The succession of conflicts known as the Hundred Years War ended on October 19th, 1453, when Bordeaux surrendered, leaving Calais as the last English possession in France.

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The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, known as the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. After Aragon and Castile were united by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Marranos were denounced as a danger to the existence of ChristianSpain. In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV issued a bull authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors who would address the issue.