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Walker, Dyson & Murray (2013)

·         A study undertaken on Pessoa training aids (PTA) to find the effects on the temporal, linear and angular kinematics of the horse’s working trot. The study consisted of a pilot test, which used 4 horses which were of mixed ability and worked on various different surfaces. In the actual research study 12 horses were used, and the horses were worked on a 16m circles with and without the PTA, the data was recorded through the use of high-speed motion capture and inertial unit measurements, subjective video assessment was also used. The results from this study showed that PTA reduced speed, stride length and head angle, but had no effect on limb joint angles.

Greve, Pfau & Dyson (2017)

·         A study undertaken to assess the effects of resistance bands on the horse’s back during a trot up and lunging at the beginning and end of a 4 week training plan. The study included the use of 7 horses, with data being collected on week 1 & 4, the translational and rotational range of motion (ROM) were assessed in both trotting in hand and during lunging, from the poll to the coccygeal region. The results from this study showed roll and pitch displacement was reduced thoracolumbar region, at week 4 rotational movement at the withers and thoracic region was reduced but dorsoventral movement at the thoracic, coccygeal region was increased. During lunging, there was found to be 80% more back movement.

Cottrial, Ritruechai & Wakeling (2009)

·         A study undertaken to assess the effects that side reins and the Pessoa has on the longissimus dorsi during lunging. The study included the use of 9 clinically sound horses which were worked under 4 different conditions and the use of EMG and speed measurements was used to record data. The EMG were placed at T16 and GPS. The results from this study showed that in walk the longissimus dorsi had greater intensity on the inside of the circle, but in trot showed greater intensity during the controlled and Pessoa working conditions.

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There are exemptions (1962) that explain why in certain occasions whereby personnel has to help the horse.

Vets can diagnose an illness or injury and can perform diagnostic tests. They can also give out veterinary advice. Vets can medicate a horse and can also perform surgery. This cannot be carried out by a therapist. Its task is to stop unqualified personnel treating animals. Only RCVS vets can perform surgery.

Exemptions for physiotherapy include, that the person carrying out physiotherapy is over 18 and that the physiotherapy is being done by a qualified person for being watched by a qualified person. The animal has also been examined and has been given the treatment of physiotherapy. (The Veterinary Surgery (Exemptions) Order 2015, Government).

Therapies such as acupuncture and aroma therapy must be done by a veterinarian who is also qualified in that therapy

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To stop animals suffering unnecessarily.

Omission - This is when the animal does not receive veterinary advice when they are suffering.

Commission - When personnel try to treat the animal but are suffering as a consequence and they have not sought veterinary advice.

Is relevant to therapy as the decisions made by owner could have a detrimental affect on the horse.

Therapies such as acupuncture and aroma therapy must be done by a veterinarian who is also qualified in that therapy

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Is a document discussing the implication of not sticking to the act.

It is needed to prevent harm of animals and also to promote good welfare of the horse. It involves the 5 needs that are stated above :-

Suitable environment

Suitable diet

Able to show normal behaviour patterns

Housed with or apart from animals

Protected from pain, suffering, injury or disease.

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- Hill et al, 2010
Aims & Objectives - Is Hindlimb protraction and soft tissue length effected by massage?
Methodology - 2 groups of 4 horses (test group & control group) received either a 30 minute massage or a sham massage (the practitioner is present but does not preform a massage). Hindlimb protraction was measured but the distance between the toe of the front foot and the mark the hind toe could reach. 2D kinematic data analysis measured active movement
Results - all horses in both groups showed improved range of passive movement. Active range of motion was only effected by the 30 minute massage session but not the sham.

Rose et al, 2009
Aims and Objectives - the effect different stretching regimes have on range of motion and stride length
Methodology - 3 groups of 6 horses underwent 2 different stretching regimes, (test group 1- stretched 6 days/week, test group 2- stretched 3 days/week , control group- not stretched) over an 8 week period. At every 2 week intervals range of motion and stride length were measured 4 times and averaged using video analysis.
Results - stifle and hock range of motion had a significant pattern of change throughout and the 6 days/week regime had adverse effects.
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Pessoa
The pessoa is a training aid which consists of ropes and pulleys

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Objective Measurements:
Objective measurements can be used to assess rehabilitation. 4 types of objective measurements are Kinematics, Electromyography (EMG), Pressure Algometry and Ultrasonography.

