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Sumners State Suicide Theory 1862

Charles Sumner a leading radical voice in the senate created a the state suicide theory that if confederate states left the union, they did suicide.

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1862 Sumner's State Suicide Theory

The theory states that states "committed suicide" when they left the union and were now just territories. This would mean that they would now be leaving all authority to congress who could dictate things in the territories. Du Bois included this as it was one of the concepts discussed to eradicate slavery in the former confederate states

-AA

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Du Bois featured the Summer's state suicide theory.

Which was an argument he made that state's were

"committing Suicide" when they left union states and

were not just American territories. The states who decided

to follow this were now on there own.

-K.B Period 6

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Sumner's State Suicide Theory, which held that states would essentially "commit suicide" if governments clashed in the affairs of the economy and their citizens, may have been one of the reasons Du Bois included it in his chronology to highlight the important and a major role that those ideas played in the lives of African Americans during this time.-CW P4

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Syracuse Convention

The National Convention of Men happened on October 4th in 1864, in Syracuse, NY. In the convention they made a declaration of rights and wrongs. The declaration brought attention to the unfair treatment and discrimination towards the former slaves. Du Bois probably added this to the chronology because it emphasized the mal treatment when it came to integrating former slaves into society. The declaration showed how African Americans were being robbed of their rights and liberties by exclusion and discrimination.

- AC

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In 1865, Johnson's idea for provisional governors

Du Bois may have included this to indicate Johnson's first steps after being introduced to office. To rally the rebellious southern states he came up with the appointment of provisional governors to defeated states in order to renounce secession as well as finish the abolishment of slavery overall.

-MW

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I think Du Bois included the Wade Davis plan as it served to establish more rigorous requirements for the Confederate states to rejoin the Union post the Civil war. And it would introduce the topic of "White suffrage", "majority voting", and the freeing of "Negroes". Du Bois including of the Wade Davis plan shows the difficulties and urgency in reintegrating the Confederate states in the Union, and the changing sociopolitical landscape for African Americans at the time (really for the first time).

-J.D. 7th prd

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1868 Election

This was the year in which the election between Ulysses and Horatio Seymour was held after the Civil War. This was on the chronology as it would be the year that Ulysses was elected and Ulysses was an important person during the reconstruction. His win was due to his naval skills in the Union Army leading him as a very well-like person. His victory would lead to the betterment in the reconstruction for all that he did during his presidency and is why its on the chronology.

-EG

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Lincoln's Plan, 1863

Lincoln's Plan, known as the ten percent plan, was the idea that Southern states could only be readmitted into the United States if ten percent of the population swore an oath to the Union. Du Bois likely included this in his chronology because he subscribed to many of the same ideals as Lincoln, and wanted to follow plans similar to Lincoln's in order to help the country through Reconstruction.

SE

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Du Bois included 1864, Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis plan and is reelected in his chronology because it established the basis for reconstruction and helped rejoin the Union. In order for a state to be readmitted to the Union, 50% of its white male population had to swear allegiance to the United States, which also outlawed slavery. They would not be permitted to attend conventions to draft new state constitutions until they had taken this oath. Lincoln made the decision to pocket the bill and refuse to sign it because he only wanted 10%.

XA

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Du Bois included the passing of the 14th amendment in his chronology because it was a landmark amendment that granted a lot of people privileges' and rights they didn't have before. It was a large step for the entire nation.

NH

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Draft Riots of 1863. The passage of a recently proposed federal draft bill infuriated a number of qualified candidates. Numerous attacks were directed on African Americans, resulting in hundreds of deaths. Atrocities on related government targets preceded rioting, which culminated in atrocities on African Americans.

To put an end to the rioting, 4,000 federal troops had to be sent in. Millions in damages and hundreds of deaths were the outcome of the aftermath. This is included in the Du Bois timeline to illustrate the early divisions among the populace and the divisional events that preceded subsequent internal strife.

-SC

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1866 June 14th Amendment passed

Du Bois allowed citizenship and equal rights too all of the African Americans in the united States. The act by Du Bois also had amendments and that really show's its cultural significance as it was a big step forward for African Americans and all citizens granting them Liberty's that every other person has.-

CB (period 2)

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Sumner's State Suicide Theory was included in Du Bois Chronology of Reconstruction because it talks about a different viewpoint that many people didn't talk about. Which was that state's were "committing suicide" by Confederate states seceding. Adding this theory brings attention to new ideas and thoughts that hadn't been considered before. It had also helped Congress create a way for Confederate states to be allowed into the Union.

-SV

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1864-The Wade-Davis plan

Du Bois might have chosen to include this in his chronology because the Wade-Davis plan made on July 2, 1864, required 50 percent of white males in rebel states to swear an oath to the Constitution and union before they could convene state convents. This plan also allowed African American men to vote and that anyone who bore arms against the United States should be denied the right to vote.

GE(2nd Period)

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In early 1862, Sumner stated that southern state secession simulated "state suicide", reducing their status to territories of the US. The state suicide theory aimed to give a basis for slavery's abolishment, using only Congress. Southern representatives for Congress were removed from office until the ex-Confederate states eliminated slavery or at least reduced slave rate (not entirely sure).

