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The British Empire began in the late 1500s under Queen Elizabeth I.

By 1913 the empire had grown to rule over 400 million people, making it the largest empire in history.

British government and society benefitted economically from the empire.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zpjv3j6#zk9k8hv

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Monarchy is a form of government where a single ruler, usually a king or queen, holds power, often for life and by hereditary succession.

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is the process of transferring power and authority from a central government to regional, local, or lower levels of government. It typically involves granting these lower levels of government the ability to make decisions and manage certain public services independently, though the central government may still retain some oversight. Devolution is common in countries with strong regional identities or diverse populations.

Sources:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/de/worterbuch/englisch/devolution

●https://www.collinsdictionary.com/de/worterbuch/englisch/devolution

●https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution

For Parts involved:

●https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8599/

●https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom

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no general definition -everyone can define it for themselves

-> if given a specific definition: might exclude some people

legal citizenship

sense of national identity of the British people and common culture of the United Kingdom

https://www.rgs.org/schools/resources-for-schools/who-do-we-think-we-are/what-is-britishness

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United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India,

South Africa, Nigeria, Jamaica, New Zeeland, …

https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/commonwealth/the-commonwealth-games/

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• A constitutional monarchy, meaning the king or queen is the head of state but has limited political power.

• The government is run by elected officials, with the Prime Minister as the head of government.

• The monarchy mainly performs ceremonial and representative duties

source: https://www.royal.uk/the-role-of-the-monarchy

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= system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government. The monarch may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader. The constitution allocates the rest of the government’s power to the legislature and judiciary

https://www.britannica.com/topic/constitutional-monarchy

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the British Empire at its fullest extent 

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https://williambertrand.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/British-Empire-1922.png

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The Commonwealth of Nations (CoN), or simply the Commonwealth (known as the British Commonwealth of Nations until 1947), is a loose association of sovereign states, primarily composed of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its former colonies. It was founded in 1931. The Commonwealth Games, held every four years, are the major sporting event of the Commonwealth.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations

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2016-UK referendum vote to leave EU (51.9%)

29th March 2017-Article 50 triggered

31st January 2020- UK offcially leaves EU

31st December 2020-UK fully exits EU single market

1st January 2021- UK-EU Trade Cooperation Agreement (TCA) comes into effect

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• early Origins: The monarchy dates back to medieval times.

• 1215 – Magna Carta: Limited the king’s power for the first time.

• 1688 – Glorious Revolution: Established parliamentary sovereignty over the monarchy.

• 19th-20th Century: The monarchy became largely symbolic, with real power held by Parliament

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom

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History of the monarchy of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia

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The history of the monarchy of the United Kingdom and its evolution into a constitutional and ceremonial monarchy is a major theme in the historical development of the British constitution.[1] The British monarchy traces its origins to the petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and early medieval Scotland, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. The Norman and Plantagenet dynasties expanded their authority throughout the British Isles, creating the Lordship of Ireland in 1177 and conquering Wales in 1283. In 1215, King John agreed to limit his own powers over his subjects according to the terms of Magna Carta. To gain the consent of the political community, English kings began summoning Parliaments to approve taxation and to enact statutes. Gradually, Parliament’s authority expanded at the expense of royal power.

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the United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. While Great Britain in General consists of Scotland, Wales, England, the Falkland Islands, Ireland and many more little islands.

The capitals of these countries are the following:

Scotland: Edinburgh

Ireland: Dublin

Northern Ireland: Belfast

Wales: Cardiff

England: London

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Sovereignty

Immigration

Economic Independence

EU Bureaucracy

Financial Contributions

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1. Central Government:

The primary authority that transfers certain powers to regional or local bodies. It may retain control over national policies, defense, and foreign affairs.

2. Regional or Local Government:

These are the entities that receive devolved powers. They may include regional assemblies, local councils, or other governing bodies.

3. Legal Framework:

Devolution often requires constitutional amendments, legal statutes, or formal agreements to define the scope of powers and responsibilities.

4. Citizens and Communities:

The population within the devolved areas plays a crucial role in decision-making through local elections and civic engagement.

5. Financial Systems:

Devolution typically involves the transfer of financial resources or revenue-raising powers to ensure regional bodies can manage their responsibilities effectively.

6. Institutions and Agencies:

Specialized bodies may be established to oversee specific devolved sectors such as education, healthcare, or transportation

Sources:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom

●https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/british-politics/arguments-for-devolution/

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The Commonwealth is an association of 56 countries working towards shared goals of prosperity, democracy and peace. The Commonwealth Secretariat is the intergovernmental organisation which co-ordinates and carries out much of the Commonwealth's work, supported by a network of more than 80 organisations.

protect the environment and encourage sustainable use of natural resources on land and sea

boost trade and the economy

support democracy, government and the rule of law

develop society and young people, including gender equality, education, health and sport

support small states, helping them tackle the particular challenges they face.

https://thecommonwealth.org/our-work#:~:text=towards%20shared%20goals.-,The%20Commonwealth%20is%20an%20association%20of%2056%20countries%20working%20towards,of%20more%20than%2080%20organisations.

