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Fort Sumter is an island fort located in the middle of Charleston Harbor. It was originally a federal possession located in Confederate South Carolina. Because of the tensions with the Union, South Carolinians cut off supply lines from the North to the fort. This resulted in Lincoln sending provisions, however, the South started firing on Union suppliers. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter. Because of that, the Union was forced to surrender and this would mark the official start of the Civil War. It would later become the bloodiest battle in American history.

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The Anaconda Plan was the Union’s military strategy proposed by General Winfield Scott. The idea was that the North would lean on its naval leverages to blockade Southern ports. Additionally, the Union would control the Mississippi River, which in turn would split the Confederacy in half. The Union’s attack would cut off valuable imported supplies and exports that the South would have needed. This would weaken the Confederacy’s economic and diplomatic disadvantages. The name “Anaconda” Plan was Winfield portraying how the Confederate states are being strangled as their imports and exports will be cut off. This would serve as a representation of the Union being the predator, crushing the Confederacy as its prey.

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Anaconda plan, military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, a thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval

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What made the Anaconda Plan's strategy sucessful?

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The Cotton Diplomacy refers to the Confederacy’s strategy against the Union. Because the southern states are recognized for agricultural stability and efficiency. At the time, cotton was the most demanded crop. And in attempts to have Britain and France fight for the Confederacy, the Confederates tried pursuing British forces with their cotton. This would also be known as King Cotton. However, there were other nations that produced further more cotton than southern states. The discovery of India and Egypt’s production of cotton, European powers declined to help.

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The Confiscation acts were created in 1861. The Confiscation Acts are a series of laws passed by Congress. The main purpose of these laws were for societal reform. The main issue adressed was slavery and enslaved people. The 1st Confiscation Act stated that all slaves serving in the Confederate Army would be considered held captive, and it stated that they must be freed. The second confiscation act was more assertive with the issue of slavery. It stated that slaves of any extent would be freed. The acts heavily inacted emancipation.

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How do the Confiscation Acts and the Emancipation Proclaimation correlate?

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During the American Civil War, the Union army would obtain a strategic victory against the Confederacy. The Battle of Antietam took place in September, 1862 at Antietam creek in Maryland. The war was a result of the North being against slavery and the South being for slavery. This would divide America into two factions, the Confederacy representing the South and the Union representing the North. During this time, Abraham Lincoln was the U.S. President, tasking General Grant as commander. Both Abraham Lincoln and Union General Grant came up with strategic tactics that led to their victory. The war resulted in over 22,000 fatalities, making the Battle of Antietam to be one of the bloodiest battles.

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Taking place in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a three-day battle was fought between the Union and the Confederacy. The Confederacy was led by General Robert E. Lee and the Union is led by General George G. Meade. On July 1st, the Confederacy and the Union clashed as both sides were in search of supplies. The Confederacy won against the Union during the clash. But on Day 2, the Union Army returned with reinforcements, resulting in an even bloodier collision. On Day 3, the Union retaliated by utilizing artillery fire and weaponry, achieving their victory. The engagement caused approximately over 51,000 deaths with the deaths of both sides nearly tying.

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The Battle of Vicksburg, also known as Siege of Vicksburg, lasted from May to July of 1863. In May, General Grant and his army would enter Vicksburg. Vicksburg is a city located in the Mississippi territory, meaning if the Union was successful, they would be able to control the Mississippi River. Because of that, Grant’s goal was to capture Vicksburg, but he and his men were met by Confederate forces. Under the leadership of General Grant, the Union was able to gain control of Mississippi. The battle resulted in over 37,000 deaths, over 32,000 being Confederates and over 4,900 being those of the Union. After capturing Vicksburg, General Grant tasked General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, which would be known as the Atlanta Campaign of 1864.

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The Atlanta Campaign was led by William T. Sherman. In this campaign there were several series of battles that took place. One of the most important battles that took place was the March to the Sea. The purpose of this campaign was to march throughout the southern states and damage their confederate forces. In order to cause this, there were different types of strategies that took place. Two of the most important strategies that were used were to destroy their resources and to weaken their amount of supplies. Although they did not destroy Atlanta, they still caused major damage to the town. Atlanta was captured on September 2, 1864. After they successfully captured Atlanta they moved onto the south.