JS [Period 6]

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1863 Draft Riots

Du Bois included this event in his chronology because it depicted how the lower class was taken advantage of due to their status. The lower class felt used and weak since they were the ones chosen to fight in the war, while wealthier men had the option to fight or not. This event highlighted how unfair the civil war and laws passed around the time truly were.

C.S. (period 6)

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1864, Syracuse Convention

The national convention of colored men. This occurred on October 4. At this convention they created a declaration of wrongs and rights, this was made to help show the suffering and unfair treating that was being done to Africans Americans. Because of this convention and the topic of how unfairly Africans Americans were being treated.

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The 1864 Wade-Davis Plan was a proposal by Senator Benjamin F. Wade and Representative Henry Winter Davis. It aimed to form the process of reuniting the Union and the seceded states. It required that 50% of each seceded state's white males pledge loyalty to the Union and swear they never assisted the Confederacy before they could establish a new government. The Wade-Davis bill also required the abolition of slavery and the disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, but President Lincoln chose not to sign it.

Du Bois included the Wade-Davis plan in his chronology because the plan reflected the challenges of the reintegration of the Union and the seceded states. Du Bois included this aspect to show the evolving role of African Americans in shaping the political landscape after the Civil War.

-WA P7

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Sumner's State Suicide Theory was included in Du Bois Chronology of Reconstruction because the act itself argued that when ex-Confederate states seceded from the Union, they had committed "suicide", granting Congress the power to essentially dictate these states before they could be readmitted into the Union. The act arose from a disagreement about who was in charge of implementing the Reconstruction era—the President or Congress. Sumner firmly supported this thesis because he was afraid that dealing with the former Confederate states differently would result in violence against African Americans, unfair laws against them, disruption of national peace, and the rise of rebels.

-AB (5th period)

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The passage of the Fourteenth Amendment took place on June 14th, 1866. This constitutional amendment granted citizenship to individuals born or naturalized in the United States of America. It holds significance in the Du Bois timeline as it marked a significant advancement in the civil rights of African Americans and formerly enslaved individuals. The amendment's ratification compelled the formerly Confederate states to regain representation at the federal level. Its enactment was a positive development for African Americans, granting them citizenship in the United States.

-KT

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Sumner's state suicide theory

Du Bois included the Sumner's suicide theory to emphasize the impact it had in both our social and economic worlds. The theory predicted that the meddling of the governments in the lives of citizens and economic affairs would cause the states to "commit suicide". Including the theory helps to emphasize and point out the struggles that African Americans had to face due to society and the government during the time period.

- AS (5th)

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Du Bois included Sumners state suicide theory in his chronology of reconstruction timeline, as it was very important viewpoint in the debate of abolishment. This theory was intended to show that the federal government lacked the legal power to make slavery illegal, proving the need for a new bill or law to be passed to contribute. Without this viewpoint, congress would not have the constitutional power to abolish slavery in the states. This unique set of ideas established by the senator changed the course of action taken by the federal government in order to eliminate slavery.

-DB P2

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May, 1866- Second Freedman's Bureau Bill vetoed and passed.

Congress enacted "An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees" on March 3, 1865, with the goal of helping displaced Southerners—including recently freed African Americans—by providing them with land, food, clothes, housing, and medical care. In addition to managing lands that had been seized or abandoned, overseeing contracts between employers and freedmen, and establishing schools, the Freedmen's Bureau was to function "during the present war of rebellion, and for one year thereafter." It was vetoed and failed many times especially after Lincolns assassination before it was finally overturned from Johnson's veto in 1866.

-NJM(p7)

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Du Bois added the 14th amendment being passed because it was an important event in history. This amendment allowed “people born or naturalized in the U.S including enslaved people and citizens with equal protection under laws.Du Bois was African American so this amendment being passed was probably important to him and his family.

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1865 Johnson president

Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the U.S, serving from 1865 to 1869. He was vice president at the time of Abraham Lincoln being in office, he worked with Abraham together as democrats as the Civil war was coming to a conclusion. Andrew was an old fashion southern Jacksonian, he and Edmund Muskie led the passage of 'Air Quality Act of 1967' increasing federal subsides for state and local pollution programs. This formed a legal basis for modern environmental movement after Johnson signed over 300 conservation measures into laws. He implemented his own Presidential Reconstruction favoring quick restoration of seceding to the Union.

Temoy.B prd-7

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1862- Sumner's State suicide Theory.

Du Bois included this event in his chronology because is demonstrates how the Confederate states seceded caused a constitutional suicide that could threaten their economy. I believe Du Bois chose to include this event because is demonstrated the reconstruction of the Confederacy and the Union.

-MD

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1865, Johnsons plan of provisional governors which would help southern states be accepted back into the Union. Du Bois likely included Johnsons plan because it became the blueprint for how states could be reinstated into the Union over his presidency. His plan though did not offer African Americans any roles in the government. Johnsons plan though was showed how Johnson wanted reconstruction to go under him.