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• ceremonial duties: Opening Parliament, approving laws (royal assent), state visits.

• national representation: Acts as a unifying symbol of the UK.

• charity and diplomacy: Supports charities, attends public events, and represents the UK internationally

source: https://www.royal.uk/the-role-of-the-monarchy

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The Commonwealth Games is a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth Nations, which consists mostly, but not exclusively, of territories of the former British Empire.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games

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The business of Parliament takes place in two Houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Their work is similar: making laws (legislation), checking the work of the government (scrutiny), and debating current issues.

The House of Commons is also responsible for granting money to the government through approving Bills that raise taxes. Generally, the decisions made in one House have to be approved by the other.

In this way the two-chamber system acts as a check and balance for both Houses.

https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/system/

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The British Empire had its origins in the late 1500s.

In 1585, Queen Elizabeth I gave Walter Raleigh permission to set up a colony on Roanoke Island. The settlers had lost most of their supplies on the journey and struggled to find food when theirs ran out. They were at first reliant on local indigenous people for food, but there was a lack of trust between the two groups and the relationship descended into violence.

All of the settlers’ attempts to set up a colony on Roanoke Island failed and they eventually abandoned the land in 1590. The first successful colony was set up in 1607 in Jamestown, which is now part of the state of Virginia in the USA.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zpjv3j6#z6x6trd

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●Improved Local Governance:

Local authorities are closer to the people they serve, enabling better understanding of regional needs and faster decision-making.

●Enhanced Efficiency:

Decentralizing power can reduce bureaucratic delays, allowing local governments to respond more quickly to local issues.

● Promotion of Democracy:

Devolution empowers citizens by giving them greater influence over decisions that directly impact their communities.

●Cultural and Regional Identity:

In diverse countries, devolution allows regions with distinct cultural, linguistic, or historical identities to have greater autonomy.

● Economic Development:

Local governments can implement policies tailored to their region’s economic strengths, driving growth and investment.

●Conflict Resolution:

Devolution can help ease political tensions by giving marginalized or minority groups greater control over their affairs.

● Equitable Resource Distribution:

By devolving power, regions may gain better access to resources and services that align with their specific needs.

●Public Service Improvement:

Local authorities can better manage sectors such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure since they are more familiar with local demands

Sources:

●https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/mar/07/the-guardian-view-on-fixing-englands-local-democracy-reforming-structures-is-the-means-not-the-end

●https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/devolution

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The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is the deal that sets the rules for the UK and EU after Brexit. It allows free trade with some new checks, limits UK access to EU markets for services, sets fishing rules, and includes basic security cooperation. There are more trade barriers than before.

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https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth

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Commonwealth of Nations

Flaggn vo da Organisation

Kortn vo de Commonwealth-Mitglieda

Englische Bezeichnung

Commonwealth of Nations

Sitz vo de Organe

Marlborough House, London, UK

Vuasitz

Charles III. (Obahapt)
Paul Kagame (Vorsitzenda)
Patricia Scotland (Generalsekretärin)

Mitgliedstootn

56

Amts- und Orwatssprochn

Englisch

www.thecommonwealth.org

Da Commonwealth oda Commonwealth of Nations (bis 1947: British Commonwealth of Nations) is a loose Stootnvabindung, de wo in easchta Linie aus ehemolign Kolonien vum British Empire bstäht und aus em Vaeinigtn Königreich vo Großbritannien und Nordirlond. Da Nama Commonwealth stommt aus dem Englischn und bedeitet gmoasoma Woistond ( common = gmoasom / wealth = Woistond). De Vabindung zuit dahea af wirtschafdliche Zammaorbat ob und geopolitischn Einfluss. Des aloanige Obahapt vom Commonwealth is da Kenig oda de Kenigin vo Großbritannien; zua Zeit da Kenig Charles III. In de Commonwealth Realms is da Kenig oda de Kenigin ah no Staatsoberhaupt.

Des Commonwealth of Nations is a Vaeinigung vo unobhängign, souveräna Stootn, des wo hei ois Nochfoiga vom British Empire gsegn wean ko. De Grindung woa a Reaktion vo da britischn Regiarung Ofong vom 20. Joahundat af de Foadarunga noch Autonomie vo de britischn Ibaseegebiet, wia z. B. Kanada, Sidafrika, Australien und Neiseeland, um so es Empire stärka an de Krone z bindn.

Im Balfour-Bericht vum 18. Novemba 1926 wead festglegt, dass de Dominions autonome Gmoaschoften innahoib vom British Empire san, in koana Weis jemand untagordnet, nua duach de Treie zua Krone vabundn ( "[...] are autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in ay aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth"). Des gonze is nacha spada, am 11. Dezemba 1931 nuamoi im Statut vo Westiminster niedagschribn woan.

