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Reproduction

All living things reproduce. Reproduction - the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves - is one of the things that sets living things apart from nonliving things. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems it's not essential to keeping an individual alive.

In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes, are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system to create a baby. Both the male and female reproductive systems are essential for reproduction.

Humans pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes parents pass along to their offspring are what make kids similar to others in their family, but they're also what make each child unique. These genes come from the father's sperm and the mother's egg, which are produced by the male and female reproductive systems.

Understanding the male reproductive system, what it does, and the problems that can affect it can help you better understand your son's reproductive health.

About the Male Reproductive System

Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.

Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:

the testicles

the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens

the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland

the penis

In a guy who has reached sexual maturity, the two testicles (or testes) produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells. The testicles are oval-shaped and grow to be about 2 inches (5 centimeters) in length and 1 inch (3 centimeters) in diameter. The testicles are also part of the endocrine system because they produce hormones, including testosterone. Testosterone is a major part of puberty in boys, and as a guy makes his way through puberty, his testicles produce more and more of it. Testosterone is the hormone that causes boys to develop deeper voices, bigger muscles, and body and facial hair, and it also stimulates the production of sperm.

Alongside the testicles are the epididymis and the vas deferens, which make up the duct system of the male reproductive organs. The vas deferens is a muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testicles and transports the sperm-containing fluid called semen. The epididymis is a set of coiled tubes (one for each testicle) that connects to the vas deferens.

The epididymis and the testicles hang in a pouch-like structure outside the pelvis called the scrotum. This bag of skin helps to regulate the temperature of testicles, which need to be kept cooler than body temperature to produce sperm. The scrotum changes size to maintain the right temperature. When the body is cold, the scrotum shrinks and becomes tighter to hold in body heat. When it's warm, the scrotum becomes larger and more floppy to get rid of extra heat. This happens without a guy ever having to think about it. The brain and the nervous system give the scrotum the cue to change size.

The accessory glands, including the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland, provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm. The seminal vesicles are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens to the side of the bladder. The prostate gland, which produces some of the parts of semen, surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra, just below the bladder. The urethra is the channel that carries the semen to the outside of the body through the penis. The urethra is also part of the urinary system because it is also the channel through which urine passes as it leaves the bladder and exits the body.

The penis is actually made up of two parts: the shaft and the glans. The shaft is the main part of the penis and the glans is the tip (sometimes called the head). At the end of the glans is a small slit or opening, which is where semen and urine exit the body through the urethra. The inside of the penis is made of a spongy tissue that can expand and contract.

All boys are born with a foreskin, a fold of skin at the end of the penis covering the glans. Some boys are circumcised, which means that a doctor or clergy member cuts away the foreskin. Circumcision is usually done during a baby boy's first few days of life. Although circumcision is not medically necessary, parents who choose to have their sons circumcised often do so based on religious beliefs, concerns about hygiene, or cultural or social reasons. Boys who have circumcised penises and those who don't are no different: All penises work and feel the same, regardless of whether the foreskin has been removed.

What the Male Reproductive System Does

The male sex organs work together to produce and release semen into the reproductive system of the female during sexual intercourse. The male reproductive system also produces sex hormones, which help a boy develop into a sexually mature man during puberty.

When a baby boy is born, he has all the parts of his reproductive system in place, but it isn't until puberty that he is able to reproduce. When puberty begins, usually between the ages of 9 and 15, the pituitary gland - which is located near the brain - secretes hormones that stimulate the testicles to produce testosterone. The production of testosterone brings about many physical changes. Although the timing of these changes is different for every guy, the stages of puberty generally follow a set sequence:

During the first stage of male puberty, the scrotum and testes grow larger.

Next, the penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland grow.

Hair begins to grow in the pubic area and later on the face and underarms. During this time, a boy's voice also deepens.

Boys also have a growth spurt during puberty as they reach their adult height and weight.

Sperm

A male who has reached puberty will produce millions of sperm cells every day. Each sperm is extremely small: only 1/600 of an inch (0.05 millimeters long). Sperm develop in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules. At birth, these tubules contain simple round cells, but during puberty, testosterone and other hormones cause these cells to transform into sperm cells. The cells divide and change until they have a head and short tail, like tadpoles. The head contains genetic material (genes). The sperm use their tails to push themselves into the epididymis, where they complete their development. It takes sperm about 4 to 6 weeks to travel through the epididymis.

The sperm then move to the vas deferens, or sperm duct. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce a whitish fluid called seminal fluid, which mixes with sperm to form semen when a male is sexually stimulated. The penis, which usually hangs limp, becomes hard when a male is sexually excited. Tissues in the penis fill with blood and it becomes stiff and erect (an erection). The rigidity of the erect penis makes it easier to insert into the female's vagina during sexual intercourse. When the erect penis is stimulated, muscles around the reproductive organs contract and force the semen through the duct system and urethra. Semen is pushed out of the male's body through his urethra - this process is called ejaculation. Each time a guy ejaculates, it can contain up to 500 million sperm.

When the male ejaculates during intercourse, semen is deposited into the female's vagina. From the vagina, the sperm make their way up through the cervix and move through the uterus with help from uterine contractions. If a mature egg is in one of the female's fallopian tubes, a single sperm may penetrate it, and fertilization, or conception, occurs.

This fertilized egg is now called a zygote and contains 46 chromosomes - half from the egg and half from the sperm. The genetic material from the male and female has combined so that a new individual can be created. The zygote divides again and again as it grows in the female's uterus, maturing over the course of the pregnancy into an embryo, a fetus, and finally a newborn baby.

Things That Can Go Wrong With the Male Reproductive System

Boys may sometimes experience reproductive system problems, including:

Disorders of the Scrotum, Testicles, or Epididymis
Conditions affecting the scrotal contents may involve the testicles, epididymis, or the scrotum itself.

Testicular trauma. Even a mild injury to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or swelling. Most testicular injuries happen when the testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, usually during sports or other trauma.Testicular torsion, when one of the testicles twists around, cutting off its blood supply, is also a medical emergency that, thankfully, is not common. Surgery is needed to untwist the cord and save the testicle.

Varicocele. This is a varicose vein (an abnormally swollen vein) in the network of veins that run from the testicles. Varicoceles often develop while a boy is going through puberty. A varicocele is usually not harmful, but can damage the testicle or decrease sperm production. Take your son to see his doctor if he is concerned about changes in his testicles.

