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Introduction.
The Indian subcontinent was subjugated by an island more than 20 times smaller. This unimaginable conquest of what would become the jewel in the British crown greatly empowered the British empire. By the middle of the 19th century, British rule led to a new wave of south Asian nationalist movements and the effects to it are still felt to this day.

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In order to understand how the British were able to take control of India we need to go back to New Year’s Eve on 1600, into the reign of Elizabeth the first. It was her signature on a royal charted granted to a groups of adventure merchants (later known as the East India Company) that would change de destiny of two nations forever. However, at the time the company’s leaders were not yet interested in trading directly with the reigning Indian power of the time, instead they focused on competing with the Dutch, French and Portuguese in the East Indies. But over time the East Indian company after being driven out of the East Indies shifted its focus on to the Indian subcontinent. 

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In 1640 a company representative succeeded in securing a grant of land in southern India, a pivotal moment as it marks the first time the Indian land was owned directly by the English. It was on this land that they constructed fort st. George. The settlement that grew around this region became the city of Madras now known as Chennai. As more and more company owned forts and settlements sprang up all over the Indian subcontinent, the English a leading exporter of spices. 

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As the 18th century commenced the Europeans became increasingly involved in Indian affairs. They could afford to because the Mughal empire which once ruled over not only the majority of India but algo parts of modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, was on the decline of a very costly war of conquest. As the Mughals weakened the Maratha kingdom in the central west or India remain as a dominant power in India for another 80 years or so. As all of these was happening the Indian East company began to over shadow its European competitors, devoting substancial profits to raising a private army in an effort to contend with the Maratha empire and Bengal. By now the East Indian company benefited greatly from the countries imposing navy which enabled them to ferry more and more men to India than its competitors. 

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Many local rulers benefited financially from their dealings with the company, did not perceive their sovereignty to be at risk of all the Europeans who have established themselves. The British east India’s company’s army was able to defeat both the bengal E’s and the French allies in the Battle of Plassey during the seven years’ war witch allowed them to serve control over much of the Indian continent. During the British advance into the Indian heartland, it encountered resistance from the Sikh empire and other Indian states not interested in doing business with the English. The English duke of Wellington won several victories against this states. 

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As the middle of the 19th century drew closer and Indian national consciousness began to take form as company rule resulted in a wider array of social en economics reforms basing demanded from increasingly alienated local rulers. 

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The majority people in Inida felt that they did not want to be ruled by the British and wanted to govern themselves. They weren't happy about things like economic problems as a result of rules put on them by the British and how the British treated them.

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There was also a lot of tension between Hindus and Musslams. So the idea for the new independent region divided into two separate states - India and Pakistan - was born. And in August 1947, British India won its independence from the British and split into two new states that would rule themselvesIndia was formed mostly of Hindu regions (75%), while Pakistan was mostly Muslim (25%) areas.

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There was also a lot of tension between Hindus and Musslams. So the idea for the new independent region divided into two separate states - India and Pakistan - was born. And in August 1947, British India won its independence from the British and split into two new states that would rule themselvesIndia was formed mostly of Hindu regions (75%), while Pakistan was mostly Muslim (25%) areas.

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The partition of India forced millions of people to leave their homes to move to the other state. This was the largest forced migration of people that has ever happened, which wasn't because of war, about 12 million people became refugees, many homes were destroyed and many families were split up. There was a lot of violence between communities and hundreds of thousands of people die in the fighting, there was a chaotic situation in India.In 1948, as the great migration drew to a close, more than 15 million people had being uprooted and between 1-2 million people were death

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The partition of India forced millions of people to leave their homes to move to the other state. This was the largest forced migration of people that has ever happened, which wasn't because of war, about 12 million people became refugees, many homes were destroyed and many families were split up. There was a lot of violence between communities and hundreds of thousands of people die in the fighting, there was a chaotic situation in India.In 1948, as the great migration drew to a close, more than 15 million people had being uprooted and between 1-2 million people were death

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Since Partition, there has been constant conflict between India and Pakistan - particularly over an area called Kashmir, which both states say, even now, should belong to them.
There are still tensions and divisions in the country and many families have never been able to go back to where their ancestors used to live. For people living in India and Pakistan, travelling to the other country is not easy - even if it is to visit their family.
Progress has been made, but just as the country was divided 70 years ago, there are still divisions

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Independent India's first years were marked with turbulent events – a massive exchange of population with Pakistan, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the integration of over 500 princely states to form a united nation. Credit for the political integration of India is largely attributed to Vallabhbhai Patel

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As we just said When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims; Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the partition of India.  An estimated 3.5 million Hindus and migrated to India in fear of domination and suppression in Muslim Pakistan. Communal violence killed an estimated one million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. The violence was stopped by early September owing to the co-operative efforts of both Indian and Pakistani leaders, and especially due to the efforts of Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the Indian freedom struggle. Both governments constructed large relief camps for incoming and leaving refugees, and the Indian Army was mobilized to provide humanitarian assistance on a massive scale.

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The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after independence by launching tribal lashkar (militia) from Waziristan, in an effort to secure Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries.

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The assassination of Mohandas Gandhi on 30 January 1948 was carried out by Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a nationalist, who held him responsible for partition and charged that Mohandas Gandhi was appeasing Muslims. More than one million people flooded the streets of Delhi to follow the procession to cremation grounds and pay their last respects.

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In 1949, India recorded almost 1 million Hindu refugees into West Bengal and other states from East Pakistan, owing to communal violence, intimidation, and repression from Muslim authorities. The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, which were unable to absorb them. While not ruling out war, Prime Ministers from Pakistan and India get together in Delhi and sign a pact that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Although Indian’s minister was opposed to the principle, he decided to back this pact for the sake of peace. After some time hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the Kashmir dispute.

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India held its first national elections under the Constitution in 1952, where a turnout of over 60% was recorded. The National Congress Party won an overwhelming majority, and Jawaharlal Nehru began a second term as Prime Minister. President Prasad was also elected to a second term by the electoral college of the first Parliament of India.

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In conclusion and to see how it all went on we can say that, from the 1950s to the 1980s, India followed socialist-inspired policies. The economy was influenced by extensive regulation, protectionism and public ownership, leading to pervasive corruption and slow economic growth. Beginning in 1991, neoliberal economic reforms have transformed India into the third largest and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. From being a relatively destitute country in its formative years, Indian Republic has emerged as a fast growing G20 major economy with high military spending, and is seeking a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.