Mid de Beitritt vo Indien, Ceylon (heit: Sri Lanka) und Pakistan is es sogenennte neie Commonwealth entstondn. 1957 is mit da ehemolign britischn Kolonie Goidküstn ( Ghana), a middlafrikanischs Lond im Commonwealth beitretn. Mit da Zeit wead es Commonwealth a Affongbeckn fia de friahan Kolonien vom British Empire. Ob 1950, da Ausruafung vo da Republik in Indien, is es aa koa Beitrittsbedingung mea, en britischn Kenig oda de britische Kenigin ois oagnas Stootsobahapt onzakenna. Boid vadoppet si de Ozoi vo de Mitglieda. 1955 hod da Commonwealth nua 8 Mitglieda ghobt und im Joar 1964 scho zwanzge. In da Foige vo dera Aweitarung is im Joar 1965 es sognennte Commonwealth Secretariat grindt woan und daduach is da Commonwealth a multiethnische und a multikulturelle Organisation woan, genau des wos es heit aa no is. Mit dem Beitritt vo Mosambik im Joar 1995, wead easchtmols a Lond afgnomma worn, des wo nia a britische Kolonie woa (Mosmabik woa portugisisch).

Zuazeit umfosst da Commonwealth of Nations 56 Mitgliedsstootn, vo dena 15 (de sognenntn Commonwealth Realms) in a Personalunion mid Großbritannien vabundn san, des hoasst, dass de Queen, es offizielle Stootsobahapt vo de Lända is. Olladings wead seit de 1970a Joar, wen ma vom Stootsobahapt vo z. B. Kanada redt, neama Queen/King of the United Kingdom gsogt, sondan ma spricht nacha, um de oagne Suveränität z fiarazhebm vo da Queen of Canada oda vom King of Canada. So is aa mit de ondan 15 Commonwealth Realms.

Heit lebn 26% da gsomtn Wejdbevökarung in Stootn de wo em Commonwealth onkean; da bevejkarungsreichste Stoot darunta is Indien mit mea ois oana Milliarde Eihwohna, weidas hom Bangladesch und Pakistan meara ois wia 100 Milliona Eihwohna. Mitglieda san oba a kloane Stootn wia de Inslgruppn Tuvalu im Pazifik, mit nua etwa 11.500 Eihwohna.

Wen a Mitgliedsstoot heit zua Republik wead, muass a automatisch austretn, ko oba af Otrog wieda afgnumma wern. Ois Irland si zua Republik ausgruafa hod, is des olladings neama wieda entretn. Es sognennte Commonwealth Office is de absolute Zentrale vom Commonwealth und sitzt in London. Ähnlich wia bei da UNO schickt jeds Lond an Vatreta dohin. Zuasäzlich dazua treffa si de Stoots- und Regierungschefs vo de Mitgliedsstootn olle 2 Joar zu am 1-wäching Gipfetreffn. Da Gipfe findt jeds Mol in am ondan Mitgliedstoot stott und weat traditionell vum britischn Monarchn, deazeit Kenig Charles III., aeffnet.

Queen Elizabeth II., Obahapt vo 1952 bis 2022

Kenig George V. (1931-1936)

Kenig Edward VIII. (1936)

Kenig George VI. (1936-1952)

Kenigin Elizabeth II. (1952-2022)

Kenig Charles III. (seit 2022)

Shridath Ramphal (aus Guyana / 1975 - 1990)

Emaku Anyaoku (aus Nigeria / 1990 - 1999)

Don McKinnon (aus Neiseelond / 1999 - 2008)

Kamalesh Sharma (aus Indien / seit 1. Aprui 2008)

...

Patricia Scotland (aus Dominica / seit 2017)

Schau aa unta: Commonwealth Realms

Deazeit hot da Commonwealth 56 Mitglieda (Beitrittsjoa in Klomma):

Irland hod de Union 1949 valossn

Simbabwe is am 7. Dezemba 2003 austretn mit voruasgehenda Suspendiarung vum 20. März 2002

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Commonwealth of Nations Flaggn vo da Organisation Kortn vo de Commonwealth-Mitglieda Englische Bezeichnung Commonwealth of Nations Sitz vo de Organe Marlborough House, London, UK Vuasitz Charles III.

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• includes the monarch and close relatives.

• engages in public service and charity work.

• high public interest and media coverage

source: https://www.royal.uk/the-role-of-the-monarchy

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✅ Supporters Say:

• represents national unity and tradition.

• brings tourism and global attention

• provides stability in government.

❌ Critics Say:

• costly to taxpayers.

• unelected and outdated.

• some prefer a republic with an elected head of state

sources:

https://theweek.com/royal-family/957673/pros-and-cons-of-the-monarchy

https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2023/05/13/the-case-for-and-against-abolishing-the-monarchy/

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When Charles I was beheaded in 1649, a fundamental tenet in his belief, and in the belief of his supporters, as to why he should be King was the view that the English monarch was divinely appointed by God. Ultimately, when the monarchy was restored in 1688, the exposition of the divine right of Kings to rule died out - there was an appreciation that with the advancement of science, such an argument was less persuasive. However, although our current monarchs no longer rule us - instead holding a symbolic role of superiority - this notion that some are 'divinely' appointed to stand above the rest of us 'common folk' remains an underlying basis for the continued reign of the British Royal Family.