Testicular cancer. This is one of the most common cancers in men younger than 40. It occurs when cells in the testicle divide abnormally and form a tumor. Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, but if it's detected early, the cure rate is excellent. Teen boys should be encouraged to learn to perform testicular self-examinations.

Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tubes that connect the testes with the vas deferens. It is usually caused by an infection, such as the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia, and results in pain and swelling next to one of the testicles.

Hydrocele. A hydrocele is when fluid collects in the membranes surrounding the testes. Hydroceles may cause swelling in the scrotum around the testicle but are usually painless. In some cases, surgery may be needed to correct the condition.

Inguinal . When a portion of the intestines pushes through an abnormal opening or weakening of the abdominal wall and into the groin or scrotum, it is known as an inguinal hernia. The hernia may look like a bulge or swelling in the groin area. It is treated with surgery.

Disorders of the Penis

Disorders affecting the penis include:

Inflammation of the penis. Symptoms of penile inflammation include redness, itching, swelling, and pain. Balanitis is when the glans (the head of the penis) becomes inflamed. Posthitis is foreskin inflammation, usually due to a yeast or bacterial infection.

Hypospadias. In this disorder, the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, not at the tip.

Phimosis. This is a tightness of the foreskin of the penis and is common in newborns and young boys. It usually eases without treatment. If it interferes with urination, circumcision (removal of the foreskin) might be recommended.

Paraphimosis. This may develop when the foreskin of a boy's uncircumcised penis is retracted (pulled down to expose the glans) and becomes trapped so it can't be returned to the unretracted position. As a result, blood flow to the head of the penis can be affected, and a boy may have pain and swelling. A doctor may use lubricant to make a small incision so the foreskin can be pulled forward. If that doesn't work, circumcision might be recommended.

Ambiguous genitalia. This is when a child is born with genitals that aren't clearly male or female. In most boys born with this disorder, the penis may be very small or nonexistent, but testicular tissue is present. In a small number of cases, the child may have both testicular and ovarian tissue.

Micropenis. This is a disorder in which the penis, although normally formed, is well below the average size, as determined by standard measurements.

If your son has symptoms of a problem with his reproductive system, talk with your doctor - many problems with the male reproductive system can be treated. The doctor is also a good resource for your son if he has questions about growth and sexual development.

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All living things reproduce. Reproduction - the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves - is one of the things that sets living things apart from nonliving things. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems it's not essential to keeping an individual alive.

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A period is a release of blood from a girl's uterus, out through her vagina. It is a sign that she is getting close to the end of puberty.

There is a lot to learn about periods. Here are some common questions that teens have.

When Do Most Girls Get Their Period?

Most girls get their first period when they're around 12. But getting it any time between age 10 and 15 is OK. Every girl's body has its own schedule.

There isn't one right age for a girl to get her period. But there are some clues that it will start soon:

Most of the time, a girl gets her period about 2 years after her breasts start to develop.

Another sign is vaginal discharge fluid (sort of like mucus) that a girl might see or feel on her underwear. This discharge usually begins about 6 months to a year before a girl gets her first period.

What Causes a Period?

A period happens because of changes in

hormonesin the body. Hormones are chemical messengers. The ovaries release the female hormones estrogenand progesterone. These hormones cause the lining of the uterus (or womb) to build up. The built-up lining is ready for a fertilized egg to attach to and start developing. If there is no fertilized egg, the lining breaks down and bleeds. Then the same process happens all over again.

It usually takes about a month for the lining to build up, then break down. That is why most girls and women get their periods around once a month.

How Does Ovulation Relate to Periods?

Ovulation (pronounced: ov-yoo-LAY-shun) is the release of an egg from the ovaries. The same hormones that cause the uterus lining to build up also cause an egg to leave one of the ovaries. The egg travels through a thin tube called a fallopian tube to the uterus.

If the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, it attaches to the wall of the uterus, where over time it develops into a baby. If the egg is not fertilized, the uterus lining breaks down and bleeds, causing a period.

Do Periods Happen Regularly When Menstruation Starts?

For the first few years after a girl starts her period, it may not come regularly. This is normal at first. By about 2-3 years after her first period, a girl's periods should be coming around once every 4-5 weeks.

Can a Girl Get Pregnant as Soon as Her Period Starts?

Yes, a girl can get pregnant as soon as her period starts. A girl can even get pregnant right before her very first period. This is because a girl's hormones might already be active. The hormones may have led to

ovulationand the building of the uterine wall. If a girl has sex, she can get pregnant, even though she has never had a period.

How Long Do Periods Last?

Periods usually last about 5 days. But a period can be shorter or last longer.

How Often Does a Period Happen?

Periods usually happen about once every 4-5 weeks. But some girls get their periods a little less or more often.

Should I Use a Pad, Tampon, or Menstrual Cup?

You have many choices about how to deal with period blood. You may need to experiment a bit to find which works best for you. Some girls use only one method and others switch between different methods.

Most girls use pads when they first get their period. Pads are made of cotton and come in lots of different sizes and shapes. They have sticky strips that attach to the underwear.

Many girls find tampons more convenient than pads, especially when playing sports or swimming. A tampon is a cotton plug that a girl puts into her vagina. Most tampons come with an applicator that guides the tampon into place. The tampon absorbs the blood. Don't leave a tampon in for more than 8 hours because this can increase your risk of a serious infection called toxic shock syndrome.

Some girls prefer a menstrual cup. Most menstrual cups are made of silicone. To use a menstrual cup, a girl inserts it into her vagina. It holds the blood until she empties it.

How Much Blood Comes Out?

It may look like a lot of blood, but a girl usually only loses a few tablespoons of blood during the whole period. Most girls need to change their pad, tampon, or menstrual cup about 3‒6 times a day.

Will I Have Periods for the Rest of My Life?

When women reach menopause (around age 45‒55), their periods will permanently stop. Women also won't have a period while they are pregnant.

What Is PMS?

PMS (premenstrual syndrome) is when a girl has emotional and physical symptoms that happen before or during her period. These symptoms can include moodiness, sadness, anxiety, bloating, and acne. The symptoms go away after the first few days of a period.

What Can I Do About Cramps?

Many girls have cramps with their period, especially in the first few days. If cramps bother you, you can try:

a warm heating pad on your belly

taking ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, or store brand) or naproxen (Aleve or store brand)

Should I Watch for Any Problems?