Kinematics:
Most common objective measurement used in physio. Is a non invasive, relatively simple method involving a camera and software to describe the horses stride (2D or 3D). Shows the stride pattern and stride duration/ length.

Key papers:
Haussler et al,. 2010 – Says Kinematics are useful in evaluating effectiveness of therapeutic intervention.
Johnson et al,. 2004, Wennerstrand et al,. 2004 and Gomez Alvarez et al., 2007 summarised that Kinematic evaluation of horses without a history of back pain showed that a horse with back pain will have a decreased axial rotation of the pelvis. They also found that older horses had decreased flexion and extension of TL junction in trot. Overall saying kinematics are a useful method to identify back problems in the horse.

Electromyography (EMG):
Is a tool used to examine muscles function in the horse. Can identify problems by showing any asymmetry and shows if an area is improving during rehab.
2 types:
—Surface EMG (small units are placed on the horse to pick up electrolyte excitation)
—Fine needle EMG (fine needle inserted into muscle and picks up electrical movement).

Key Papers:
Wakeling et al,. 2006 - summarised that an EMG can clarify if manual therapy significantly increases or decreases muscle tone and activity.
Peham & Schobesberger, 2006 – concluded that a combination of of kinematics and EMG can determine the relationship between muscle activity and back movement.

Pressure Algometry:
Is a hand held device with a pin that is pressed along the spine & placed with pressure points. Used as a method to identify pain. The numbers on the device convey how much pressure is given back from the muscles. As it is applied by a human it may be subjective as different handlers will have different opinions on horses reaction & the pressure exerted may differ.

Key Papers:
Pongratz & Licka 2017 - There is a significantly higher pressure threshold in the lumbar region than the thoracic. Overall said it is an easy to use method to quantify pain.

Ultrasonography:
Is an invaluable tool for objective functional assessment. It measures epaxial muscle size in clinical cases of back pathology. Can prevent recurrence of injury as can monitor pain. Is very reliable.

Key Papers:
McGowan et al., 2007 – this paper determined the reliability of ultrasonography measurements of multifidus and longissimus dorsi. Said is repeatable and reliable.
Stubbs et al., 2010 – Clarified that ultrasonography can display the cross section area of muscle and can show progress of treatment.

Summary:
The objective measurements must be reliable and repeatable.
Operators must be trained to ensure accuracy and reliability.
A combination of measurements may need to be used to diagnose and advise treatment effectively.

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This act gives authorities the right to detain horses that are in a public place that are unlawful. Examples include common land, highway verges and village green.

Freeholders/occupiers of land in England to be able to detain horse that are unlawfully on their land.

Landowners can remove horses from their land with immediate effect whereas in the previous act the horses had to stay for 14 days. They have to tell the police and the owners (if known) about the horses. If the owner is unknown a notice should be put up where the horses were found.

It introduces a new procedure for the detention/disposal of detained horse, (Section 7C) states that horses can be disposed of 96 hrs after detention. The landowner has ownership of the horse if the owner is not found.

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Hydrotherapy- treatment of musculoskeletal injuries using water. (Melissa R. King, 2016)Benefits  •	Can ease pain •	Reduce inflammation•	Relax the muscles •	Reduce pressure and stress on the joints and muscles•	Uses gentle resistance help rebuild muscle and condition•	Improves range of motion•	Improves muscle flexibility Different forms of hydrotherapy:•	Water treadmill•	Spa •	Jacuzzi boots•	Ice boots•	Hot and cold hosing •	Swimming There are two types:•	Static•	Dynamic Contraindications •	Open wounds •	Infect Hydrotherapy 

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Hydrotherapy- treatment of musculoskeletal injuries using water. (Melissa R. King, 2016)Benefits  •	Can ease pain •	Reduce inflammation•	Relax the muscles •	Reduce pressure and stress on the joints and muscles•	Uses gentle resistance help rebuild muscle and condition•	Improves range of motion•	Improves muscle flexibility Different forms of hydrotherapy:•	Water treadmill•	Spa •	Jacuzzi boots•	Ice boots•	Hot and cold hosing •	Swimming There are two types:•	Static•	Dynamic Contraindications •	Open wounds •	Infect Hydrotherapy 

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Variables involved that can be altered: Buoyancy, Viscosity, Hydrostatic Pressure, Treadmill speed, Temperature and Osmolality.