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Practical skills and training necessary for specific jobs.

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Lawyers representing the Campaign for Fiscal Equity defined civic agency as the ability to capably participate in civic duties such as voting and serving as a juror.

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More classes focused on topics related to STEM

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More classes focused on topics related to Humanities

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A Technocratic society is characterized by a government where technical experts are given authority and power.

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A society characterized by the belief that all people are equal and entitled to equal rights and opportunities.

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Increases democratic engagement, which combats political and economic inequality more effectively (compared to the vocationalism paradigm) by causing policy changes.

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A form of government where people vote directly or indirectly (via elected officials) for or against political decisions such as policy changes or laws.

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1) Soviet launch of the Sputnik created a sense of the USA falling behind during the Cold War.

2) 1983 report A Nation at Risk kicked off an educational reform; "If an unfriendly foreign power had
attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational
performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it
as an act of war" (9).

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Most state constitutions guarantee a right to education, therefore the constitutions aim to achieve equality. "the reliance on an exclusively vocational paradigm as the sole guide to education policy making is a failure to meet the legal standard for securing a basic right." (13).

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An economy that uses technology to drive productivity and economic growth.

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Includes topics such as history, sociology, philosophy, psychology, and anthropology. All of these help develop people's verbal competence and social analytical skills.

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In 2006, the highest court in New York agreed with the need for civic agency, but claimed that people with at least an eighth-grade education level would "eventually
function productively as civic participants" (9).