Most girls don't have any problems with their periods. But call your doctor if you:

are 15 and haven't started your period

have had your period for more than 2 years and it still doesn't come regularly (about every 4-5 weeks)

have bleeding between periods

have severe cramps that don't get better with ibuprofen or naproxen

have very heavy bleeding (bleeding that goes through a pad or tampon faster than every 1 hour)

have periods that last more than about a week

have severe PMS that gets in the way of your everyday activities

Looking Ahead

Periods are a natural, healthy part of a girl's life. They shouldn't get in the way of exercising, having fun, and enjoying life. If you have questions about periods, ask your doctor, a parent, health teacher, school nurse, or older sister.

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Periods can be confusing. Get the facts in this article for teens.

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Digestion is a complex process of transforming food you eat into energy you need to survive, as well as, creating waste to be eliminated from the body. The digestive tract (gut) is a long twisting tube that starts at the [...]

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How the heart actually pumps blood - Edmond Hui

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ICSE Solutions Selina ICSE Solutions Download Formulae Handbook For ICSE Class 9 and 10
APlustopper.com provides ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Biology Chapter 8 The Nervous System and Sense Organs for ICSE Board Examinations. We provide step by step Solutions for ICSE Biology Class 10 Solutions Pdf. You can download the Class 10 Biology ICSE Textbook Solutions with Free PDF download option.

Short Questions

Question 1: What are the functions of the nervous system ?
Answer: The nervous system regulates, co-ordinates and links the activities of different organs and the entire organism, making it an integrated whole. It also brings about an adjustment between the organism and its environment.

Question 2: Explain the divisions of nervous system.
Answer: The nervous system is divisible into three regions:
(i) Central nervous system: Includes brain and spinal cord.
(ii) Peripheral nervous system: Includes spinal and cranial nerves.
(iii) Autonomic nervous system: Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

Question 4: Explain the terms sensory nerve, motor nerve and mixed nerve.
Answer: (i) A sensory nerve is one which sends nerve impulses from a receptor (sense organs) to the central nervous system.
(ii) A motor nerve is one which carries the impulses from the central nervous system to an effector.
(iii) A mixed nerve is one which carries both sensory and motor fibres. For example, a spinal nerve.

Question 5: What are the functions of tears ?
Answer: The functions of tears:
(i) To lubricate the surface of eye. (ii) To wash away dust particles.
(iii) To help in killing germs. (iv) To communicate emotions.

Question 6: Give the functions of spinal cord ?
Answer: (i) It controls all the reflex actions occurring below the neck.
(ii) It conducts sensory impulses from skin to the brain and motor impulses from brain to the muscles of trunk and limbs.

Question 9: Name the part of the human brain which is concerned with the following :
(1) Seat of memory
(2) Coordinates muscular activity.
Answer: (1) Cerebrum
(2) Cerebellum.

Question 10: (i) What is meant by 'reflex action' ?
(ii) State whether the following are simple reflexes, conditioned reflexes, or neither of the two:
1. Sneezing. 2. Blushing. 3. Constriction of pupil.
4. Lifting up a book. 5. Knitting without looking.
6. Sudden application of brakes without thinking.
7. Blinking
8. Cleaning
9. Playing on the Keyboard
10. Salivation when food is put in the mouth.
Answer: (i) The reflex action is an immediate short-lived response to a stimulus, brought about by the nervous system.
(ii) 1. Simple reflex
2. Simple reflex
3. Simple reflex
4. None
5. Conditioned reflex
6. Conditioned reflex
7. Blinking-simple reflex
8. Cleaning of table-voluntary action
9. Playing on keyboard-conditioned reflex
10. Salivation when food is put in the mouth -simple reflex

Question 11: What type of reflexes are the following ?
(i) Sweating in summer, (ii) Knitting and swimming, (iii) Solving mathematical sums.
(iv) Formation of goose-pimples in cold weather. (v) Blinking of the eye.
Answer: (i) Simple reflex.
(ii) Conditioned and modified reflex.
(iii) Conditioned reflex depending upon reasoning and past experience.
(iv) Simple reflex.
(v) Simple reflex.

Question 14: Name the common defects of the eye.
Answer: Common defects of the eye:
(i) Near or short sightedness (Myopia)
(ii) Far or long sightedness (Hypermetropia)
(iii) Astigmatism.
(iv) Presbyopia.
(v) Night blindness.
(vi) Colour blindness.
(vii) Squint.
(viii) Cataract.

Question 15: Mention the characteristics of the image that falls on the retina of the eye.
Answer: It is real, inverted and diminished.

Question 18: With reference to the functioning of the eye, answer the questions that follow:
(i) What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye ?
(ii) What is the shape of the lens during (1) near vision, (2) distant vision ?
(iii) Name the two structures in the eye responsible for bringing about the change in the shape of the lens.
(iv) Name the cells of the retina and their respective pigments which get activated (1) in the dark, (2) in light.
Answer: (i) It is the ability of the body to focus clearly objects, both close and distant from the eye.
(ii) 1. Almost round
2. Less convex almost flat
(iii) Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments.
(iv) 1. Rods, rhodopsin 2. Cones, iodopsin

Give Reasons

Question 2: Why injury to medulla oblongata results in death ?
Answer: Medulla oblongata controls involuntary functions like heart beat, rate of respiration, secretion of saliva gut peristalsis, etc. Injury to the Medulla oblongata may result to the stop of heart beat and breathing leading to death.

Differentiate

It conducts nerve impulse from periphery to the central nervous system.

It conducts nerve impulse from central nervous system (C.N.S.) to the periphery of the body.

It is generally made up of pseudo-unipolar neurons.

It is generally made up of multipolar neurons.

Its dendrites are comparatively longer than the axon.

Its axon is comparatively longer than dendrites.

Its axon enters into the C.N.S.

Its axon emerges out from C.N.S.

Diagram Based Questions

1. Frontal lobe of cerebrum
2. Temporal lobe of cerebrum
3. Occipital lobe of cerebrum
4. Cerebellum
5. Medulla oblongata
Study the diagram and answer the following questions:
(i) What handicaps would result from:
(a) Damage toçart numbered 3.
(b) Damage to part numbered 4.
(ii) Mention one main function of each of the parts numbered 1,2, and 5.
Answer: (i) (a) The part numbered 3 is named as occipital lobe of cerebrum, which is the area of vision. If this part is damaged, the person is unable to see.
(b) The part numbered 4 is named as cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating the muscular activity for body balancing. If this part is damaged, the
body balancing during walking and running would be affected.
(ii) Function of part 1: It governs all mental activities (reason, will, memory, intelligence, higher feelings and emotions).
Function of part 2: It controls all voluntary action and is responsible for taste and smell.
Function of part 5: It controls several involuntary activities, such as heart beat, breathing, peristaltic motion of the alimentary canal, dilation and concentration of blood vessels, etc.