In the wake of the coronation, in which the country was very nearly asked to pledge its obedience to the new King, I'm forced to confront the reality that the very concept of the monarchy - especially in the form it takes in the UK - is an afront to the principles of democracy, equality, and individual sovereignty that our country has proudly boasted of.

The UK claims to be the home of parliamentary democracy, but can it really claim to be a democracy when we have an unelected head of state? The principles of democracy argue that those governing and in positions of power should only do so with the consent of the governed. A principle that is significantly undermined when the main signature needed to ensure a law is enacted is that of someone whose sole requirement be that they were born to the right person in the right order.

Furthermore, when we as citizens (not subjects) vote for MPs and for the government, we expect them to create legislation that applies equally to everyone, that doesn't favour those from a particular class, creed, or race. We certainly don't expect individuals who play key roles in our constitutional system to make use of their position to ensure that what legislation is produced is favourable specifically to their family.

Since 1967, the Queen, and now the King, has had exemptions written into over 160 different laws - the Royal household is exempt from employees of the monarch pursuing sexual or racial discrimination complaints, the monarchy is exempt from the 2010 Equality Act, police and environmental officers are banned from accessing the Royal families' private properties without first attaining permission, the monarchy is not required to pay income or capital gains tax (not even on private interests), and the monarchy is exempt from paying inheritance tax. This is only compounded by the fact that the Royal family has the right to inspect legislation that may affect them - and request alterations - before it becomes public.

As such, we have a situation where a select group of individuals, born into their positions, are able to intervene and exempt themselves from the democratically constructed law. When those in positions of power separate from the legislative body can so freely interfere with the making of laws, can we then truly label the UK a democracy?

...the very concept of the monarchy - especially in the form it takes in the UK - is an afront to the principles of democracy, equality, and individual sovereignty that our country has proudly boasted of.

This point about the Royal family being exempt from multiple laws feeds into my next point. Very clearly, the monarchy is a contradiction to the belief that we are all equal in the eyes of the law. When a select group are not only unlikely to be prosecuted for a breach of the law, but have illegal acts made permissible for them by the law itself, any illusion of equality must be thrown out of the window. The mere fact that one family in this country are born not just into great wealth, but into positions of national power and importance, indicates that we are not all equal - there are some of us born with more rights. This is a direct call back to the divine right of kings that once separated the monarchy from everyone else.

It is often argued that the monarchy plays an important role in representing the UK abroad. Royal visits are seen as a way in which the UK can advance its interests by soft power - giving the Royal family a valued diplomatic role. I argue that this is mistaken. At its zenith the British Empire ruled over roughly 25% of the world's surface. It therefore seems bizarre to argue that the best way to endear the UK to other countries, especially members of the commonwealth, is by sending over the direct descendants and representatives of the individuals and institution that sanctioned and endorsed the colonisation, looting, and desecration of the nations in the first place. Proof of this can be seen in William and Kate's trip to Jamaica in 2022. Prior to their arrival Jamaica indicated its intention to transition to a republic. Furthermore, an open letter signed by one hundred Jamaican academics, politicians, and cultural leaders branded the royal visitors as "direct beneficiaries of the wealth accumulated by the royal family...from the trafficking and enslavement of Africans".

The Royal Family's position as representatives of the UK not only harms chances at bridging diplomatic gaps, but it also contributes to a negative portrayal of the UK internationally. When the scandal over Prince Andrew's ties to Jeffery Epstein emerged, it directly harmed the Royal Family's reputation. And because the monarchy is the head of state, this directly harmed the UK's reputation as well. Similarly, issues with Prince Phillip making 'problematic' (racist and sexist) gaffes when abroad, and the scandal over Charles' affair with the now Queen Camilla, further harm the reputation of our country. In this way the monarchy's position as representatives and figure heads is a large negative for the interests of us all.

So what's the alternative? Many argue that were the position of head of state to be elected, it would bring in a political element and constitutional crisis that the current system avoids. This view, though, is premised on a mistaken assumption of the monarchy's apolitical nature. When the Royal Family's net worth is estimated to run into the billions, when the entire family was born into luxury and wealth, and when they are predominantly white and upper class, they cannot help but represent traditional, conservative values, the status quo, and the advancement of the wealthy.

By contrast, a duly elected head of state with the same duties and removed stance from the levers of power would act merely as some kind of 'chief diplomat'. An individual who could be relied upon to perform just their duties and could be unelected at the end of their term or at the arrival of scandals of the like that are becoming common with the Royal Family.

To conclude, if we truly value democracy, if we care about the reputation of the UK, and if we believe in the equality of all - then we have no option but to oppose the monarchy.
Responses to the case for abolition - Adam Arnfield

1. Many of the exemptions which the Royal Family have from laws, such as the Freedom of Information Act, are exemptions they have because they are a family before they are a business, the laws often containing the words 'in [his] private capacity'. Moreover, the Queen voluntarily paid tax, despite not being required to do so. Of course, some of the exemptions, such as from sexual and racial discrimination complaints, should not exist, but these can simply be removed alongside Charles' modernising agenda - abolition is not required.