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A Map of Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864 

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A Map of Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864 

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Sherman's march to the sea took place in November and December of 1864. This event was a military strategy created by William Tecumseh Sherman. The purpose of this event was to daunt the Confederate army's. This event contributed to the Confederate army's defeat. Sherman and his soldiers traveled from Atlanta to Savannah Georgia. They damaged many railroads, structures, and more. The use of Sherman's strategy to destroy useful information and items contributed to this victory.

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How did the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the sea both affect Georgia?

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Surrender At Appomattox Courthouse, 1865 

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Surrender At Appomattox Courthouse, 1865 

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The Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse took place in April, 1865. This event officially ended the Civil war, ending in the Union's defeating the Confederate army. Robert E. Lee was the general of the confederacy and he surrendered his military force to General Ulysses S. Grant (general of the Union Army). The meeting took place in Wilmer Mclean's residence. In an effort to make ammends, General Grant was lineint in allowing the confederate personnel to return home. He decided not to confiscate their horses and firearms. This was the event that fostered the end of the Civil War.

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Document Analysis: Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

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Document Analysis: Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

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Handwritten letter describing the terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia
Stratford Hall

Below is a typed copy of the terms of surrender:
THE SURRENDER TERMS

Grant and Lee met in the parlor of Wilmer McLean's home. They exchanged the following letters that would bring about the end of America's Civil War:

Terms of Surrender

Headquarters Armies of the United States
Appomattox C H Va Apl 9th 1865.
Gen. R. E. Lee,
Comd'g C. S. A.

General,
In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit;
Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands.

The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage. This done officers and men will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by the United States authority as long as they observe their parole and the laws in force where they may reside.

Very respectfully
U. S. Grant
Lt. Gen

The following is a copy of the document that resides at Stratford:

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Surrender Documents - Appomattox Court House National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)

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Below is a typed copy of the terms of surrender: THE SURRENDER TERMS Grant and Lee met in the parlor of Wilmer McLean's home. They exchanged the following letters that would bring about the end of America's Civil War: Terms of Surrender Headquarters Armies of the United States Appomattox C H Va Apl 9th 1865.

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On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued and signed by former President Abraham Lincoln. It was a military strategy in which bolstered the Union against the Confederacy. One of the things it has done was freeing Confederate enslaved people. In turn, former enslaved folks from the South would fight for the Union. In spite of freeing Confederate former enslaves, he did not free enslaved folks from states he had the authority to  do so. Moreover, it prevented European powers intervention to aid the Confederacy. Considering the conflict between the North and South was issuing slavery, the British had just recently abolished slavery and because of that, they did not want to enter affairs with the Confederacy.

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Document Analysis: Emancipation Proclamation 

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Document Analysis: Emancipation Proclamation 

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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, announcing, "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Initially, the Civil War between North and South was fought by the North to prevent the secession of the Southern states and preserve the Union. Even though sectional conflicts over slavery had been a major cause of the war, ending slavery was not a goal of the war.

That changed on September 22, 1862, when President Lincoln issued his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that enslaved people in those states or parts of states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, would be declared free. One hundred days later, with the rebellion unabated, President issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Lincoln's bold step to change the goals of the war was a military measure and came just a few days after the Union's victory in the Battle of Antietam. With this Proclamation he hoped to inspire all Black people, and enslaved people in the Confederacy in particular, to support the Union cause and to keep England and France from giving political recognition and military aid to the Confederacy.

Because it was a military measure, however, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Union control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory.

Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it did fundamentally transform the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation announced the acceptance of Black men into the Union Army and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 Black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom.

From the first days of the Civil War, enslaved people had acted to secure their own liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically. As a milestone along the road to slavery's final destruction, the Emancipation Proclamation has assumed a place among the great documents of human freedom.

Transcript

By the President of the United States of America:

A Proclamation.

Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.

"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States."

Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)], and which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.

And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.

By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN
WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State.

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EnlargeDownload Link Citation: Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863; Presidential Proclamations, 1791-1991; Record Group 11; General Records of the United States Government; National Archives.

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How do the black codes and the Klu Klux Klan connect or relate?

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The habeas corpus was put into place between Philadelphia and Washington D.C because of the railroads that were connected. Lincoln did not approve of the habeas corpus that took place so as a result he ended up suspending it. The habeas corpus was a mandated court order for individuals who were in prison to be able to be present in the courtroom to testify their innocence. But Lincoln ended up suspending it because of the fact that it would be against the border state of Maryland. Additionally, this precept protected a person's rights to injust incarceration or punishment. This asserted that all cases and people must be brought before a court and a judge. This decision was contentious due to the fact that it left out the usual due process.