Answer: 1. Cerebrum
2. Gray matter
3. White matter
4. Mid-brain
5. Cerebellum
6. Spinal cord
7. Medulla oblongata
8. Hypothalamus
9. Pituitary body

(i) Name the parts labeled A, B and C.
(ii) Give one function of each of the parts A, B and C.
(iii) What is found in region D?
Answer: (i) A-cerebrum; B-medulla oblongata; C-cerebellum.
(ii) a-controls memory, learning, speech and co-ordinates sensory input and motor output, b-controls vital processes such as heart rate and breathing, c-is
responsible for muscle co-ordination and balance.
(iii) D-contains cerebrospinal fluid.

(i) Name the parts labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4.
(ii) Mention the difference in the arrangement of the nerve cells in the parts marked '1' and '4'.
(iii) What is the main function of the parts marked '3' and '4'?
(iv) Name the sheet of nerve fibres that connect the two halves of the part labeled '1'.
Answer: (i) 1. Cerebrum,
2. Cerebellum,
3. Medulla oblongata,
4. Spinal cord.
(ii) 1. Gray matter is outside and white matter inside.
4. White matter s outside and gray matter is inside.
(iii) 3. Medulla oblongata controls all involuntary movements of internal organs e.g., breathing movements of lungs, beating of heart.
4. Spinal cord performs reflex action below the neck.
(iv) Corpus callosum.

(i) Name the parts numbered 1 to 5.
(ii) Using the letters of the alphabet shown in the figure indicate the direction in which an impulse enters and leaves the spinal cord.
(iii) What is the term given to the point of contact between two nerve cells ?
(iv) What is meant by 'simple reflex' ? Give two examples of simple reflexes and name the stimuli too.
(v) How does the arrangement of nerve cells in the spinal cord differ from that in the brain ?
Answer: (i) 1. Sensory or Afferent fibre.
2. Cell body of sensory neuron.
3. White matter.
4. Cell body of motor neuron.
5. Spinal nerve.
(ii) BCA
(iii) Synapse.
(iv) Simple reflex: It is an involuntary automatic, quick response to a stimulus.
Examples: (a) The closing of the eyelids when a strong beam of light is flashed.
(b) The withdrawal of the hand when it is pricked.
(v) In spinal cord white matter is outside and gray matter is inside. In brain white matter is inside and gray matter is outside.

(i) Label the parts 1-8 indicated by guidelines.
(ii) What do the arrows indicate ? What is the pathway indicated termed?
(iii) What type of nerve is shown in the diagram?
Answer: (i) 1. White matter
2. Gray matter
3. Dorsal root
4. Ventral root
5. Dorsal ganglion
6. Sensory neuron
7. Spinal nerve
8. Synapse
(ii) The arrows indicate the arrangement of white and gray matter is reversed from that in the brain. The patl4way indicated is termed as nervous pathway in a simple spinal reflex.
(iii) Sensory or Afferent nerve.

(i) Label the parts 1-4.
(ii) Where are the receptors for sensations of taste are located?
(iii) Why person suffering from cold often complain that they cannot taste their food?
Answer: (i) 1-Bitter Taste, 2-Sour Taste, 3-Salt Taste, 4-Sweet Taste.
(ii) The receptors for sensations are located in the taste bud covering the tongue surface.
(iii) Person suffering from cold often complain that they cannot taste their food because their gustatory sensations are not operating well.

Question 8: The diagram given below represents the cross-section of the human eye:

(i) Name the parts labeled 1-12.
(ii) What is the function of the part marked '10'?
(iii) What would happen if part '5' is damaged or cut ?
Answer: (i) 1. Sclerotic
2. Choroid
3. Retina
4. Yellow spot or fovea
5. Optic nerve
6. Blind spot
7. Lens
8. Aqueous humour
9. Pupil
10. Iris
11. Vitreous humour
12. Cornea.
(ii) The function of the part marked '10', the iris, is to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye so that too much light does not damage the delicate cells of the retina.
(iii) The person would not see because the sensations from the eye would not reach the brain.

Question 9: Given below is the diagram of a part of the human ear. Study the same and then answer the questions that follows:
Labyrinth of the inner ear.
(i) Give the biological term for Malleus, Incus and Stapes.
(ii) Name the parts labeled A, B and C in the diagram.
(iii) State the functions of the parts labeled 'A' and 'B'.
(iv) Name the audio receptor region present in the part labeled. 'A'.
Answer: (i) Ear Ossicles
(ii) A -> Cochlea, B -> Semi-circular canal, C -> Vestibule.
(iii) A is concerned with the sense of hearing. B is concerned with the sense of dynamic balance.
(iv) Organ of corti or spiral organ.

(i) Label the parts 1 to 10 to which the guidelines point.
(ii) Which structure:
(a) Converts sound waves into mechanical vibrations?
(b) Converts vibrations into nerve impulses?
(c) Responds to change in position?
(d) Transmits impulses to the brain?
(e) Equalizes atmospheric pressure and pressure in the ear.
Answer: (i) 1. Cochlea.
2. Auditory nerve.
3. Semi-circular canals.
4. Ear ossicles.
5. Auditory meatus.
6. Pinna.
7. Er drum.
8. Fenestra rotunda.
9. Eustachian tube.
10. Fenestra ovalis.
(ii) (a) Ear drum or tympanum.
(b) Organ of corti.
(c) Semi-circular canals.
(d) Auditory nerve.
(e) Eustachian tube.

(i) Give the biological term for the part labeled 'A' and state its function.
(ii) Name the part labeled 'B' and state its function.
(iii) Name the part labeled 'C' and state its function.
(iv) Give the function of ear wax.
Answer: (i) Ear Ossicles (Malleus, incus and stapes)-To receive, magnify and transmit the sound vibrations to the membrane of the oval window.
(ii) Eustachian tube-It equalize the air pressure on either side of ear drum allowing it to vibrate freely.
(iii) Auditory Nerve-It transmits the impulses from cochlea to brain.
(iv) Ear wax-has insect repellent properties hence prevents the entry of insects in the auditory canal. It also checks die entry of dust particles in the ear. Thus, it lubricates and protects the ear drum.

