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Late 17th Century to Early 18th Century.

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The Age of Enlightenment first began and took place in Europe.

The central hub in which many Enlightenment thinkers and philosophes gathered was Paris, France.

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The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that challenged the then traditional views of society. In France, this would have been challenging the Old Regime.

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Late 19th Century to Mid 20th Century.

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Mid 20th Century to Late 20th Century.

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Science and the basis of reason become more prevalent. The importance science has on the Enlightenment ensures that logic is valued. The belief is one must use logic and reason to best succeed, and not succumb to basic emotions. Scientific analysis is better than following any primal sense.

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3 Estates (Social Classes):

1. Clergy - Owned 10% of land, payed 2% of taxes.

2. Nobility - Owned 20% of land, payed no taxes.

3. Third Estate - the rest of society (98% of the population), payed the majority of the taxes, but were the poorest out of the 3 Estates.

You're born into this social class and social mobility is restricted. Not based on talent, but on birthright.

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All enforcement and interpretation of laws are concentrated to a single figure because of divine right

An absolute monarch was given the right to rule and control everything, "because God said so."

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Modernism first began and took place in the United States of America.

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John Locke first developed the idea that the governments priority and role in society is to protect an individual's rights of life, liberty, and property.

This is the belief that all humans are always entitled to certain concepts, and violating such rights of an individual is a sin.

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The belief that there is a God that created the universe, but does not intervene in the development of the universe.

Deism shows that fate and opportunities are solely in human hands. Organized religious institutions like the Catholic Church do not have the power they proclaim, being in power for more superficial reasons.

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Deism's Connections with Other Concepts:

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Deism's Connections with Other Concepts:

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Deism also rejects the concepts of the Old Regime and the Divine Rights of Kings. How can God decide which class one is in or who becomes the absolute monarch if God doesn't intervene in human affairs? This leads to the conclusion that God didn't choose the absolute monarch: they themselves did.

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These are some important Enlightenment thinkers that put forth new ideas and shaped/influenced much of our modern world.

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Opposed the monolithic authority of the Church.

Individuals could make their own decisions using reason and logic.

Believed in a social contract: a leader is accountable to the people.

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Published "Laissez-Faire Economics"

"The Wealth of Nations" (1776)

Against mercantilism

Minimize government intervention in economy

Self-interest will eventually be beneficial to society as a whole

"Invisible Hand": the market will guide itself.

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The general will is always right and functions in the best interest of society.

General will = Common good

Man serves his own good by serving the common good, self-interest is often against societal general will.

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Modernism was a cultural movement of creators that rebelled against the academic traditions, shaping a new Western society. Ideas were influenced by the First World War.

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Challenged: The Philosophies of the Enlightenment 

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Challenged: The Philosophies of the Enlightenment 

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While most modernists did not disagree with the philosophies of the Enlightenment, they actually thought they were useless.

People were exposed to the ideals of the Enlightenment, but they were Utopian. People don't take the Enlightenment ideas to heart, don't try to improve their own lives as human beings, and people don't inherently respect the "natural rights" people are naturally entitled to.

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"A progressive philosophy of life that, without theism or other supernatural beliefs, affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good."
- American Humanist Association

Another characteristic of modernism was to be able to construct overarching philosophies and systems that could contain and explain all of reality. While not the ideas of the Enlightenment, there still is something that can explain life's many irregularities.

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An important characteristic of modernism came in the form of a high regard for man to solve/reason through problems without the aid of a divine being.

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Moved away from agrarianism.

Widespread development of industrial societies.

Rapid growth of cities

Modernism occurred during WWI so resources and infrastructure were needed.

Looked to make things efficient and productive.

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Idea that an individual or group of people may express themselves and their opinions, without the fear of legal sanction or retaliation. People shouldn't be oppressed, censored, or attacked based on their perspectives and expression. This idea is widely evident in the artistic movement of this era.

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There is no specific country that is seen as The Place where postmodernism originated. However, it is mostly accepted that this began as a Western philosophy, following WWII.

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The necessity to value reason over primal emotion

The self-destructive ends of violating one's natural rights of life liberty and hapiness

Deism and the superficial nature of organized religion, an absolute monarch, or any institution claiming legitimacy from a God

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Postmodernism is a wide range of new ideas rejecting modernism. Postmodernism introduced the idea that reality is subject to change from individual to individual and is developed as individuals try to find their own reality. It is characterized by "broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.

Ideas were influenced by the Second World War.

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A common theme in postmodernism is confusion and a lack of certainty. This is in contrast with objective reality, which are facts, events, etc that are seen as universally true. Postmodernists question reality and if things are truly as they may seem (a subjective reality

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Universalism is a concept that some ideas have a universal application. Postmodernism specifically focuses on individuals and how no two individuals are similar, let alone alike. Postmodernists believe that individuals differ in all aspects as they each construct their own personal realities.

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Enlightenment Thinkers: H-
Baldini:

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Nihilists believe that our lives are meaningless since we inevitably will die in the end. Therefore, they also reject any religious beliefs as a method of social progress. Nihilism rejected morality because of its arbitrariness as well as its assertive control over individuals and their feelings. Why confine yourself with morals when at the end of the day it is meaninglessness?

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Postmodernists believe that an individual doesn't have to define themselves as a single thing. A person can be more than just one thing and it's only up to them to decide that for themselves.

There is no "set" definition for anyone (or anything really).

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Regardless of Enlightenment, people don't take the ideas to heart or follow them.

Touching on the humanist belief that man still has a responsibility to lead an ethical life.

Touching on the nihilist ideology that morality doesn't matter when you're gonna die anyway.

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This is the idea that there is no defined set of morals that is absolute and encompasses all things.
Normative moral relativism states that all societies should accept or be open-minded towards different moral values, since there are no universal moral principles. Can the same be said of a person (Grenouille's) moral notions and choices?

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These three characteristics of literature written at the height of the postmodern time period are evident in many modern stories

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Hello and welcome to our padlet! The best way to go through this padlet is to start on the left-most column and scroll down to the bottom, then move to the next column on the right and do the same. Please feel free to read at your own leisure.

Each column follows a "Who, What, When" type of format with ideas that were either favored or challenged by each era. At the end of each column, we've included a brief summary of the connection between the era and the book, Perfume.

Enjoy!

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Morality and reality itself is subjective

Confusion as to who's a hero and who's a villain (Heroes are villains and villains are heroes )

Everyone has a bunch of different and often contrasting qualities, it's a gray-zone

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Thank you for taking the time to go through our padlet!