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These tiny crystals hold the oldest evidence of Earth's crust forming. Scientists study them to understand early planetary conditions, including hints of liquid water. From Hadean Eon (4.4 billion years ago)

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Acasta Gneiss (Oldest known intact rock formation)

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Acasta Gneiss (Oldest known intact rock formation)

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This is the oldest known intact rock formation on Earth. Its existence provides clues about early crust formation and plate tectonics on the young planet. From Hadean-Archean Transition (4.03 billion years ago)

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Strelley Pool Microfossils (Oldest confirmed life - microbial fossils)

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Strelley Pool Microfossils (Oldest confirmed life - microbial fossils)

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These microscopic fossils show evidence of some of the earliest life on Earth—bacteria that lived in shallow seas and may have played a role in oxygenating the planet. From Archean Eon (3.45 billion years ago)

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Gunflint Chert Microfossils (Early bacterial life and photosynthesis evidence)

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Gunflint Chert Microfossils (Early bacterial life and photosynthesis evidence)

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Found near Lake Superior, these fossils contain some of the first organisms that performed photosynthesis, helping to create the oxygen-rich atmosphere we breathe today. From Proterozoic Eon (1.88 billion years ago, Paleoproterozoic Era)

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Burgess Shale (Fossils from the Cambrian Explosion)

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Burgess Shale (Fossils from the Cambrian Explosion)

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A fossil site that provides an incredibly detailed look at the creatures of the Cambrian Explosion, when complex animal life rapidly diversified in Earth's oceans. From Cambrian Period (508 million years ago, Miaolingian Epoch)

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Cincinnati Arch Fossils (Proof that Ohio was underwater - trilobites, corals)

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Cincinnati Arch Fossils (Proof that Ohio was underwater - trilobites, corals)

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Evidence that Ohio was once a vast shallow sea, filled with trilobites, brachiopods, and coral reefs during the Ordovician Period. From Ordovician Period (450 million years ago, Sandbian-Katian Epochs)

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Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, NU, Canada

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A famous transitional fossil that shows the evolution of every step between fish and land-dwelling vertebrates, with features of both. From Devonian Period (375 million years ago, Famennian Epoch)

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Siberian Traps (Volcanic eruptions linked to the Great Dying Mass Extinction)

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Siberian Traps (Volcanic eruptions linked to the Great Dying Mass Extinction)

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A massive volcanic event that released so much carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere that it triggered the Permian-Triassic Extinction, wiping out over 90% of marine species. From Permian Period (252 million years ago, Lopingian Epoch)

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Ischigualasto Formation (Oldest dinosaur fossils - Nyasasaurus and Herrerasaurus

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Ischigualasto Formation (Oldest dinosaur fossils - Nyasasaurus and Herrerasaurus

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Often called the "Valley of the Moon," this fossil site contains some of the earliest known dinosaurs, showing the dawn of the dinosaur lineage. From Triassic Period (230 million years ago, Carnian Epoch)

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Lark Quarry Dinosaur Tracks (Evidence of a dinosaur stampede)

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Lark Quarry Dinosaur Tracks (Evidence of a dinosaur stampede)

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Preserved footprints in the rock suggest a prehistoric "stampede" of small dinosaurs fleeing from a larger predator. From Cretaceous Period (95 million years ago, Cenomanian Epoch)

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Chicxulub Crater (Meteor impact that wiped out the dinosaurs)

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Chicxulub Crater (Meteor impact that wiped out the dinosaurs)

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The massive impact site of the asteroid that ended the dinosaurs and drastically reshaped Earth's ecosystems. The global dust and debris cloud blocked sunlight, leading to a mass extinction. From Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Boundary (66 million years ago, Maastrichtian Epoch)

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Deccan Traps (Volcanic activity that may have contributed to dinosaur extinction)

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Deccan Traps (Volcanic activity that may have contributed to dinosaur extinction)

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A vast volcanic province that erupted around the same time as the asteroid impact, possibly worsening the environmental crisis that led to the dinosaurs' demise. From Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Transition (66 million years ago, Maastrichtian Epoch)

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Olduvai Gorge (Early human fossils - Homo habilis and stone tools)

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Olduvai Gorge (Early human fossils - Homo habilis and stone tools)

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A key site for studying early human ancestors, with fossils of Homo habilis and some of the oldest known stone tools. From Pleistocene Epoch (1.9 million years ago, Gelasian Stage)

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Denisova Cave (Fossils of a mysterious human cousin - Denisovans)

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Denisova Cave (Fossils of a mysterious human cousin - Denisovans)

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A mysterious human cousin, the Denisovans, were discovered here through DNA preserved in a tiny bone fragment. They interbred with early humans and Neanderthals. From Late Pleistocene Epoch (50,000 years ago, Tarantian Stage)

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Göbekli Tepe (Oldest known human-built temple complex)

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Göbekli Tepe (Oldest known human-built temple complex)

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This site challenges traditional ideas about civilization—massive stone structures and carvings built thousands of years before writing or cities existed. From Holocene Epoch (11,600 years ago, Greenlandian Stage)

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Yellowstone Supervolcano (Massive volcanic eruptions still active today)

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Yellowstone Supervolcano (Massive volcanic eruptions still active today)

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Still active today, Yellowstone has experienced three massive eruptions in the past, each capable of altering global climate and devastating life in North America. Last Major Eruption: Pleistocene Epoch (640,000 years ago, Tarantian Stage)