(i) Name the phenomenon that is being depicted.
(ii) Give the technical term for the point of contact between the two nerve cells.
(iii) Write the functions of parts 5 and 6.
(iv) How does the arrangement of neurons in the spinal cord differ from that of the brain ?
Answer: (i) Reflex action
(ii) Synapse
(iii) (1) Sensory fibre
(2) Sensory ganglion
(3) White matter
(4) Grey matter
(iv) (5) It receives messages from sensory neuron and passes it to the motor neuron.
(6) It passes impulses from the spinal cord to the effector organ.
(v) In spinal cord the grey matter is inside and white matter is outside around it. In brain grey matter is outside and white matter is inside.

Question 13: Study the following diagram carefully and then answer the questions that follow. The diagram is depicting a defect of the human eye :

(i) Identify the defect shown in the diagram.
(ii) Give two possible reasons for the above defect.
Answer: (i) Far sightedness or hypermetropia.
(ii) (a) Lens is flattened or less convex,
(b) Eyeball is short.

Question 14: Given below is a diagram depicting a defect of the human eye. Study the same and then answer the questions that follows:

(i) Name the defect shown in the diagram.
(ii) Give two possible reasons for this defect of the eye in human beings.
(iii) Name the parts labeled 1 to 4.
(iv) Name the type of lens used to correct this eye defect.
Answer: (i) Myopia, Short-sightedness.
(ii) The possible reasons for this defect may be:
(1) The eyeball is lengtheied from front to back.
(2) The lens is too curved.
(iii) (1) Vitreous chamber.
(2) Fovea centralis (yellow spot)
(3) Lens
(4) Pupil.
(iv) This defect can be corrected by suitable concave lens.

Question 15: Given below is a diagrammatic representation of a defect of the human eye:

(i) Identify the defect.
(ii) Mention two reasons for the above defect.
(iii) State how the defect can be rectified.
(iv) Name the part of the eye responsible for maintaining the shape of the eyeball.
Answer: (i) Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness) because image is behind the retina.
(ii) Reasons for hypermetropia are:
1. Shortening of eyeball from front to back.
2. Lens becomes too flat.
(iii) It can be rectified by using convex lenses of appropriate power (focal Iength).
(iv) Sclerotic (or sclera).

Question 16: With respect to human eye explain:
(i) How is the image formed on the retina?
(ii) How is the amount of light entering the eye controlled?
(iii) What type of lens is used for the correction of 'Long sight' defect?
(iv) With the help of a ray diagram show the defect of the eye and then its correction after use of lens.
Answer: (i) Light from the source when reach the eye, it gets converged by the lens and an inverted image is formed on the retina.
(ii) The amount of light entering the eye can be controlled by dilating or constricting the pupil.
(iii) A biconcave lens is used to correct long sightedness.
(iv)

(i) What role does the ear drum play in hearing?
(ii) What common term is given to the parts labeled A, B and E?
(iii) Would there be any difference if these three parts mentioned in (ii) above were replaced by one by one ? Why?
(iv) Give the biological term for the parts labeled C and D.
(v) Name the fluid which fills the parts mentioned in (iv) above.
(vi) State the functions of the ear.
Answer: (i) The ear drum is vibrated by sound waves and passes them to internal ear.
(ii) Ear ossicles.
(iii) One big ossicle would not be able to produce effective amplification because it would require a greater force of vibration that supplied by the ear drum normally. Moreover, three smaller ossicles with proper distance between their produces multiple amplification and effective transmission.
(iv) C is semi-circular canals and D is cochlea.
(v) Endolymph.
(vi) Hearing and balancing of the body.

Sketch and Label the Diagram

Question 1: Draw a neat labeled diagram to show how hypermetropia can be rectified.
Answer:

Question 2: Draw well labeled diagram of a ' Neuron' and name the following parts:
(1) Node of Ranvier (2) Nissil granules (3) Cyton
Answer:

Question 3: Draw a labeled diagram of a myelinated neuron.
Answer:

Question 4: Draw a diagram of the human eye as seen in a vertical section and label the parts which suits the following descriptions relating to the:
(i) photosensitive layer of the eye.
(ii) structure which is responsible for holding the eye lens in its position.
(iii) structure which mamtains the shape of the eye ball and the area of no vision.
(iv) anterior chamber seen in front of the eye lens.
(v) outer most transparent layer seen in front of the eye ball.
Answer:

Question 5: Draw a labeled diagram of the front view of human eye.
Answer:

Question 6: Draw a labeled diagram of the inner ear. Name the part of the inner ear that is responsible for static balance in human beings.
Answer:

The static balance in the ear of human being is achieved by the gravity receptors located in the utriculus and sacculus in the inner ear.

Explain the Terms

Question:
1. Nerve
2. A Mixed nerve
3. Cyton
4. Ganglion
5. Voluntary-action
6. Synapse
7. Reflex action
8. Natural reflex
9. Accommodation in the eye
10. Hypermetropia
11. Presbyopia
12. Astigmatism
13. Cataract
Answer: 1. A nerve is a thread-like structure which emerges from the brain and the spinal cord. It consists of a large number of axons or nerve fibres surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. The nerves arising from the brain are called cranial nerves while those arising from the spinal cord, are called spinal nerves.
2. A mixed nerve is one which carries both sensory and motor fibres. For example, a spinal nerve. These'are mixed nerves and they have two separate connections with the spinal cord- (i) A dorsal root which is a sensory root, and (ii) A ventral root which is a motor root.
3. Cyton is the cell body of a nerve cell (neuron), containing cytoplasm and the cell organelles.
4. Ganglion is a small, solid mass of nervous tissue containing numerous cell bodies of a neuron.
5. The stimulation from the nerve cells of the receptor organ passes into the spinal nerve (along the dorsal root) into the spinal cord and from there it goes straight to the brain. From the brain another impulse passes, to the spinal cord and travels along the ventral root of the spinal nerve to reach the effector organ (a muscle), the activity of which is a response to the nerve impulse which has come from the brain.
6. Synapse is a place or a gap where two adjoining dendrites or axons meet but never unite, as there is no continuity between the nerve cells. At the synapse, acetylcholine is secreted which prevents back flow of the impulse.
7. Reflex action is an action which is nearly instantaneous and not under the control of the will. The impulse passes from the sensory cells of the receptor organ along the dorsal root into the spinal cord. From here two messages pass simultaneously-one to the brain and the other travels out along the ventral root to reach the muscle which immediately responds.
8. A natural reflex is the one in which no previous experience or learning is required and are inborn and protective, e.g., the sucking of milk of an infant from the breast of the mother or reflex of the eyelid.
9. Accomodation in the eye is the process of adjusting the eyes so that the image can be focused on the retina and seen clearly. This is done by altering the curvature of the lens by the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles.
10. With age, the elasticity of the lens decreases and the individual becomes long- sighted and is called Hypermetropia In this condition, the diameter of the eyeball from front to back is too short. The clear image falls beyond the retina and the eye sees a blurred image. Hypermetropia may be corrected by the use of a biconvex lens.
11. Presbyopia: It is a condition affecting older people who cannot see near objects clearly. Their lens loses flexibility resulting in a kind of far-signtedness. This again is corrected by a convex lens.
12. Astigmatism: It is a defect in which some parts of the object are seen in focus while others are blurred. It arises due to the uneven curvature of the cornea. This is corrected by cylindrical lenses.
13. Cataract: It is a condition in which the lens turns opaque and the vision is cut down even to total blindness. It can be corrected by surgically removing the lens and by using spectacles with highly convex lense.