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The New York Draft Riots took place in 1863. The whole situation was a series of protests. The start of the draft riots had a huge spark after Lincoln's government went ahead and passed the Conscription Act. This act was put into place in order to require men to serve the Army. Many citizens did not agree with this new act that was put in place which caused widespread of violence and anger. Due to the anger, attacks started to take place in the city, government buildings, and military bases. The riots also were targeted towards African American citizens and as well as white women who were married to African Americans. The draft riots caused a lot of damage in the city. On July 16 the draft riots finally ended.

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On November 19th, 1863, Lincoln would deliver what’s known as the Gettysburg Address. The message was at the dedication of the Gettysburg Cemetery. Initially, Edward Everett was supposed to be the key orator of the address, but he was replaced by Lincoln. In the address, Lincoln sought to undertake two significant things. One, was to unify the nation with the belief that all men are equal. And two, to portray the abolition of slavery as the foundation of a new birth of democratic ideals. The Gettysburg Address would become one of America’s important speeches.

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Historical Black Colleges and Universities, also known as HBCU's started to become prominent during the reconstruction (post Civil War). The purpose of the founding of these colleges were to provide black scholars with the opportunity to an education. Some outside contributions to the creation of HBCU's were the Land Grant Acts of 1862. HBCU's also contributed to leadership development for African Americans. Some obstacles included funding, racism, and violence. Examples of colleges established during this era are Howard University, Fisk University, and Hampton University. In conclusion, HBCU's served as an opportunity for African Americans to rebuild post- war as well as opportunities for them to seek after higher education.

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Women's Roles as Spies (Scholarly article) 

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Women's Roles as Spies (Scholarly article) 

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Women had a strong influence and affect on the Civil war. Due to many men being away for the war, the women stepped outside of the usual societal domestic roles. They started to participate in roles such as espionage, disguises, communications, and military strategies. They would gather useful information about the enemies, communicate to the corresponding side through code, and dress up as men to fight. Though these were precarious and high risk, many women still did them. Some consequences included incarceration and eviction of their homes.

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 People of Color's Role as Spies (Scholarly Article)

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 People of Color's Role as Spies (Scholarly Article)

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Harriet Tubman - Civil War spy? | BrandeisNOW

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Kate Clifford Larson is a visiting scholar at the Women’s Studies Research Center. This article is republished from The Conversation.

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How did women's contributions in different roles such as spies affect the war?

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Video Spotlight: American Red Cross, Clara Barton

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Video Spotlight: American Red Cross, Clara Barton

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Clara Barton: Her life and legacy as the founder of the American Red Cross

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The Heroic First Black Regiment of the Civil War | Black Patriots: Heroes of the Civil War

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54th Massachusetts: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Black Soldiers (United States Colored Troops): The Civil War in Four Minutes

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This amendment abolished slavery and made it illegal throughout the U.S. It was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, but ratified on December 6, 1865. This made it illegal for White people to enslave black people, but it didn’t completely stop slavery. Slavery was still around until the early 1900’s until sharecropping was invented.

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Granted citizenship to all “born or naturalized in the U.S.” This included formerly enslaved Africans as this was created after the abolishment of slavery. Additionally, this would grant all citizens equal protection under the law. This was passed on June 8, 1866 by the Senate, and ratified on July 9, 1868.

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After the American Civil War and the abolitionment of slavery, more amendments were added to the Bill of Rights. On February 3, 1870, the 15th Amendment was ratified. This amendment granted franchise to the newly freed black men. This meant that the right of citizens, regardless of race or color, is given the right to vote. However, discriminatory practices were still being carried out ensuring that black men were unable to vote. Despite the liberty the 15th Amendment offered, it sparked conflict amongst women regarding their own rights to vote too. Women believed that since all men can vote, they should also be allowed to obtain suffrage.

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The Klu Klux Klan is an organization with the principle of white superiority with the viewpoint that the black race is inferior. After the American Civil War had transpired, the KKK members would terrorize black individuals. They were also in favor of what’s known as Black Codes. Black Codes were a series of laws put in place by southern legislatures that would restrict African Americans. These laws prohibited black Americans from borrowing money for land, forcing them to resort to the sharecropping system for low wages. It also prohibits black folks from testifying with white people. The Black Codes was a way for the South to preserve its prejudiced, uncompromising character before and after the war.