2. If we were to bar all people with morally questionable ancestors from diplomatic roles or other public offices, I'm not sure we'd have any diplomats or public figures left in Britain.

3. The monarchy clearly does more good for Britain's reputation than it does harm. The outpouring of affection from across the world at the late Queen's death and the vast number of international visitors to her funeral are surely signs of that.

The Case Against the Abolition of the Monarchy - Adam Arnfield
'Not to be served, but to serve'. Those were the words that we heard repeated over and over again throughout the coronation on Saturday. Although the coronation brings to mind a monarch in a golden carriage, waving to adoring crowds, at its core, Britain's monarchy is not about taking but about giving.

As much as royal duties may seem like the family repeatedly setting off around the world, tooting their own horns, the reality is very different. Royals do not make up their calendars as they please, but accept the invitations of the hundreds of organisations that desire and value their presence. Republicans might think the respect that the British people have for the Royal Family is misplaced and unhealthy. The suggestion here is that republicans know what's best for the British public, better than the British public themselves. This patronising attitude mirrors the paternalistic ethos which republicans so often rail against when protesting the monarchy.

As Stephen Fry points out, the monarchy can have a positive effect on government. The Prime Minister must meet the monarch on a weekly basis, discussing national affairs and explaining their decisions. Regularly meeting with a figure who symbolises the British people is a check on the Prime Minister's ego and a disincentive against corruption. Note that most of Boris Johnson's most outrageous scandals occurred during the 15 months wherein COVID prevented his meeting the Queen. Without a monarchy, would our leaders go even further off the rails? Of course, at elections the people can punish bad government. But elections happen only twice a decade, while the King meets with the Prime Minister every week to hear of their work. Patriotism might be stirring to some, but surely meeting with an embodied monarch inspires more fear than a mythic 'King Arthur'. Do we really imagine that Donald Trump, for example, feels a sense of duty towards Uncle Sam? A Prime Minister without a King is like an Oxford student without a tutor. And usually a PPE student at that!

The personal effect on the Prime Minister is clearly not the only political benefit monarchy brings. As I have written for the Oxford student previously , the Royal Family provides Britain with a national icon that it can honour and trust, without the toxic effects of giving a politician such power. I doubt I need to give examples of cults of personality leading to political overreach and disaster. A monarchy is a guard against popular politicians going too far. By contrast, the idea of a President Thatcher or a President Blair is not a comforting one. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, half of the world's twenty most democratic states are monarchies, and monarchies regularly score highly on Transparency International's absence of corruption index.

Despite regular complaints of 'taking taxpayers' money', having a monarchy actually saves Britain money. Brand Finance estimates that the royal family generates a net surplus for Britain, costing £292M, but generating £1.766B! Moreover, were republicans to have their way, even if we didn't add presidential campaigns to our election cycle, campaigns would certainly become more personalised and expensive. On top of those recurring costs, there would be an incredibly complicated and expensive process of untangling the Royal Family from the British political system, the two being intimately intertwined. The opening of parliament, the investing of power in the Prime Minister, the process by which bills become law, the welcoming of foreign diplomats to Britain, the management of Crown properties, and the symbols on various government services would all need to be reformed or replaced, to name but a few aspects of the process.

Do we really imagine that Donald Trump, for example, feels a sense of duty towards Uncle Sam? A Prime Minister without a King is like an Oxford student without a tutor.

The most important part of a republican Britain, however, would be the codification and entrenchment of a British constitution. Britain's political system currently functions on the basis of convention, and its structure puts the politically neutral monarch at its head. Therefore, the removal of the monarchy would need to be accompanied by the creation of a new constitution, as the duties of the head of state are vested elsewhere. Firstly, this process is likely to provoke the wrath of parliament: enshrining a certain set of laws as foundational and unchangeable could easily be considered a threat to 'parliamentary supremacy'. Secondly, the process would naturally become very partisan very quickly. Britain took nearly four years to negotiate Brexit with the EU, formalising rules about one part of its foreign policy. Imagine how long Britain would take, and how difficult it would be, to negotiate the rules of the entire political system. And remember we're talking about a negotiation not between two trading partners, but between two bitterly opposed political parties. The exact nature of various political processes, including the selection of the Prime Minister, the calling together and dissolution of parliament, and the relation of the Supreme Court and other institutions to parliament, would all need to be hashed out.

Of course, none of these positive effects are simply institutional. The Kings and Queens that have served Britain are not mere figureheads with no substance - they are real people with real personalities, and of course, they must come with real flaws. I do not want to pretend that King Charles, or past monarchs for that matter, are without sin. However, the monarchy has been able to recognise its role in the mistakes of Britain's past, with King Charles supporting research into the connection monarchy has had to slavery, calling it "the most painful period of our history". And as Britain steps into the future, it is led by a King who has been ahead of his time in climate advocacy, showing that the monarchy can have a positive influence despite being above politics.
Responses to the case against abolition - Leon Wheeler

1. Although the weekly meetings between the monarch and the PM represent a chance for the PM to be grilled about their achievements and conduct, to assume that this represents a check on their power or intentions is wrong. The monarch has the right to make suggestions or criticise conduct but not only does this display the fact that they do have a political stance, but it also has little effect. An Oxford tutor can impose some limited sanctions - a monarch cannot.