Name the Following

Question:
1. Unit of nervous system is.
2. The dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of which type of neurons. -
3. Name the bony box in which the brain is located.
4. Protective membranes around brain.
5. The seat of memory and intelligence in the human brain.
6. The pigmented circular area seen in the eye.
7. The most sensitive region of the retina.
8. The innermost layer of the eye.
9. The focal length of the lens is altered by the contraction of which type of muscles.
10. The area where the image is formed but not seen by our eye is termed as.
11. The region in the eye where the rods and cones are located.
12. Yellow spot and ciliary muscles are found in.
13. The part of the eye responsible for change in the size of the pupil.
14. Fluid present in the posterior chamber of the eye.
15. The defect of the human eye caused due to the uneven surface of the cornea.
16. The type of lens used for correcting myopia.
17. Name the photoreceptors found in the retina of the eye.
18. The ear ossicle in contact with the oval window of the inner ear.
19. Name the three ear ossicles of the ear. How do they contribute in the mechanism of hearing ?
20. Name the three small bones present in the middle ear. What is the biological term for them collectively ?
21. Name the part of the ear associated with (1) static balance, (2) hearing, (3) dynamic balance.
22. Name the nerve, which transmits messages from the ear to the brain.
23. Give the technical term for the structure found in the inner ear.
Answer:
1. Neuron
2. Sensory
3. Cranium
4. Meninges
5. Cerebrum
6. Iris
7. Yellow spot
8. Retina
9. Ciliary muscles
10. Retina
11. Retina
12. Eye
13. Iris
14. Vitreous humour
15. Astigmatism
16. Biconcave
17. Rod cells and cones
18. Stapes
19. Three ear ossicles are : (i)Malleus (hammer), (ii)Incus (anvil), (iii)Stapes (Stirrup)
20. Malleus, incus, stapes. Collectively called ear ossicles.
21. (i) Vestibule, (ii) Cochlea, (iii) Semi circular canals
22. Auditory nerve
23. Membranous labyrinth

Give Technical Terms

Question:
1. The find cytoplasmic processes of the cell body of a neuron.
2. The neuron which conducts impulse from the central nervous system to the organs.
3. The brain and spinal cord together constitute the system known as.
4. The seat of intelligence and memory in the brain.
5. The part of human brain that controls body temperature.
6.. The structure which joins the two cerebral hemispheres in man.
7. The scientist, who conducted experiment on a dog to show conditioned reflex.
8. Response to a stimulus without the intervention of the will of an animal.
9. The chemical messenger by which the nerve impulse travels from one neuron to the other.
10. The number of cranial and spinal nerves in man.
11. The fluid that provides protection and nourishment to the cells of the brain.
12. Nerve that transfers impulses from ear to brain.
13. The part of the central nervous system in which the gray matter is located on the outer side and
the white matter on the inner side.
14. The junction between two nerve cells.
15. The fluid which fills the central canal of the spinal cord.
16. The path which responsible for protectingthe eye from sweat.
17. The type of lens used to correct myopia is
18. The part of the eye responsible for its shape.
19. What type of lens is used to correct ?
(a) Astigmatism (b) Myopia (c) Hypermetropia.
20. The most sensitive region of the retina.
21. What is the nature of the image that forms on the retina ?
22. The cells of the retina that are sensitive to colour.
23. Name the part of the retina on which an object is focused for the clearest vision.
24. The adjustment of the eye in order to obtain a clear vision of objects at different distances.
25. The receptors which help in the sensation of taste.
26. The fluid which conveys the vibrations of sound in the cochlea and semicircular canals.
27. The nutritive layer of the eye which also presents reflection of light.
Answer:
1. Dendrites
2. Motor neurons
3. Central nervous system
4. Cerebrum
5. Hypothalamus
6. Corpus callosum
7. Ivan Pavlov
8. Reflex action
9. Acetylcholine
10. Cranial nerves: 12 pairs, Spinal nerves :31 pairs
11. Cerebrospinal fluid
12. Auditory nerve
13. Brain
14. Synapse
15. Cerebrospinal fluid
16. Eye brows
17. Concave
18. Vitreous humour
19. (a) Cylindrical lens (b) Concave lens (c) Convex lens .
20. Fovea centralis or macula
21. Real, inverted and small in size
22. Cones
23. Yellow spot
24. Accommodation of eye
25. Sensory papillae
26. Endolymph
27. Choroid

Fill in the Blanks

Complete the following sentences with appropriate words :
1. There are Billion neurons in our body.
2. A bundle of axons enclosed in a tubular sheath is called Nerve.
3. Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
4. Cerebrum is the site of Memory/thinking.
5. The part of brain where the respiratory centre is located is Medulla oblongata.
6. The medulla oblongata is also known as the Spinal bulb.
7. A nerve chain between a receptor and an effector organ is called Reflex arc.
8. Optic nerve is a type Sensory nerve, whereas spinal nerves are mixed nerves.
9. An inability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity of the lens with age is called Iris.
10. The part of the central nervous system which responds to the reflex action is Spinal cord.
11. Ear is the organ of balance and hearing in the body.
12. Tympanic chamber is filled with Perilymph.