-TS

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October 4th 1864 Syracuse convention

During this convention some declarations of wrongs and rights were discussed and produced on the topic of the lack of liberty that African americans were enduring freed and enslaved. Furthermore, the convention which was attended by 144 delegates, Although unsure of himself and his capabilities of being president of the convention, Fredrick Douglass persevered spoke on the matter asking for their help in promoting freedom, progress and elevation while also showing offence to those who try to opress African Americans in any way. This convention was help to asses the meaning of the end of a "long dark night of sorrow" and the "mornings dawn" Ja'nya L

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The event that I chose to research is the 1865 Civil Rights bill veto. I think that Du Bois included this event in his chronology of reconstruction because it highlights the fact that the political and social climate at the time was not in complete agreement with the idea of reconstruction. By vetoing a bill that would help further civil rights for African Americans, the government showed that it was not concerned with doing things that would favor African Americans, which shows that there were still many prejudices and wrongdoings against black people even though slavery had ended. This could also help suggest an answer as to why reconstruction at the time, in general, was not very successful despite the efforts that were being made.

- JC  P7

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1862 Sumner's State Suicide Theory

Charles Sumner, a leading radical voice in the Senate created the state suicide theory that if Confederate states left the Union, they did 'suicide' and would be considered as territories of the U.S. Congress had the authority to control ex-Confederate states before they could come back to the Union. This theory was supposed to have the basis to abolish slavery. Web Du Bois included this in the chronology because he wanted African Americans to have their rights and Sumner's state suicide theory affects African Americans in the states that left the Union

-HG

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1867, March, Reconstruction Bill, 5 military divisions, manhood suffrage, conventions: passed over veto

Du Bois included this event because, this act helped establish how the Confederate States would be capable of readmitted to the Union. This was a very important event as it did help the states be able to gain complete statehood. The bill successfully divided the former Confederate States into 5 different military districts. This act not only helped the states but greatly gave former slaves the right to vote and hold a public office. African Americans were satisfied with the protection from the discriminatory state laws as a whole. This act plays a great part in the historical consequential, creating a huge step and role.

-SH (Period 7)

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Sumner's State Suicide theory- 1862

This is a theory that Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner believed that the Confederate states, by seceding, had committed a sort of constitutional suicide, dissolving their 'peculiar local institutions" and leaving their territory and inhabitants to be governed by congress. The idea that the seceded states had reverted to the condition of territories was widely discussed among republicans after the outbreak of war. I think Du Bois included Sumner's theory because it expressed the impact that it had on society and emphases how the actions the Confederate states made are perceived by Congress

HN 7th period

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June, 1866 - 14th Amendment Passed

This event was included in Du Bois timeline because it granted citizenship and rights to all African Americans. This amendment shows it's importance and its strong meaning in history. This was a tremendous step for every citizen, regardless of their race and their pass as a former enslaved person.

-EA

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Du Bois included the 1867 Reconstruction Bill in march into his chronology because its a significant moment during the Reconstruction era, and aiding African Americans. This bill divided the confederate states into five military districts, except for Tennessee. They divided the confederates into five military divisions because the republicans wanted to ensure the South are castigated for causing the Civil War, and make sure the new states were equal. Each confederate state had to create a new constitution that benefited African Americans voting rights.

ST

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Du bois mentioned this because it highlighted a key moment in the Civil War in which the draft was created and the public’s reaction toward the new law. It showed the disconnect between Lincoln’s decision and the opinions of the public. Many of the violence with the riots were aimed at many black people due to the fact that they weren’t technically citizens of the United States the draft order would not affect them. He adds this moment to show a point of unrest and the anger of the American people.
-MK

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W. E. B. Du Bois included the Sumner's State Suicide Theory in his " Chronology of Reconstruction" because it holds an important argument from Sumner regarding the ex-Confederate States that have seceded from the Union which turn the states into mere territories of the United States. As a result, congress possess definite authority over the ex-Confederate States and imposed various condition on whether the states are allowed to join the Union.

-E.D.

7th period

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1862 Sumner's State Suicide Theory.

Charles Sumner argued that each rebellious state had committed suicide, reverting to territorial status, and therefore could be regulated by Congress. Du Bois may have included this in his list to show how congress continued to think of ways to get confederate states back into the Union.

TKH

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December Committee of Fifteen, 1865

Congress had made the joint committee off fifteen with nine representatives, and six senators, being twelve republicans and three democrats. This was done to the 39th congress meet as newly elected legislators from former confederate states gave their credentials expecting to be seated in the senate. This got the house and senate to create the joint committee to ease the questions of the validity of the meet. W.E.B Du Bois's would have likely added this to show the importance of the committee meeting as it did.

-BN

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In W.E.B. Du Bois' Chronology of Reconstruction, Charles Sumner's "Sumner's State Suicide Theory" is mentioned in the year 1862. Sumner said that by becoming part of the United States, Confederate states that broke away from the Union committed state suicide. This theory holds that Congress can command these states to rejoin the Union. Representatives from the South were prohibited by Congress from casting ballots until their states fulfilled the requirements for reunification. Sumner explained his decision. This argument was probably included by W.E.B. Du Bois because it helped Congress come up with a plan for allowing Confederate states to reenter the Union and make decisions about how to handle their re-entry.

