# data[].attributes.body
observation studies don't prove biological causes, they did not perform any tests therefore cause and effect and results cannot be fully proved

# data[].attributes.body
vigerous activity

# data[].attributes.body
The questionnaire allows participants of the test to put socially acceptable answers that skew the accuracy and validity of the test. For example groups of individuals may lie about number of blocks of stairs.

# data[].attributes.body
The data collection could be flawed, the men involved were filling out questionnaires and did not have their PA monitored apart from this, they may have been inaccurate with the amount of PA they did. These men may also have different perceptions of the differences between vigorous and moderate exercise making the results inaccurate.

# data[].attributes.body
half an hour of vigorous exercise expends as much energy as moderate activity carried out over 2-3 times as long

# data[].attributes.body
They did not record dietary information in the 1977 study, only the 1988. In 1988 the poprtortion of total energy consumed as fat or saturated fat did not differ across the intensity of the physical activity.

# data[].attributes.body
provided support for some PA guidelines.
clear indication on association between vigorous activity and longevity

# data[].attributes.body
Physical actions such as walking or climbing stairs increased longevity

# data[].attributes.body
The greater the distance walked, more flights of stairs climbed and increased energy expenditure on moderate to vigorous exercise, the more the mortality rates for the specific age groups dropped.

# data[].attributes.body
Simple changes to everyday lives, such as walking or climbing stairs rather than taking the bus or the lift proved to increase longevity.

# data[].attributes.body
Greater energy expenditure = increased longevity

# data[].attributes.body
- Done via questionnaire which  meant people could provide false information.
- All men
- All harvard Alumni, all same location
- no dietary information was collected in 1977.
- No historical data other than current health and health over the past year.

# data[].attributes.body
Age adjusted mortality rates declined with greater energy expenditure

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Those who participated in vigorous activity displayed lower mortality rates

# data[].attributes.body
Most active group experienced on average 1.5 added years of life compared to low active group.

# data[].attributes.body
Between 1977-1992 2,539 men died.

What was found:
Age adjusted mortality rates declined relative to greater total energy expenditure.

# data[].attributes.body
Longitudinal via questionnaire, reported daily number of blocks walked and flights of stairs climbed, sports + recreational activities completed  (per week, how many weeks in the past year.

# data[].attributes.body
13,485 men, Harvard Alumni Undergrads, between 1916-1950.

(Began with 17,835 but excluded 3,706 men because of CVD/Cancer/COPD)