1. A nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another across a synapse. (True)
2. Spinal nerves and cranial nerves constitute the central nervous system.(False, Spinal nerves and cranial nerves constitute the peripheral nervous system.)
3. Cranium is & pdrtion of the brain.(False, It is a bony box, enclosed brain.)
4. Spinal nerves are twelve pair.(False, Spinal nerves are 31 pair.)
5. The nerve impulse in the eye develops due to the chemical changes brought about in the sensitive cells (rods and cones) by the light energy of the image.(True)
6. Reflex action involves brain.(False, Reflex action involves spinal cord.)
7. A reflex action is a spontaneous response to a stimulus. (False, A reflex action is a spontaneous involuntary response to a stimulus.)
8. Reflex action is a unit of nervous action.(True)
9. Cones are the receptor cells in the retina of the eye sensitive to dim light.(False, Cones are the receptor cells in the retina of the eye sensitive to bright light.)
10. Rods are responsible for vision in the dark. (True)
11. The least distance of distinct vision for the human eye is 25 cm.(True)
12. Hypermetropia is a defect of the eye caused due to the eyeball elongation. (False, Myopia is a defect of the eye caused due to the eyeball elongation.)
13. The part of ear associated with balance is the cochlea.(False, The part of ear associated with balance is the semicircular canal.)
14. Cochlea of the ear is concerned with the sense of balance.(False, Cochlea of the ear is concerned with the sense of hearing.)
15. Deafness is caused due to the rupturing of the pinna.(False, Deafness is caused due to the rupturing of the eardrum.)

State the Location

Yellow spot

On the horizontal median axis of eye ball in retina.

Corpus callosum

Thick band of nerve fibres joining two cerebral hemisphere of cerebrum.

Incus

In middle ear inside tympanic activity.

Organ of Corti

In the cochlea of ear.

Pinnae

Side of the head, face.

Meninges

Covering of brain and spinal cord.

Lacrimal gland

At the upper side-ward portion of each eyelid.

Made of Ranvier

On the medullated neurons.

Ganglia

On each side of the spinal cord.

Cerebellum

In the hind brain.

Iris

In the eye behind the cornea.

Eustachian tube

Between the middle ear and pharynx.

Semicircular canals

In the internal ear.

Write the functional activity of the following structures:
State the Function

Cerebrum

Cerebrum is concerned with a number of senses like sight, hearing, taste, etc. The motor areas in the cortex give rise to voluntary movements such as speech, locomotion, etc. Other areas of the cerebrum are responsible for memory, intelligence, learning, emotions etc.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus of the mid-brain regulates the body temperature, smooth muscles activity, water balance, appetite, blood pressure and the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.

Cerebellum

Cerebellum of the brain regulates and co-ordinates muscular contractions and skeletal movements. It is also concerned with balance.

Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata is concerned with certain vital activities such as respiratory movements, heart beat and the dilation of blood vessels.

Cornea

It covers and protects the iris and allows light rays into the eye.

Iris

It is a muscular screen made up of radial and circular muscles that control the diameter of the central opening-the pupil, according to the intensity of illumination.

Aqueous humour

It allows light rays to pass into the eye and prevents their refraction and dispersion.

Choroid coat in the eye

Choroid layer with many capillaries forms the nutritive layer of the eye. The extended choroid layer forms the pigmented muscular curtain called the iris. The aperture in the centre through which light enters the aperture is called the pupil.

Ear drum

It vibrates according to the sound waves and transmits them across the middle ear.

Ear ossicles

The vibrations of the ear drum are amplified and transmitted to the delicate membrane sketched along the oval window.

Myelin sheath

The myelin sheath covers the axon of a nerve cell, provides insulation and prevents indiscriminate distribution and leakage of nerve impulse.

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid offers some protection to the brain and spinal cord by acting as a cushion to absorb shocks. It also supplies nourishment to the brain tissue.

Acetylcholine

When enough acetylcholine is secreted at the synaptic region of two nerve cells, it helps in the transmission of the nervous impulse to the next neuron under enzymatic reactions.

Cochlea

It contains the organ of corti-for receiving sound reception and transmits to the brain across the auditory nerve. It is the organ of hearing.

Semi-circular canals

They are concerned with maintaining equilibrium and posture of the body.

Endolymph

It transmits vibrations to the hair cells of the inner ear to produce acoustic perception.

Eustachian tube

It equalizes air pressure on the ear drum from inside.

Visual purple

It has vitamin A derivative that helps the eyes to see in dim light.

Conjunctiva

It binds the eye ball to the bony orbit of the skull and supplies nourishment.

Vitreous humour

It maintains the shape of eyeball.

Choose the Odd One Out

1. Cyton, Photon, Axon, Dendrori. (Photon )
2. Cyton, Axon, Dendron, Cerebrum.(Cerebrum)
3. Coughing, Sneezing, Eating, Blinking. (Eating)
4. Corpus luteum, corpus calloswn, pens, cerebellum.(Corpus luteum)
5. Sneezing, coughing, blinking, typing.(Typing)
6. Cerebrum, Cranium, Cerebellum, Pons. (Cranium)
7. Sodium pump, Polared membrane, Threshold stimulus. (Sodium pump)
8 Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebrum.(Pons)
9. Choroid, Cilîary part, Iridial part, Cornea.(Cornea)
10. Rods, Cones, Night blindness, Rhodopsin.(Cones)
11. Myopia, Hypermetropia, Xerophthalnua.. Astigmatism.(Xerophthalmia)
12. Myopia, cataract, Hypermetropia, Squint, cretinism.(Cretinism)
13. Ciliar3' muscle, Chords, Fovea, Gustatory cells.(Gustatory cells)
14. Incus, Pinna, Malleus, Stapes. (Pinna)
15. Semicircular canals, cochlea, Tympanum, Utriculus.(Tympanum)
16. Eustachian tube, Basilar membrane, Taste buds, Auditory ossicles. (Taste buds)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The function of nervous system is to:
(a) Receive stimuli (b) Irritability.
(c) Conduction of enzymes (d) To prepare the body against reactions during emergency

2. A point of contact between wo neurons is termed:
(a) synapse(b) Sensory neuron
(c) neuro motor junction (d) Association neuron.

3. Neurilemma is:
(a) The cell membrane around the nerve cell
(b) A layer of fatty substance around axon.
(c) A layer of specialized neuroglia around myelin sheath of nerve fibres.
(d) The connective tissue around a nerve tract.

4. Cerebellum is the part of the brain which is responsible for:
(a) Interpreting sensations.
(b) Conducting reflexes in the body
(c) Maintaining posture and equilibrium.
(d) Controlling thinking, memory and reasoning.