-JF

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1865 Johnson plan of provisional governors was included in the chronology of reconstruction by Du Bios because he wanted the southern states to be back in the Union. This allows the states to follow the reconstruction with new constitutions to abolish slavery and renouncing secession.

-EH

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The 14th amendment passed

This amendment was made to give citizenship and fair treatment to everyone born or naturalized in the U.S. Du Bois included this in his timeline because as you know he was civil right activist and the 14 amendment was a major step towards civil right and equality.

KZ

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1864, Syracuse Convention, also named the National Convention of Colored Men, it took a place on October 4, 1864, in Syracuse, New York. In the process, they created "A Declaration of Wrongs and Rights," which emphasized the pain and lack of freedom experienced by free African Americans. Because there was discussion of the violence and and discrimination against African Americans, Du Bois could have included this in his chronology.

-AC

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Syracuse Convention

The Syracuse convention may have been included because it was a very important gathering that helped with the civil rights movement. Black men were capable of speaking their mind and the conference produced the Declaration of Wrings which helped people of color express the hardships they went through during slavery.

TD

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The summer state suicide was a theory created to understand the reasoning of why states were killing themselves when the end of slavery was brought in their districts. The theory was then used as a way to legally abolish slavery in court by using the way sates were treating the matter as a legal basis. Du Bois using this in his chronology of reconstruction shows his taking into consideration of the revolts whites would take on the idea of no more slavery.

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The Syracuse convention in 1864 was a convention of black men that set out to give them more rights. They thought it was unjust that they could fight for their country but not vote. They decided to write a declaration of rights and wrongs and present it before the US congress. Du Bois probably included this event because it was a huge event for colored men since they were heard in front of many delegates in congress.

JM

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The State Suicide Theory of Sumner, 1862.

Given the significance of this event to society, Du Bois may have decided to include it in his timeline. According to this idea, the Confederate states committed a kind of constitutional suicide by seceding, making it impossible for there to be any intervention in a state's economy. I think Du Bois included this incident because it was a crucial factor in Congress' decision-making over the Confederate states' subsequent course of action when they sought to rejoin the Union.

EM

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The Wade-Davis plan was included because it brought Confederate states back into the Union. It made half the men in the state take an oath to the military and promise they were not in the confederate war. This was fundamental in the Reconstruction era because it was a step into making the country more united.

-RZ

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In 1862 the Sumner's State Suicide Theory said that states "committed suicide" when they seceded from the Union states by becoming territory of the US. Du Bois might have included Sumner's State Suicide because it shows the struggle that African-Americans had to experience. It also helped re-enter Confederate states into the Union.

-IB

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Syracuse Convention(1864)-

140 abolitionists from seventeen states including the slave stated met in the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Syracuse, New York, to discuss new meaning of freedom in America. They focused on equal opportunities and equal rights among all. Du Bois may have added this into the timeline because its one of the most significant gatherings in history that allowed many different people to be included. Men of color were able to speak and stand up and voice their opinions on the hardships and unequal rights they endured.

TM (4th period)

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1865, Macrh, Civil Rights Bill vetoed

This was included in the timeline due to its importance and what it tells us about Andrew Johnsons policies and morals. This is also a look into his presidency and how he acts as a leader and president. When he vetoed the Civil Rights Bill this helped to show the people the platform that President Johnson upheld. This also was a damper on reconstruction efforts.

C.B

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1864, Sumner State Suicide Theory

Du Bois included the Sumner’s State Suicide Theory in his Chronology of Reconstruction because it helped to prove the power of Republican’s in Congress at the time, which in turn, helped usher in the period of reconstruction.  The Sumner State Suicide Theory surrounded the idea that when the Confederate states seceded from the Union, they committed ‘State Suicide’, reducing their status to only territories of the United States. This in turn, gave power to Congress to impose conditions that the ‘states’ had to fulfill in order to rejoin the Union. It also added to Republican power as Confederate representatives had to meet certain requirements such as reeducating themselves on stronger constitutional values before they could be fully accepted again in Congress. This paved the way for Republicans in Congress to work towards reconstruction and play a main role in it, as they held the legal justification to do so. Essentially, the theory was a stepping stone towards reconstruction.

-SC

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1862 Sumner state suicide theory.

DuBois included this in his chronology because it was an important part of how the south was reintegrated into the union and how African Americans struggled to fit in their new society. When ex-Confederate states left the union, Charles Sumner said they had committed state "suicide". This theory created a new way to look at southern states. They were no longer considered states, just territories of the US. Congress created a series of conditions for the territories to become states and be allowed back into the union.

AS

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Sumner's state suicide theory was included in Du Bois's chronology as it proved to be very important to aiding reconstruction. The theory offered a bold idea that previously confederate states seceded from the union had committed state "suicide" and became mere territories of the U.S. This offered congress great liberty on how they govern these states, and congress imposed various conditions upon them before they readmitted to the union. The Republican-controlled congress excluded ex-confederates until they met certain requirements. Furthermore, Sumner criticized Andrew Johnson undermining congressional efforts at reconstruction in previously confederate states.

