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January 17, 1893: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

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January 17, 1893: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

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A group of American businessmen, backed by U.S. Marines, overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy. The Committee of Safety, led by Sanford B. Dole, forced Queen Liliuokalani to surrender under protest. This marked the end of the Hawaiian monarchy and the beginning of the provisional government.

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Queen Liliuokalani wrote formal protests to the U.S. government, declaring that the overthrow was illegal and that Hawaiian sovereignty had been violated. She maintained that she was yielding her authority temporarily 'until such time as the Government of the United States shall undo the action of its representative.'

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The Ali'i (Hawaiian nobility) played a crucial role in attempting to preserve Hawaiian sovereignty. These native Hawaiian chiefs and their families had been the traditional leaders before the monarchy's overthrow. Many Ali'i joined the resistance movement and helped organize protests against annexation.

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July 4, 1894: Republic of Hawaii Established

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July 4, 1894: Republic of Hawaii Established

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The provisional government declared Hawaii a republic with Sanford B. Dole as its president. This new government was recognized by the United States and other world powers, despite protests from Native Hawaiians and their supporters.

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1895: Queen's Imprisonment and 'Aloha 'Oe'

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1895: Queen's Imprisonment and 'Aloha 'Oe'

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Queen Liliuokalani was arrested and imprisoned in Iolani Palace after a failed counter-revolution. During her imprisonment, she composed several songs, including updates to her famous 'Aloha 'Oe' (Farewell to Thee), which became a symbol of Hawaiian sovereignty and cultural resistance.

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The Republic of Hawaii banned the Hawaiian language in schools, forcing Hawaiian children to learn English. This policy was part of a larger strategy to Americanize the islands and suppress native Hawaiian culture.

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Native Hawaiians organized the Ku'e (resistance) Petitions, gathering over 21,000 signatures opposing annexation. These petitions demonstrated the overwhelming opposition of Native Hawaiians to American annexation.

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American newspapers, particularly those owned by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, used sensationalist journalism to promote American imperialism. They portrayed Hawaii as strategically vital for American interests in the Pacific, especially with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

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The explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor led to the Spanish-American War. This event was used by President McKinley's administration to justify the need for Hawaii as a strategic military outpost in the Pacific, accelerating annexation plans.

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President McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution, officially annexing Hawaii as a U.S. territory. This was done through a joint resolution of Congress rather than a treaty, bypassing the requirement for a two-thirds Senate majority. Queen Liliuokalani continued to protest this action until her death in 1917.