2. As for the apparent issues surrounding Parliament, the codification of the constitution, and the place of an elected 'president', I believe my opponent exaggerates them. There seems no need to me for any part of the UK's uncodified constitution to become entrenched - not even parts pertaining to a new head of state. Parliamentary sovereignty could easily be maintained in a republic, and I believe that in many cases the role of the monarch in the Parliamentary system could very easily be replaced by that of a president with very little alteration.

3. From a republican standpoint, to engage in a debate over whether the monarchy is a net financial positive or negative is a mistake. Such a debate is premised on the idea that if only the monarchy can reach a certain level of financial profitability, its existence is justified.

Image credit: Katie Chan at Wikimedia Commons. Image description: The carriage of King Charles III en route to his coronation.

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The Case For and Against Abolishing the Monarchy

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Leon Wheeler and Adam Arnfield debate the benefits and drawbacks of the British monarchy, and whether its abolition should be considered.

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The House of Lords is the second chamber of UK Parliament. It plays a crucial role in examining bills, questioning government action and investigating public policy. Archbishops, bishops and sometimes abbots and priors (Lords Spiritual) and noblemen (Lords Temporal) form the House of Lords.

Founding: 1 January 1801

https://www.parliament.uk/business/lords/

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The empire existed for nearly 400 years in total. It spread from the Americas to include colonies in Africa, Asia and Australasia. During this time Britain lost and gained colonies.

During the early years of the British Empire, 13 colonies in North America were established by the British. These colonies went to war against Britain in 1775 to achieve their freedom, declaring themselves independent on 4 July 1776. Britain formally recognised the United States of America as an independent country in 1783.

After losing the 13 colonies Britain did not want its empire to shrink again, and decided to make it even bigger.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zpjv3j6#zyfyvwx

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A year after Brexit, many in the UK felt it was a mistake as the economy struggled. Trade barriers, labor shortages, and rising costs hit businesses, while growth lagged behind other major economies.

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Political subdivisions of the United Kingdom

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Political subdivisions of the United Kingdom

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The United Kingdom is divided into different countries. England is divided into many different political regions:

North East

Yorkshire & the Humber

North West

West Midlands

South West

South East

London

East of England

East Midlands

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Value of immigrants for the British society 

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Value of immigrants for the British society 

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Immigrants play a significant role in the UK economy by filling essential roles in sectors like healthcare, construction, and hospitality. They contribute to public finances through taxes and various fees associated with migration. For instance, an average migrant pays approximately £1,900 in visa fees, £2,600 for the Immigration Health Surcharge, and employers often pay an additional £800 per migrant for the immigration skills charge.

However, the overall fiscal impact of immigration is relatively modest, typically representing less than 1% of the UK's GDP.

Source:

Office for Budget Responsibility

Migration Observatory

Source of the picture: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/migrants-day-action-british-society-a7355791.html

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1. Early Colonization (16th–17th Century)

established colonies in North America (Jamestown, 1607) and the Caribbean (Jamaica, 1655).

east India Company set up trade in India (1612–1690).

2. First British Empire (17th–18th Century)

focus on mercantilism and plantation economies (Caribbean, American colonies).

lost the 13 American Colonies (1776–1783) in the Revolutionary War.

3. Second British Empire (Late 18th–19th Century)

expansion in India (British Raj, 1858), Australia, Africa, and Asia.

gained Hong Kong (1842) and Singapore (1819) as trade hubs.

4. High Imperialism (19th–Early 20th Century)

peak control: Africa, the Middle East, and Asia after WWI.

the empire covered 25% of the world by 1919.

5. Decolonization (Mid–Late 20th Century)

India & Pakistan (1947), Africa (1950s–70s), Caribbean & Pacific (1960s–80s) gained independence.

Hong Kong returned to China (1997).

6. Commonwealth Era (Present Day)

former colonies form the Commonwealth of Nations.

14 Overseas Territories (e.g., Gibraltar, Bermuda) remain under UK control.

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In 2024, the UK economy showed some recovery but remained below 2018 levels. Brexit-related trade barriers, inflation, and slow growth continued to weigh on businesses and households.

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The UK public elects 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent their interests and concerns in the House of Commons. MPs consider and propose new laws, and can scrutinise government policies by asking ministers questions about current issues either in the Commons Chamber or in Committees.

Founding: 1 January 1801

https://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/

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England is currently advancing devolution by restructuring local government into unitary authorities and expanding mayoral powers to improve service delivery. Critics argue that true progress requires fiscal devolution, giving local authorities greater financial control. Leaders like Andy Burnham are promoting innovative ideas, such as "Live Well" centres, to integrate welfare services. Despite efforts to improve collaboration across devolved governments, challenges remain in aligning policies and systems.