-FA

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Syracuse Convention-

The Syracuse Convention took in in Syracuse, New York on October 4th, 1864. This event is actually called the National Convention of Colored Men and happened after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation. At the time, African Americans were able to and would fight in the Union Army but could not vote. In this convention, everyone there made a Declaration of Wrongs and Rights and in this highlighted the lack of liberty and suffering that African Americans went through, whether they were enslaved or free. Du Bois most likely included this in his chronological order of events because this event was important because it served as a chance for African Americans to speak out and possibly make their situation and rights better for them.

MI

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1866, January, Congress defeats first 14th Amendment: Since Congress's failure of the first 14th Amendment in January 1866 was a turning point in the post-Civil War era, Du Bois includes it in his Chronology of Reconstruction. The difficulties and opposition involved in securing equal rights for emancipated slaves were brought to light by this denial. Du Bois probably brought attention to this incident in order to highlight the difficulties and complexities of the Reconstruction era and to highlight the continuous fight for equality and civil rights.

EB (6 period)

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1863 Draft Riots. A newly introduced federal draft law was passed which enraged many eligible candidates. Hundreds of people died and many attacks were brought upon African Americans. Rioting started with attacks upon associated governmental things ending in the attacks directed towards African Americans. 4,000 federal troops had to be brought to halt the rioters. The aftermath resulted in hundreds dead and millions in damage. - The inclusion of this shows the early division amongst citizens and divisional events leading up to further internal conflicts in Du Bois timeline.

FD

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1864, Syracuse Convention-

On October 4th, 1864, the National Convention of Black Men took place in Syracuse. At this convention, a declaration of wrongs and rights was produced. This declaration helped shed light on any suffering and lack of liberty that African Americans still faced as of that time period. 144 delegates from just about half of the 35 states attended the convention. I think Du Bois included this in the chronology of Reconstruction because this was an important event that allowed people to know what problems had to be fixed when reconstruction took place. Also, it displays the problems before Reconstruction, so we can compare them with the life of African Americans after Reconstruction.

-CB

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The New York City draft rioters, made of Irish immigrants, protested the 1863 Enrollment Act, which mandates that all male citizens between the ages of 20 and 45 enroll for the military draft. This was added to Du Bois mostly due to the use of the poor man while the wealthy was having no troubles. Also, the riots divided white workers from blacks. The act of rioting may itself have released guilt and shame over former interracial pleasures. This also might be a reason for it being in the timeline.

-CW (Period 6)

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The Sumner State Suicide is contributed significantly to the country's polarization over the issue of slavery. It has been considered symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse" and willingness to resort to violence that eventually led to the Civil War.

-SM

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1864, Syracuse Convention

Also known as the National Convention of Colored Men, which took place in Syracuse, New York on October 4th, 1864. During which, they produced 'A Declaration of Wrongs and Rights', which highlighted the lack of liberty and suffering of free African Americans. Du Bois may have included this in his chronology because the discrimination and violence against African Americans was addressed.

-NVR

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1864 Wade-Davis Plan

The Wade-Davis Plan was a revised proposal of Lincoln's original plan for a loyalty oath to readmit southern states. He initially stated that 10 percent of the male population should pledge loyalty to readmit a state. The Wade-Davis Plan was made in response with 50 percent loyalty. Although Congress passed the bill, Lincoln pocket vetoed it--meaning he did nothing to enforce the bill--and defended a 10 percent margin up until his assassination. Du Bois included the Wade-Davis Plan in his timeline because it was a starting point for the reconstruction of the southern states and returning them to the Union, which was a major reason for the Civil War.

VO

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1864 Wade-Davis plan. It was a plan that required 50% of all voters in Confederate states to pledge allegiance to the Union before they could reunite. It would also cause slavery to be abolished in the Southern states. Du Bois could have included it here because it is the framework of reconstruction following the civil war and proposed the reunification of the United States, most events on the timeline sprout from this event. -CC (Period 6)

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1865, 14000 Pardons in nine months.

This event was included in Du Bois's chronology as it was an important part of the post-reconstruction process. On May 29, 1865 President Johnson created a proclamation which pardoned former Confederate officials and soldiers that participated in the Civil War. This decision created a final surrender of all Confederate troops and allowed soldiers to swear an oath of loyalty to the United States and free any slaves that they owned. This also reduced unrest amongst citizens who feared the return of the Confederacy.

-CSPC

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Du Bois may have included the Syracuse Convention in 1864

because it raised awareness of the unfair treatment of African American people even after the war. Discussing the "rights" and "wrongs" of the ways that African American people have been treated over the years. African Americans were able to have a say and spoke up for their people, empowering African Americans and changing history. This gathering became one of the most important gatherings of its time.
-LBM

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1863 Draft riots. What caused this was When recruiting for the army began in July 1863, a mob in New York wrecked the main recruiting station. Then, for three days, crowds of white workers marched through the city, destroying buildings, factories, streetcar lines, homes. The draft riots were complex mainly black oppose. What happened in these riots were many riots occurring in the city and the birth of many mobs which led to assaulting residents, defying police, burning buildings.