5. If the cerebellum is injured:
(a) Movement'becómes shaky and speech become defective
(b) Movement becomes unbalanced, walk uncontrolled and speech defective
(c) Movement becomes jerky, walk controlled
(d) There is no effect as the actions are under the control of will.

6. The control of reflex action is through:
(a) Central nervous system
(b) Peripheral nervous system.
(c) Autonomic nervous system. (d) None of the above.

7. The ventral root ganglion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of the:
(a) Motor neuron
(c) Intermediate neuron
(b) synapsis
(d) sensory

8. A reflex arc in man is bst described as movement of stimuli from:
(a) Receptor cell, sensory neuron, relaying neuron, effector muscles
(b) Receptor cell, efferent nervi, relaying neuron, muscles of the body
(c) Receptor cell, spinal cord, motor neuron, relaying neuron
(d) Receptor cell, synapse, motor neuron, relaying neuron

9. Which of the following is not a natural reflex action?
(a) Knee-jerk
(b) Blinking of eyes due to strong light
(c) Salivation at the sight of food
(d) Sneezing when any irritant enters the nose

10. The part of the human eye where rod cells and cone cells are located is the:
(a) Retina (b) Cornea
(c) Choroid (d) Sciera

11. The photo receptor cells of the retina sensitive to colour are:
(a) Cones (b) Pupil
(c) Rods (d) Organ of corti

12. The aperture in the eye through which light enters is the:
(a) Pupil (b) Conjunctiva
(c) Ciliary muscles (d) Choroid

13. The sequence of ear ossicles of vertebrates starting from the tympanum is:
(a) Incus, Malleus, Stapes (b) Stapes, Malleus, Incus
(c) Malleus, Incus, Stapes (d) Stapes, Incus, Malleus

14. The parts of the human ear concerned with hearing are :
(a) Cochlea,, ear ossicles and tympanum
(b) Semicircular canals, utriculus and sacculus
(c) Eustachian tube, tympanum and utriculus
(d) Perilymph, ear ossicles and semicircular canals
Column 'II' is a list of items related to ideas in Column 'I'. Match the term in Column 'II' with the suitable idea given in Column 'I'.
Match the Column

(i) Auditory canal

(a) Channels pressure waves of air into the middle ear.

(ii) Auditory (Eustachian tube)

(b) Collects pressure waves of air.

(iii) Auditory nerve

(c) Converts pressure waves of air into vibrations of bone.

(iv) Incus

(d) Dissipates sound waves.

(v) Malleus

(e) Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.

(vi) Oval window

(f) Provide information about the spatial orientation of the head.

(vii) Pinna

(g) Transfers vibrations from a bone to a fluid.

(viii) Round window

(h) Transfers vibrations from a bone to a membrane.

(ix) Semi-circular canal

(i) Transfers vibrations from a bone to a bone.

(x) Stapes

(j) Transfers vibrations from a membrane to a bone.

(xi) Tympanic membrane

(k) Transmits action potential to the auditory cortex.

For More Resources
Answer: (i) (a) (ii) (e) (iii) (k) (iv) (i) (v) (j) (vi) (g) (vii) (b) (viii) (d) (ix) (f) (x) (h) (xi) (c)

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ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Biology - The Nervous System and Sense Organs - A Plus Topper

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ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Biology - The Nervous System and Sense Organs ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE Solutions APlustopper.com provides ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Biology Chapter 8 The Nervous System and Sense Organs for ICSE Board Examinations. We provide step by step Solutions for ICSE Biology Class 10 Solutions Pdf.

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human body, skeletal system

One of my favorite science topics is the human body. I am so fascinated with how it all works. The Skeletal System is one of the body systems that is so fun to play with and learn about in a hands on manner.

I have gathered tons of resources on the Skeletal System throughout my years of homeschooling. From books, to games, and hands on creations, I have tons of great resources to share with you!

Hands-On Fun with the Skeletal System

In this interactive object, learners review the major parts of the skeletal system by clicking on the correct term as each bone or joint is highlighted on a skeleton.

2. Haversian Bone System

We did two different activities to demonstrate the characteristics of the Haversian System and how our bones are able to be very light, yet super strong!

"If the human skeleton were made of enough steel to equal the strength of bone, it would weigh five times as much. The strength of bone comes mainly from its inner structure. It is built up from thousands of compactly arranged tube-shaped units, each called a Haversian system." [An excerpt from Reader's Digest - How the Body Works, by Steve Parker.]

This is great as a younger kids activity for a lapbook or as a smaller scale version of the full sized one I show you next.

4. Life Sized Human Skeleton

eSkeletons has tons of resources for kids, including a Life Size Printout of a Juvenile Homo Sapien (kid). There is also an adult version.

We used this as part of a human body series that we did. This was a great hands on way to piece together a skeleton. Having the kids each do themselves made it more personal and relatable for them.

We started by taking a roll of Bulletin Board Paper and cutting a length the height of each one of the kids. Then they traced each other in pencil. Using a black permanent marker they went over the pencil lines, adjusting where necessary.

Then we used the Life Size Skeleton Printout to attach to the paper. With my son, who was a very small 10 year old, the sizing was perfect. With my 13 year old daughter we should have used the adult one. Instead she cut out the pieces and drew in the pieces of bone to make it fit. We also made printable labels using the The Skeleton Book from DK as a reference for her to label the bones in the human skeleton.

A 66 page interactive (hyperlinked) activity that guides students through the study of the major bones of the human body.

Book Resources

The Skeleton Book from DK - is a perfect reference book for learning about the human skeleton. Pg. 66 & 67 contain a human skeleton with all the bones named. This is a great one to use when putting together your Mini or Life Sized Skeletons.

I also love the Full Sized Poster that is included. As you can see it is almost the same size as my 10 year old daughter!

Video Resources
The Skeletal System by MakeMeGenius.com
Note that this one has some errors in it. For instance for vertebrae they say "vertebraetes", for fibula they say "febula", they swapped the radius and ulna as well. Despite a few errors I included this video because my kids found it engaging to watch and I precursored it by telling them there were some errors and asking them to see if they could find them while they watched.
The Skeleton Dance - Dem Bones from Super Simple Songs
Printable Resources

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The Skeletal System: Hands-On Learning Resources - StartsAtEight

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The Skeletal System: Hands On Learning Resources: a collection of hands on activities, books, videos, and printables for learning about the skeletal system.

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Muscular System - Human Body - Find Fun Facts

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The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.

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(OLD VIDEO) Human Body Systems: The 11 Champions