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Source: Laws of the State of Mississippi, passed at a Regular Session of the Mississippi Legislature, held in the City of Jackson, October, November and December, 1865 (Jackson: J. J. Shannon & Co., State Printers, 1866), 82-85, 86-89, 90-91, 165-167. Available at https://goo.gl/cJfW5k.

Section 1. Be it Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi, That all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes may sue and be sued, . . . may acquire personal property . . . and may dispose of the same in the same manner and to the same extent that white persons may: [ but no] freedman, free Negro, or mulatto [ shall] rent or lease any lands or tenements, except in incorporated towns or cities, in which places the corporate authorities shall control the same.

Sec 2. Be it further enacted, That all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes may intermarry with each other in the same manner and under the same regulations that are provided by law for white persons . . . .

Sec 3. Be it further enacted, That all freedmen, free negroes, and mulattoes who do now and have heretofore lived and cohabited together as husband and wife shall be taken and held in law as legally married, and the issue shall be taken and held as legitimate for all purposes. That it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any white person to intermarry with any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony and, on conviction thereof, shall be confined in the state penitentiary for life; and those shall be deemed freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes who are of pure Negro blood; and those descended from a Negro to the third generation inclusive, though one ancestor of each generation may have been a white person.

Sec 4. Be it further enacted, That in addition to cases in which freedmen, free negroes, or mulattoes are now by law competent witnesses, freedmen, free negroes, and mulattoes shall be competent in civil cases when a party or parties to the suit . . . also in cases where a white person or persons is or are the opposing parties [and] in all criminal prosecutions where the crime charged is alleged to have been committed by a white person upon or against the person or property of a freedman, free Negro, or mulatto . . . .

Sec 5. Be it further enacted, That Every freedman, free Negro, and mulatto shall . . . have a lawful home or employment, and shall have a written evidence thereof, as follows, to wit: if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from the mayor thereof; and if living outside of any incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, authorizing him or her to do irregular and job work, or a written contract, as provided in Section 6 of this act, which licenses may be revoked for cause, at any time, by the authority granting the same.

Sec 6. Be it further enacted, That All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writing and in duplicate, attested and read to said freedman, free Negro, or mulatto by a beat, city, or county officer, or two disinterested white persons of the county in which the labor is to be performed, of which each party shall have one; . . . and if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before expiration of his term of service without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year, up to the time of quitting.

Sec 7. Be it further enacted, That every civil officer shall, and every person may, arrest and carry back to his or her legal employer any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto who shall have quit the service of his or her employer before the expiration of his or her term of service without good cause, and said officer and person shall be entitled to receive for arresting and carrying back every deserting employee aforesaid the sum of five dollars . . . and the same shall be paid by the employer, and held as a setoff for so much against the wages of said deserting employee . . . .

. . .

Sec 9. Be if further enacted, That if any person shall persuade or attempt to persuade, entice, or cause any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto to desert from the legal employment of any person before the expiration of his or her term of service . . . he or she shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .
An Act to Regulate the Relation of Master and Apprentice, as relates to Freedmen, Free Negroes, and Mulattoes
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi, That it shall be the duty of all sheriffs, justices of the peace, and other civil officers of the several counties in this state to report to the Probate courts of their respective counties semiannually, at the January and July terms of said courts, all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes under the age of eighteen within their respective counties, beats, or districts who are orphans, or whose parent or parents have not the means, or who refuse to provide for and support said minors; and thereupon it shall be the duty of said Probate Court to order the clerk of said court to apprentice said minors to some competent and suitable person, on such terms as the court may direct, having a particular care to the interest of said minors: Provided, that the former owner of said minors shall have the preference when, in the opinion of the court, he or she shall be a suitable person for that purpose.

. . .

Sec 3. Be it further enacted, That in the management and control of said apprentices, said master or mistress shall have power to inflict such moderate corporeal chastisement as a father or guardian is allowed to inflict on his or her child or ward at common law: Provided that in no case shall cruel or inhuman punishment be inflicted.

Sec 4. Be it further enacted, That if any apprentice shall leave the employment of his or her master or mistress without his or her consent, said master or mistress may pursue and recapture said apprentice and bring him or her before any justice of the peace of the county, whose duty it shall be to remand said apprentice to the service of his or her master or mistress . . . .

Sec 5. Be it further enacted, That if any person entice away any apprentice from his or her master or mistress, or shall knowingly employ an apprentice, or furnish him or her food or clothing, without the written consent of his or her master or mistress, or shall sell or give said apprentice ardent spirits, without such consent, said person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction thereof before the county court, be punished as provided for the punishment of persons enticing from their employer hired freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes.