-JE

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1862 Sumner's state suicide theory

Du Bois included this in his chronology to bring light to a way for a state to be run by congress in order to abolish slavery because of the idea that the federal government did not have enough power to abolish slavery in all states. By committing state suicide Congress had broad authority to govern the ex-Confederate States and impose various conditions on them before they could be readmitted to the Union.

-SD (Period 6)

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1862 Sumner's state suicide theory- This theory showed that Congress had the authority to order these states to rejoin the Union. It was said that Confederate states that seceded from the Union committed state "suicide" by becoming territory of the United States. This theory was believed strongly by Sumner, as he feared violence would occur if ex-confederate states did otherwise.

AC

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1866, May, Second Freedman Burera Bill vetoed and passed

Originally introduced in January of 1866 by senator of Illinoi senator Lyman Trumbull proposed a bill that would extend the reach of the Freedmans Burera to all states not just the ex-confederate, removing an expiration date of the Freedman's Burera act and expand the power of military governors to enforce provisions to protect African Americans. When went up to vote passed senate by 37 to 10 and after being approved by the House went to the president Johnson who vetoed bill as he saw reconstruction was done and the ex-confederate states where entitled to their constitutional rights which this act would infringe on and it couldn't get the two thirds vote to overturn the veto. In May a house bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau was proposed and was an final edited version of the original and it gained approval by the Senate and house and went to the president on July 3rd where once again it was vetoed but Senate and the House got the two thirds majority needed to over ride the veto and became a law on July 16, extending the work of the agency for two more years.

Was added to the timeline because it shows a great step in expanding the Freedman's Burera and extending the date that it would stop and showed overcoming those opposing development and helping of African Americans but it didn't stop people from eventually getting what they wanted and leading to more progression in America.

-SB

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Du Bois may have included the concept of "sumner's state suicide" in his chronology because it represented an important perspective on the decline of Reconstruction and the challenges faced by African Americans during that time. This concept suggests that the Reconstruction era ended due to a combination of factors such as, political corruption, acts of violence towards African Americans, etc.

FZ

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1865, December, Johnson's message; United States has no power over suffrage:

In the duration of this speech which took place December 4th, 1865 Johnson expresses that in order for the United to be a better union that they should follow the constitution. The part "United states has no power over suffrage" gives us insight that the states could give out any rights of who gets to vote just like how the constitution states. President Johnson also mentions the fact that the 13th amendment contributes to peace and makes the union more united. He also talks about the justice for Freedmen and their ability to labor.

-F.G.P

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The Wade-Davis Plan was a proposal put forth by Republican lawmakers Benjamin Wade and Henry Winter Davis in 1864 as an alternative to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan.

The plan required that a majority of white male citizens in secessionist states take an oath of allegiance to the Union before they could begin the process of forming new state governments. It also demanded stronger safeguards for the rights of freed slaves. The Wade-Davis Plan reflected a more rigorous approach to Reconstruction that sought to ensure a more thorough and permanent transformation of the South.

By including the Wade-Davis Plan in his chronology, Du Bois likely aimed to highlight the political debates and divisions within the Republican Party during Reconstruction. The plan's emphasis on protecting the rights of freed slaves was significant, as it acknowledged the importance of African Americans in the political landscape and demonstrated the ongoing struggle for their equality and empowerment.

-SPG

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1865, Johnson's plan for provisional governors

Du Bois may have included this to show Johnson's first steps after being introduced to office. To rally the still rebellious southern states he proposed the appointment of provisional governors to defeated states in order to renounce secession, complete the abolishment of slavery, and ultimately be substantial for the re-assimilation of the ex-confederate states back into the Union.

-KF

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The Sumner state suicide believed that the Confederate states, by seceding, had committed a sort of constitutional suicide, dissolving their "peculiar local institutions" (that is, slavery) and leaving their territory and inhabitants to be governed by Congress. This conception derived from three constitutional sources. The idea that the seceded states had reverted to the condition of territories was widely discussed among Republicans after the outbreak of war. The belief that slavery, because it required positive law for its existence, would expire when that law expired, was derived from implications of the doctrine of somerset ' scase (1772) and had appeared in abolitionists' constitutional arguments before the war. Abolitionists also found a basis of congressional power to govern the states

The reason why I think Du Bois included the summer state suicide theory was because it was a prevalent theory at the time on how to get rid of the pro slavery laws held by confederate states. By making them US territories instead of states allowing for greater control over ex-confederate states.

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In 1862 Sumner offered up the bold theory that is known as "Sumner's State Suicide Theory" which was the theory that when states left the union they committed state "suicide" and there status would be changed to a territory of the United States rather than a state. This gave congress the power to govern over the seceded states and do what they want with them before they would be readmitted to the United States. Du Bois may have included this in the timeline because this shows something important that had happened before states were readmitted to the US and shows us a little bit before full reconstruction could begin.

