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Common school. A common school was a public school in the United States during the 19th century. Horace Mann (1796-1859) was a strong advocate for public education and the common school.

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The apprentice perspective is an educational theory of apprenticeship concerning the process of learning through physical integration into the practices associated with the subject, such as workplace training

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A dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.

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Normal schools were established chiefly to train elementary-school teachers for common schools (known as public schools in the United States). The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1839.

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McGuffey Readers were a series of graded primers for grade levels 1-6. They were widely used as textbooks in American schools from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, and are still used today in some private schools and in homeschooling

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The Montessori Method of education, developed by Maria Montessori, is a child-centered educational approach based on scientific observations of children. Montessori's method has been used for over 100 years in many parts of the world.

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The Association for Career and Technical Education is the largest national education association in the United States dedicated to the advancement of education that prepares youth and adults for careers.

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The Oregon Trail is a series of educational computer games. The first game was originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium in 1974

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840

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Progressivism is the support for or advocacy of improvement of society by reform. As a philosophy, it is based on the idea of progress, which asserts that advancements in science, technology, economic development and social organization are vital to the improvement of the human condition

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income remaining after deduction of taxes and other mandatory charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes

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a limited or fixed number or amount of people or things, in particular.

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Bilingual education involves teaching academic content in two languages, in a native and secondary language with varying amounts of each language used in accordance with the program model

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a person that is unable to read or write.

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A Back to Basics Movement. The conservative shift signaled by the election is likely to raise calls for a “Back to Basics” movement in education

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Educational standards are the learning goals for what students should know and be able to do at each grade level. Education standards, like Common Core are not a curriculum

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"The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a state-led effort coordinated by the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO).

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Competency-based learning or competency-based education and training is an approach to teaching and learning more often used in learning concrete skills than abstract learning. It differs from other non-related approaches in that the unit of learning is extremely fine-grained.

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A standardized test is any form of test that (1) requires all test takers to answer the same questions, or a selection of questions from common bank of questions, in the same way, and that (2) is scored in a “standard” or consistent manner

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A charter school is a school that receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located. Charter schools are an example of public asset privatization

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 A program of study is a comprehensive, structured approach for delivering academic and career and technical education to prepare students for postsecondary education and career success.

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A baby boom is a period marked by a significant increase of birth rate

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The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945

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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union with its satellite states, and the United States with its allies after World War II.

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The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to gain equal rights under the law in the United States

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The world economy or global economy is the economy of the world, considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account

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 In education policy today, accountability means that schools, not just the students, should be held accountable for the progress, or lack of progress, in every student's achievement.

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Project Head Start, launched as an eight-week summer program by the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1965, was designed to help break the cycle of poverty by providing preschool children of low-income families with a comprehensive program to meet their emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological needs.