. . .

Sec 8. Be it further enacted, That in case any master or mistress of any apprentice, bound to him or her under this act, shall be about to remove, or shall have removed to any other state of the United States by the laws of which such apprentice may be an inhabitant thereof, the Probate Court of the proper county may authorize the removal of such apprentice to such state, upon the said master or mistress entering into bond, with security, in a penalty to be fixed by the judge, conditioned that said master or mistress will, upon such removal, comply with the laws of such state in such cases . . . .

. . .
An Act to Amend the Vagrant Laws of the State
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi, That all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practicing unlawful games or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers, pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or behavior, common railers and brawlers, persons who neglect their calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and all other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling shops, shall be deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act; and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100 . . . and be imprisoned at the discretion of the court not exceeding ten days.

Sec 2. Be it further enacted, That all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes in this state over the age of eighteen years found . . . with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together . . . and all white persons so assembling with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes, or usually associating with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes on terms of equality, or living in adultery or fornication with a freedwoman, free Negro, or mulatto, shall be deemed vagrants; and, on conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not exceeding, in the case of a freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, fifty dollars, and a white man, two hundred dollars, and imprisoned at the discretion of the court, the free Negro not exceeding ten days, and the white man not exceeding six months.

Sec 3. Be it further enacted, That all justices of the peace, mayors, and aldermen of incorporated towns and cities of the several counties in this state shall have jurisdiction to try all questions of vagrancy in their respective towns, counties, and cities; and it is hereby made their duty, whenever they shall ascertain that any person or persons in their respective towns, counties, and cities are violating any of the provisions of this act, to have said party or parties arrested and brought before them and immediately investigate said charge; and, on conviction, punish said party or parties as provided for herein. . . .
An Act to Punish Certain Offenses Herein Named, and for Other Purposes
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi, That no freedman, free Negro, or mulatto not in the military service of the United States government, and not licensed so to do by the board of police of his or her county, shall keep or carry firearms of any kind, or any ammunition, dirk, or Bowie knife . . . .

Sec 2. Be it further enacted, That any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto committing riots, routs, affrays, trespasses, malicious mischief, cruel treatment to animals, seditious speeches, insulting gestures, language, or acts, or assaults on any person, disturbance of the peace, exercising the function of a minister of the Gospel, without a license from some regularly organized church, vending spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or committing any other misdemeanor the punishment of which is not specifically provided for by law shall, upon conviction thereof in the county court, be fined not less than ten dollars and not more than one hundred dollars, and may be imprisoned, at the discretion of the court, not exceeding thirty days.

. . .

Sec 4. Be it further enacted, that all the penal and criminal laws now in force in this State, defining offenses and prescribing the mode of punishment for crimes and misdemeanors committed by slaves, free negroes or mulattoes, be and the same re-enacted, and declared to be in full force and effect, against freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes, except so far as the mode and manner of trial and punishment have been changed or altered by law.

Sec 5. Be it further enacted, That if any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto convicted of any of the misdemeanors provided against in this act shall fail or refuse, for the space of five days after conviction, to pay the fine and costs imposed, such person shall be hired out by the sheriff or other officer . . . to any white person who will pay said fine and all costs and take such convict for the shortest time. . . .

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Source: Laws of the State of Mississippi, passed at a Regular Session of the Mississippi Legislature, held in the City of Jackson, October, November and December, 1865 (Jackson: J. J. Shannon & Co., State Printers, 1866), 82-85, 86-89, 90-91, 165-167. Available at https://goo.gl/cJfW5k. Section 1.

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Sharecropping was a system in which white land owners would hire formerly enslaved people for work. Laborers did not get paid, but in exchange for their labor, they would earn a small portion of the crops. The system took place throughout the late 1800's. However, the sharecropping system ended in the early 1900's. This system was also a legal way to keep African American individuals lower in society and in poverty. The white landowners would provide the land, the seeds for the crops, as well as the tools to make it seem more like an equal/fair bargain. Tenant farmers, however, work with their own equipment and obtaining crops for them to sell.

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Scalawags was a term used to define white Southerner's whom supported Reconstruction policies after the war. They were considered as the "traitors" to other white Southerner's. Carpetbaggers were people from the North. They came with carpet materials. They were viewed as opprotunists. They correlate because they were both presumed in the same way.