- AP

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1864 - Syracuse Convention

On October, 1864, the National Convention of Colored Men took place in Syracuse, New York. Du Bois included this on his chronology since it is considered as one of the most significant gatherings of African American leaders in the U.S.

Several abolitionists from across the nation attended. Important figures such as Frederick Douglass gave speeches, discussing the meaning of freedom in America, following the Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation.

A Declaration of Rights and Wrongs was outlined at the convention, which described the suffering African Americans had experienced over hundreds of years.

This gathering brought up the mission of true equality, opportunities, and rights in America, the main idea of Reconstruction.

- JD

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Du Bois may have included the Syracuse Convention in 1864 because it raised awareness of the unfair treatment of African American people even after the war. Discussing the "rights" and "wrongs" of the ways that African American people have been treated over the years. African Americans were able to have a say and spoke up for their people, empowering African Americans and changing history. This gathering became one of the most important gatherings of its time.

-GS

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1864 Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Plan and is Reelected:

Du Bois included this event in his chronology in order to highlight Lincoln's leniency towards the South during the time of reconstruction. The Wade-Davis plan initially asked for 50% of the confederate states' citizens to swear an oath to the union. It was only then that they could be readmitted and participate to write new state constitutions. However, Lincoln did not want any harsh feeling or harsh punishments and wanted the South to re-enter the union as quickly as possible. He wanted just 10% so he decided to pocket veto the bill and not sign it. The fact it states he was reelected shows he would of most likely kept this mind set moving forward in reconstruction but was assassinated before he could do so.

JO (Period 5)

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Lincoln's Plan

In 1863, Lincoln had his first plan for Reconstruction. His plan was known as the "Ten-Percent Plan" and in his plan he hoped to get at least 10 percent of Confederate soldiers swear an oath of loyalty to the Union, keep the states in place, and abolish slavery. Du Bois included Lincoln's plan in his chronology because Lincoln's plan made some big important changes to Reconstruction during the Reconstruction era.

-AC (period 5)

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1866, June, 14th Amendment Passed

The 14th amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States", including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with "equal protection under the laws". Du Bois might have included this event on his timeline because this event was very significant time for anyone who was born in the United States and not considered a "citizen" before this, including African Americans and slaves who were freed after the American Civil War, granting citizenship and equal civil and legal rights.

-EF

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Syracuse convention 1864

The Syracuse convention is a convention for colored men that took place in New York. During the convention rights and wrongs were outlined through the suffering of African Americans during slavery. 144 delegates attended the convection from 18 states. Many speeches where delivered all focusing on what equal opportunities and equal rights are. People were demand equal education and equal rights. Fredrick Douglas led the convention as its president and spoke about many of the rights for African Americans. They also talked about the elimination of the Lease system. I think this was included on Du Bois timeline because it tells people that African American rights were discussed and how the should be treated equal to people.

-LD

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Du Bois' included the Wade-Davis plan in his Chronology under 1864 because it helped reunite the Union. Abraham Lincoln proposed a 10 percent plan but Republican Congressmen read this as too lenient. Senator Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Davis of Maryland created a new plan that was way more strict. The plan was also to abolish slavery but 50 percent of the state's white males would have to take an oath of loyalty to the United States and swear they never assisted the Confederacy. This was passed by Congress but veto-ed by Lincoln. Although, after Lincoln's assassination in April of 1865, Congress shaped federal policy towards the South and enforced these strict policies first mentioned in the Wade-Davis plan.

MZ

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The Syracuse convention was help over four days in 1864 before the presidential election to discuss the new meaning of freedom in America. This convention had several abolitionists that included some from slave states, some participants include Fredrick Douglas, William Wells Brown and Henry Highland Grant. Du Bois included this in his chronology to document the people question freedom in America which can affect the upcoming election and waver how people view future delegates.
-AG

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The Fourteenth Amendment being passed. This event occurred on June 14th, 1866. This amendment allowed citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States of America. This is included in the Du Bois timeline, since this event progressed the civil rights of African American people and those who were previously enslaved. The ratification of the amendment forced the formerly Confederate states to become represented again federally. This amendment being passed was an improvement for African American people and allowed them to become citizens of the US.

-LC

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Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866

Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866 | U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center (visitthecapitol.gov)

After the Civil War, Congress and the Executive branch were having trouble bringing the Former Confederate states back into the Union. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction was established in December 1865 to identify the terms the seceded states needed to regain representation. They did not agree with Johnson’s efforts to grant them quick readmission.

After a year, the committee outlined what was needed from the seceded states to be readmitted including ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment. Partially because they were concerned about violence against African Americans in the South.

