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Words or expressions are generally arbitrary. We don't know why that four-legged thing which you sit on is called a 'chair' or 'kursi.'

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On one layer, language is made up of meaningless units (of sounds), but those meaningless sounds can create meaningful unit.

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Each element or unit of language is unique. Each letter is unique, each sound is unique, and each word is unique.

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Each language has its own (complex) rules or systems.

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With language, you can communicate your ideas beyond here-and-now: things in the past, things in the future, and even non-existent things!

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New words and expressions are always possible.

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You can use a structure in a structure in a structure in a structure ..... Phew.

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We use language to talk about language(s).

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Language is passed down through generations. It is learned in a certain culture.

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Jakarta: Kue bantal

Semarang: Bolang-baling

Solo: Gembukan

Yogyakarta: Galundeng

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Saya mandi agar bersih supaya wangi sehingga segar untuk pergi ke kampus.

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Now there are lots of words on TikTok like Cogil or Cegil

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Saya tinggal di Kota Salatiga, di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, di negara Indonesia, di Asia Tenggara, di benua Asia, di bumi.

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Cultural Transmission: motor - kereta

Most people in Indonesia refer to motorbikes as "motor", but people in Medan refer to motorbikes as "kereta"

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When two dogs are barking, they are not barking about barking because they cannot reflect on their communicative messages.

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Word "amat" in Indonesia become "amay" in chat and in everyday life (slang word).

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On WhatsApp when we want to start a chat usually with "P"

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/o/ and /n/ can create either 'no' or 'on' if they are combined.

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We use 'gemoy' as the way we express someone or something's cuteness

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tap → pat

how → who → owh

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Nowadays people call their partner with “Seng” = “Sayang”

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In English, if the subjects are he/she/it, we add s, es, ies at the end of the verb.

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Arbitrariness: Oke → okey, okeng, okay

We use okey, okeng, okay to say oke

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Bin vs Nib

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Many people nowadays use 'bjir' as an abbreviation of 'buset anjir'.

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Jawa : klepon

Bali : jaja

Sumatra (Nias) : ondre -ondre

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/t/ /a/ /b/

Tab, bat, tba, bta, abt

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Yesterday, When in class, Fera uses Indonesian to explain the Nias language "yaahowu" which means "hello" or greeting.

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This > Shit > hits

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Productivity: Since many people use tiktok now, we call videos that frequently appear on people's feeds as "FYP" or For Your Page

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In Indonesia we say "duduk" (sit) but in Javanesse there are many variations such as lungguh, njagong, sila, selonjor, jegang.

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In Javanese, 'banana' is 'gedang', but in Sundanese, 'gedang' means 'papaya'.

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This is the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

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We use "TBL TBL TBL (takut banget lohh)" to express "fear"

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In Javanesse when we want to call someone who is younger than us or maybe children it is separated between boy and girl :

boy → le, nang

girl → nduk, nok

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In Indonesia we say "uang" but in bali they say "pipis"

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👩🏻‍🦱 : Hey, I just met Ms. Jupiter.

👩🏻‍🦰 : Where did you meet her?

👩🏻‍🦱 : At the coffee shop.

👩🏻‍🦰 : Who was she with?

👩🏻‍🦱 : Her children.

👩🏻‍🦰 : Children? How many children does she have?

👩🏻‍🦱 : Two daughters.

👩🏻‍🦰 : Did you greet her?

👩🏻‍🦱 : Yes, I did. We talk for a while actually.

👩🏻‍🦰 : What did you discuss?

👩🏻‍🦱 : Stop asking.

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saya kuliah di Salatiga, di UKSW, di FBS, di jalan kartini.