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COVID-19 outbreak's impact on education institutions around world

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CONTENT: What is happening in the source?                         COMMENT: What is the meaning of the source?
CONTEXT: What was happening at the time? Use your contextual knowledge to put it into context. JUDGEMENT: What is your verdict on the reliability/ usefulness of the source?

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A report by factory workers from the Gorbunov factory.

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A report by factory workers from the Gorbunov factory.

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In apartment house No 18 of the factory suburb, there are 560 tenants – engineers, technicians, skilled workmen, airmen, teachers, students, party workers, book keepers, administrative workers and ordinary workers.
Of the 171 families, 27 went to the theatre, 34 to the cinema, 9 went visiting friends, 4 to museums, 3 to concerts, 9 stayed at home and rested, 13 went shopping, 17 entertained friends and gave parties, 23 read, 6 were busy doing up their rooms and mending the wireless-set, 2 played chess, 2 went dancing in restaurants, 2 spent the day in a country rest room, 4 went to clubs and spent some time in choir practice and classes for foreign languages. 14 families had shut up their homes and it is believed that they went off on sports expeditions. 2 spent their day in social work.

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For the sale of food, there are also certain trusts that have shops all over the USSR such as the Gastronome, which corresponds to a British ‘supply store’, but has far wider selection of foods. On the other hand, there are local organisations which run restaurants. Then there are all kinds of special shops for particular purposes, each one subject to national or local public authority.
Finally there is the market, to which peasants individually and collective farms in an organised way, may bring their surplus products to sell direct to the consumer. As the State shops increase and as the organisation of the purchase of peasants’ products in the village increases, these products will decline in importance.
A Central Universal Store has departments for the sale of the following:
Children’s wear, Kitchen utensils, Carpets, Musical instruments, China, Perfumes, Dresses, Photography equipment, Furs, Silks, Woollens; Cottons, Hats, Shoes,
| Sports | Handicraft work | Stationery
| Knitwear | Underwear & Linen | Haberdashery

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Accommodation for different groups of workers in the city of Magnitogovsk.

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Accommodation for different groups of workers in the city of Magnitogovsk.

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Houses of senior officials were situated on a hill. Each had a large garden. The works Director’s house was a palace in comparison with most Soviet habitations. The 3-storey, 14-room house palace contained a billiard room, a playroom for his 2 little sons, a music room and a large study.

Houses of skilled workers composed of some 50 large apartment houses, 3, 4 and 5 storeys high, containing between 75 & 200 rooms each. The houses were brick and stone and painted various colours. They were arranged in long rows, like military barracks and were all of the same matchbox shape. The metal roofs were painted red and blue. All the houses in Kirov district were equipped with electricity, central heating and running water. Most cooking was done on coal stoves, although electricity was used more and more.
The homes of the unskilled workers were a collection of mud huts huddled in a sort of ravine overlooking the railroad yards. The roofs were usually made of scrap metal, sometimes covered by earth or thatch. The same house was inhabited by the family, the chickens, the pigs and the cow, if there was one. Their possession of chickens and goats was witness to the fact that they ‘were living well’ by the standards of Russian peasantry.

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A Soviet painting of life in a Kolkhoz (Collectivised Farm).

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A Soviet painting of life in a Kolkhoz (Collectivised Farm).

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Extract from a letter to a state-controlled magazine for women.

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Extract from a letter to a state-controlled magazine for women.

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I’m the Chairman of our collective farm, and my husband works as an engine-driver on the railway. We have 7 children and we don’t need anything. We’ve got a roomy house, a cow, 2 pigs, sheep, geese and chickens. In the house we have everything we need, including a wireless and a telephone…

I really can’t compare my life now with the way we lived when I was a child. My father worked in a factory in Moscow and my mother lived in the village with her 9 children. In order to fill those 11 mouths, my father and mother worked themselves to death. Half the day my mother ploughed for herself and half a day for other people. Even a horse couldn’t do double ploughing, but my mother did 16-18 hours a day. She fell ill and died comparatively young.
Until I was 18 there was scarcely a day when I had enough to eat, scarcely a night I could sleep peacefully. At 18 years, I was married off, but things didn’t get better. Only under Stalin rule could we begin to breathe freely and live like human beings. And when the farm organised, things got better still. I worked first in the stables, then as a brigadier, and now I am Chairman of the farm.
Last year, I went to Moscow to attend courses for farm executives. I travelled from place to place in the magnificent Metro, where the doors open and shut by themselves, where stairs go up and down by themselves. In the evening, I sat in the middle of the velvet and gold at the best theatres and thought to myself. “Is this really me, a country girl and an orphan without dowry, who used to work and starve worse than a broken-down peasant horse?”