AG

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Massachusetts Senator charles sumner, like most abolitionists and all Republicans before the Civil War, believed that the federal government lacked constitutional power to abolish slavery in the states. By early 1862, however, he and some other Republicans sought a theoretical basis for the exercise of congressional authority to govern occupied areas of the Confederacy and to eliminate slavery there. While other Republicans flirted with theories of territorialization or the conquered provinces concept of Representative thaddeus stevens, Sumner developed his own unique amalgam of constitutional ideas for reconstruction, which came to be known as the state suicide theory. -DP

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Sumner's State Suicide Theory was included in Du Bois Chronology of Reconstruction because the act itself argued that when ex-Confederate states seceded from the Union, they had committed 'suicide', giving authority to Congress to essentially dictate these states before they could be readmitted to the Union. The act conflicted with who was responsible for carrying out the Reconstruction era; Congress or the President? The theory was believed strongly by Sumner, as he feared doing otherwise with the ex-Confederate states would lead to violence and unjust laws towards African Americans, disrupt peace across the nation, and the emergence of rebels. He wanted the war to have created change that sustains itself, not for history to repeat. Du Bois included this for its significance in displaying the conflict of authority undergone during the Reconstruction era, the sides involved, and how the states were affected.

-SZ

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1865, March, Civil Rights Bill vetoed

Du Bois included this on his chronology because it was an important event during this time period. The bill being vetoed highlighted the post-Civil War struggles within the U.S. and over the direction of Reconstruction policies. Although the Bill was vetoed by Johnson, the veto was overturned by the 39th U.S. Congress and it became a law in 1866.

(SM 2nd period)

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Du Bois included the passing of the 14th amendment since it granted citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the US. The amendment was passed by senate on June 8th, 1866. It was a crucial step in the reconstruction allowing all formerly enslaved people to be recognized as citizens. On top of this, the amendment also granted everyone equal protection under the law regardless of race, age, gender and other social aspects. This was a big step in the moving forward of equal rights and the reconstruction process.

-BP

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1866, June, 14th Amendment Passed

Du Bois included this since it is a huge event as it did grant citizenship and rights to African Americans. This includes the Amendment showing its importance and how significance to history that it was a huge step for all citizens, regardless of race or former enslaved people.

JZ

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1864 Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis bill and is reelected. Du Bois included this on the chronology due to it shaping the southern states. It was vetoed as it didn't go along with Lincoln's plans. Lincoln was also opposed to the Wade-Davis bill as he thought it was too harsh.

JDA

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1864-Syracuse Convention (National Convention of Colored Men) was held. Du Bois may have included this in his chronology because it was one of the largest and most significant gatherings up to that point in history. They were able to produce a Declaration of Wrongs and Rights which would go over the suffering that many Blacks and slaves had to go through over the years. They were able to have voice their opinions and speak out against the wrongdoings that had been done to them throughout history. This could have been an important factor for colored people to start speaking out against the hardships that they went through and fight against them in later years.

GS

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The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was initiated on February 24, 1868, when the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, for "high crimes and misdemeanors". The alleged high crimes and misdemeanors were afterwards specified in eleven articles of impeachment adopted by the House on March 2 and 3, 1868. The primary charge against Johnson was that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act.

-A.P

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1862 Sumner's State Suicide Theory.

Du Bois might have chosen to include this event in his chronology because it shows how important it was to society. This theory states that the Confederate states, by seceding, had committed a sort of constitutional suicide if there was to be any interference within a states economy. I believe that Du Bois chose to include this event because it greatly helped Congress to decide its next move when Confederate states were looking to re-enter the Union.

-DVM

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Sumner offers a very interesting theory, arguing that states "committed suicide" when they seceded from the Union states and reverted to just being American territories. Du Bois may have included this because Sumner would always stand alone politically talking about the most important racial inequality issues as well as helping with Southern reconstruction. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the Republican Congress wasn't sure what that political status of the ex-Confederate states were and Sumner brought up this theory.

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1863 Draft Riots-

In New York City, July 13th-16th 1963, there was a huge disturbance and resistance to the new laws that were to draft young men into the Civil War. Du Bois likely included this because it showed that the lower class felt used, as they had to fight in the war while the wealthy men were spared. This represented how unpopular the Civil War was.

AC

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1865 Johnson plan of provisional governors

Du Bois probably included this because Johnson proposes to appoint provisional governors to the defeated states; under their direction, new constitutions would be drafted abolishing slavery and renouncing secession. Following the authorization of these new laws, the states would be accepted back into the Union. Which plays apart in the reconstruction that was taking place during these times.

-GG

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1867, March, Reconstruction Bill

Du Bois included this in his timeline because The Reconstruction Act of 1867 outlined the terms for readmission to the representation of rebel states. The bill divided the Confederate States into 5 military districts, which each had to make a new constitution. The constitution had to include African Americans in the vote to make it legal within the state and accepted by everybody. This allowed African Americans to get a little more of an advantage when it came to voting.

-N.M

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Du Bois may have included Sumner's State Suicide Theory in his chronology to emphasize its importance and impact in the social and economic worlds. The theory mentioned that states would essentially "commit suicide" if governments were to meddle in the affairs of the economy and its citizens. The inclusion of this theory in his chronology highlights the struggles that African-Americans had to face in this period against society and the government.

-SF (Period 4)

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1866, June, 14th Amendment Passed

Du Bois included this since it is a very big and important event as it did grant citizenship, equal civil and legal rights to African Americans. Including this Amendment shows its importance and historical significance as it was a big step for all citizens, regardless of race or former enslaved people.

-SM