Sources:

●https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/devolution?CMP=ILC-refresh

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Britain decided to build an empire for several reasons. These included:

to gain more money

to gain more power

to spread Christianity and British ways of life

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zpjv3j6#zyfyvwx

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Statistic with 2.225 respondants (18 and older)

In 2024, more british citizens viewed Brexit as a mistake because the economy was still weaker than in 2018, with trade barriers, higher costs, and slower growth. Many felt the promised benefits hadn’t materialized, while businesses faced labor shortages and reduced EU market access.

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1) full English breakfast;

- on weekends most people have an English breakfast

2) Putting the kettle on in a crisis :when something bad happened britisch people set up a cup of tea and complain about it

3) eating turkey on Christmas

4) eatingSunday roast:

This is a meal which features roasted meat cooked in the oven together with Yorkshire pudding

https://www.ihlondon.com/blog/posts/2022/top-10-british-traditions/

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Das Commonwealth of Nations (bis 1947 British Commonwealth of Nations) ist eine lose Verbindung souveräner Staaten, welche in erster Linie vom Vereinigten Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland und dessen ehemaligen Kolonien gebildet wird. Die Gründung geht auf das Jahr 1931 zurück. Sportliches Großereignis des Commonwealth sind die alle vier Jahre stattfindenden Commonwealth Games.

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The Valley Gardens at Windsor Great Park

a Royal Park of 2,020 hectares (5,000 acres), including a deer park, to the south of the town of Windsor on the border of Berkshire and Surrey in England.

Natural History Museum London

a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history.

National Gallery

the National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of more than 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current director of the National Gallery is Gabriele Finaldi.

Tower of London

the Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England.

Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) west of Amesbury. It consists of an outer ring of vertical sarsen standing stones, each around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, seven feet (2.1 m) wide, and weighing around 25 tons, topped by connecting horizontal lintel stones, held in place with mortise and tenon joints

Other Landmarks:

British Museum

Tate Modern

Southbank Centre

Victoria and Albert Museum

Science Museum

Somerset House

Royal Museums

National Museum of Scotland

Kew Gardens

Edinburgh Castle

Scottish National Gallery

Royal Albert Hall

Westminster Abbey

St Paul's Cathedral

British Library

Windsor Castle

RHS Garden Wisley

London Zoo

Barbican Centre

Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum

Sources:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_most-visited_attractions_in_the_United_Kingdom

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery

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Responsibilities

The Prime Minister is the leader of His Majesty’s Government and is ultimately responsible for the policy and decisions of the government.

As leader of the UK government the Prime Minister also:

oversees the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies

chooses members of the government

is the principal government figure in the House of Commons

Current role holder

The Rt Hon Sir Keir Starmer KCB KC MP

Sir Keir Starmer became Prime Minister on 5 July 2024.

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Importance for the Industrial Revolution

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Importance for the Industrial Revolution

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1. Raw Materials – Empire supplied cotton (India, Egypt), sugar (Caribbean), rubber (Malaya), metals (Australia, Africa).

2. Markets – Colonies bought British textiles, tools, and machinery, boosting industry.

3. Trade & Shipping – Global trade routes made transport cheaper and faster.

4. Cheap Labor – Slavery (pre-1833) and indentured labor kept costs low.

5. Capital – Profits from empire-funded factories, railways, and banks.

6. Innovation – Empire demand drove technological progress.

7. Urbanization – Industrial growth led to city expansion and workforce boom.

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Some of the bigger Rivers in the UK are:

Thames

Stour

Ure

Tees

Trent

Welland

Eden

Tyne

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Types of British Tea Time

1. Elevenses (Mid-Morning Tea)

• A light break around 11:00 AM.

• Usually includes tea or coffee with a biscuit, scone, or light snack.

2. Afternoon Tea (Traditional & Elegant)

• Originated in the 19th century, credited to Anna, Duchess of Bedford.

• Served between 3:00 - 5:00 PM.

• A formal affair with finger sandwiches, scones with clotted cream & jam, and pastries.

• Often served on a three-tiered tray in fine china.

3. High Tea (Early Evening Meal)

• A more substantial meal, eaten around 5:00 - 7:00 PM.

• Originally a working-class tradition.

• Includes hearty foods like meat pies, cheese, bread, and desserts.

• Named “high” tea because it was eaten at a dining table, unlike afternoon tea, which was served on low tables.

Tea Etiquette

• Pour tea before adding milk (traditionally).

• Hold the cup by the handle, not the bowl.

• Stir tea gently in a back-and-forth motion (not circular).

• Do not raise your pinky finger (a common misconception).

• Eat scones by breaking them in half rather than cutting them.

https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Afternoon-Tea/

https://swanlondon.co.uk/brief-history-of-afternoon-tea/

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1. William the Conqueror (1066–1087)

• Led the Norman Conquest in 1066, defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

• Established feudalism in England.

2. Henry VIII (1509–1547)

• Famous for his six marriages and breaking from the Catholic Church to create the Church of England.

• Strengthened the royal navy and expanded England’s power.

3. Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

• Known as the Virgin Queen, she never married.

• Defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.

• Oversaw the Elizabethan Golden Age, including Shakespeare’s rise.

4. Charles I (1625–1649)

• Clashed with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War.

