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An intellectual disability is characterised by an IQ below 70 (the median IQ is 100), and significant difficulty with daily living such as self-care, safety, communication, and socialization.

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An intellectual disability that often gets misdiagnosed as autism is Fragile X Syndrome.  Some signs of having FXS are:

intellectual disabilities, ranging from mild to severe

attention deficit and hyperactivity, especially in young children

anxiety and unstable mood

autistic behaviors, such as hand-flapping and not making eye contact

sensory integration problems, such as hypersensitivity to loud noises or bright lights

speech delay, with expressive language more severely affected than receptive language

seizures (epilepsy) affect about 25% of people with Fragile X syndrome

https://www.fraxa.org/fragile-x-syndrome/symptoms/

A way to demonstrate this in a classroom activity is by having asking students to build a house of cards.  Then, after some effort is put into it (structure, security, etc.) I blow on it just a little to knock the whole thing down.  Classmates may become upset because we just spent the last 10 minutes working on building this structure. But the demonstration is used to show how a person with FXS needs stability and without a consistent structure to the day everyday, people with FXS have a hard time functioning.

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Lifeline appeal by Kate Powell for the Down's Syndrome Association - BBC One

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Intellectual disability, formerly labeled “mental retardation,” is defined by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as “significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently [at the same time] with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” There are two key components within this definition: a student’s IQ and his or her capability to function independently, usually referred to as adaptive behavior.
http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/intellectual-disabilities/

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Down Syndrome

ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

FXS (Fragile X Syndrome): inherited mutation of the X chromosome

Developmental delay

(PWS) Prader-Willi Syndrome: abnormality in the genes of chromosome 15

(FASD) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with intellectual disabilities are prone to mood disorders like major depression or bipolar disorder

About 3% of the population of people with intellectual disabilities also have Schizophrenia

https://www.hwns.com.au/about-us/about-disability/types-of-disabilities/types-of-intellectual-disabilities/

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Adaptive behavior is the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives.

Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.

Social skills—interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.

Practical skills—activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.

http://aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition

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Infections present during or after birth

Malnutrition

Trauma  before or after birth

Chromosomal abnormalities (i.e. Down Syndrome)

https://www.hwns.com.au/about-us/about-disability/types-of-disabilities/types-of-intellectual-disabilities/

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There are support services for people who have intellectual disabilities:

https://www.smartkidswithld.org/mission/

Educates, guides, and inspires parents of children with learning disabilities or ADHD

https://www.parentcenterhub.org/intellectual/

Provides information on ID, signs of an ID, and educational considerations for long term help

https://www.thearc.org/i-am/a-parent

A center (here in Bloomington/Normal) that helps parent with support of a child or loved one who has an intellectual or developmental disability

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Teach one concept or activity component at a time

Teach one step at a time to help support memorization and sequencing

Teach students in small groups, or one-on-one, if possible

Always provide multiple opportunities to practice skills in a number of different settings

Use physical and verbal prompting to guide correct responses, and provide specific verbal praise to reinforce these responses

https://therapytravelers.com/strategies-teaching-students-intellectual-disabilities/

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https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/intellectual-disability/

http://aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition

https://www.hwns.com.au/about-us/about-disability/types-of-disabilities/types-of-intellectual-disabilities/

http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/intellectual-disabilities/

https://therapytravelers.com/strategies-teaching-students-intellectual-disabilities/

https://www.fraxa.org/fragile-x-syndrome/symptoms/