• Executed in 1649, leading to Oliver Cromwell’s republican rule.

5. Charles II (1660–1685)

• Restored the monarchy in 1660 after Cromwell’s rule (The Restoration).

• Known for his lavish lifestyle and handling of the Great Fire of London (1666).

6. Queen Victoria (1837–1901)

• Longest-reigning monarch before Elizabeth II (63 years).

• Oversaw the British Empire at its peak during the Victorian Era.

• Symbolized British stability and morality.

7. George VI (1936–1952)

• Became king after his brother, Edward VIII, abdicated.

• Led Britain through World War II, inspiring the nation.

8. Elizabeth II (1952–2022)

• Longest-reigning British monarch (70 years).

• Oversaw massive changes, including decolonization and modernization of the monarchy.

• Highly respected globally.

9. Charles III (2022–Present)

• Became king after Queen Elizabeth II’s passing.

• Focuses on environmental issues and modernizing the monarchy

source: https://www.historic-uk.com

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formal term for people from Britain

people inhabiting Britain before the Anglo-Saxon invasions beginning in the 5th century AD

descended from the Celts

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Briton

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The British Empire ended due to economic decline after the World Wars and growing independence movements. India (1947) was the first major loss, followed by African, Caribbean, and Asian colonies (1950s–70s). Britain shifted focus to rebuilding and forming the Commonwealth. The handover of Hong Kong (1997) marked the symbolic end of the empire, though 14 Overseas Territories remain.

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Many people, not only but also in the UK, still view immigrants as a source of conflicts. Immigration in the UK is a complex and often controversial subject, with debates focusing on economic impacts, public services, and cultural integration. Public attitudes toward immigration are mixed. As of April 2023, 52% of Britons believed immigration numbers should be reduced, while 32% viewed immigration as a negative development. Dissatisfaction with the government's handling of immigration reached 69% in early 2024, the highest level since 2015. Immigration has enriched the UK's cultural landscape, introducing diverse perspectives and traditions. However, debates continue about the balance between cultural diversity and social cohesion.

Sources:

https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/uk-public-opinion-toward-immigration-overall-attitudes-and-level-of-concern/

https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/immigration-tracker-march-2024

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Dissatisfaction with government on immigration at highest level since 2015

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69% of the public say they are dissatisfied and just 9% satisfied with the way government is dealing with immigration according to the latest round of our immigration tracker with British Future.

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Landscape of great britain:

the topography of Britain is extraordinarily diverse. It ranges from low-lying, flat, almost featureless, countryside through gentle heath, harsh, remote, moorland, rolling hills and mellow river valleys to reasonably impressive glaciated mountains cut through by bubbling, tumbling, streams.

Where is the best scenery in the UK?

Western Highlands, Isle of Skye, old growth forests, Lake District, Brecon Beacons, Somerset, the Cotswolds, Isles of Scilly, White Cliffs of Dover. It's not an ugly country all things considered.

Sources:

https://bitaboutbritain.com/the-british-isles-and-landscape/#:~:text=The%20topography%20of%20Britain%20is,by%20bubbling%2C%20tumbling%2C%20streams.

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slang for british people

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Queuing: Brits are famously fond of queuing, and orderly lines are a key part of life.

• Whether for a bus, venue, or service, queues are expected to be neat and orderly.

• Queue-jumping is considered highly offensive and frustrates many Brits.

• To avoid issues, always stick to your place in line.

Apologies: Brits apologize frequently and profusely, which often confuses visitors.

• They apologize in almost any situation, even when not at fault.

• To blend in while visiting London, be ready to apologize for anything and everything.

• It is common for multiple people to apologize for the same incident.

Drinking:

• Even on the most exciting nights out, self-control is valued.

• At the Montcalm Brewery, it is uncommon to see people who are visibly drunk.

• If joining in, avoid emotional outbursts or impolite behavior.

Dining:

Correct placement of spoons, knives and forks

Elbows off the table

No phones at the dinner table

https://montcalmcollection.com/blog/british-social-etiquette-for-beginners/

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British Social Etiquette for Beginners | Montcalm Collection

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British Social Etiquette for Beginners The British are known for their love of etiquette, leaving many visitors to the country baffled at the rules and

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belonging to or relating to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or its people

belonging to or relating to the island of Britain

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“The sun never sets in the British Empire” 

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“The sun never sets in the British Empire” 

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This means that the British Empire was so large that, at any time of the day, the sun was shining in at least one of its territories. Since Britain ruled lands all around the world, it was always daytime somewhere in the empire. This phrase was used to show Britain‘s dominance and influence in the past.

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Great Britain is a country of immigration

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Great Britain is a country of immigration

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No matter if it is for family, for fun, for work or to run from danger- Great Britain is a country of immigration. In June 2024, 1.207.000 people migrated into Great Britain. This makes 16% of Great Britain’s whole population immigrants. India, Poland, Pakistan, Romania, and Ireland were the most common countries of immigration. London has the largest proportion of migrants among UK regions, with over 40% of its residents born abroad.

The most common reason is family- people want to move to their family members.

Source:

https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/migrants-in-the-uk-an-overview/