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The Neolithic Revolution (8000 - 4000 BC) ZN

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The Neolithic Revolution (8000 - 4000 BC) ZN

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The Neolithic Revolution was the beginning of farming and settlements in civilization. People began to practice the keeping of animals and growing of food regularly. This is when cities and civilizations began. Trade began and set the stage for the traditional economy.

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Early civilizations began near water. The world’s earliest civilizations began in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. As life began, the population began to skyrocket. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share several common elements such as social structure, religion, and art.

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Mesopotamia is located within the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia means "between rivers." It was made up of 3 primary regions: Akkad, Sumer, and Assyria. Artificial irrigation (canals) were created in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic.

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Sumer is the earliest known civilization. Sumerian society was divided into 3 social classes: nobles, commoners, and slaves. Sumerians were polytheistic and believed in the Anunnaki gods. Sumerians created cuniform, sundial, wagon wheel, sail, and plow.

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Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Lower and Upper Egypt. Egyptian civilization was very dependent on the Nile River. Ancient Egypt was located near the Fertile Crescent. Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic and the government was tied closely to religion. There was a societal class system in Ancient Egypt.

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The role of the nomadic people became important. Pastoral nomads are people who domesticate animals for food/clothing and move along migratory routes. These nomads increased cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion is the spread of technology, culture, and ideas.

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The Indus Valley is one of the largest early civilizations in the world. The Indus Valley had a sewage system and advanced water/road systems. There were more than 2,000 settlements in the region. Arranged marriages were very common. The Indus Valley civilization had a mysterious end.

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Ancient China was isolated and marked by warfare. Ancient China was centered around a farming culture ruled by aristocracy. Ancient Chinese people believed in the afterlife. Ancient China was polytheistic, although they believed in one supreme god. Family was the centerpiece of Chinese people.

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Israelis are semitic-speaking monotheists. Israel is the birthplace of Judaism. The holy book, the Torah, was available to all. The Ten Commandments laid out the rules for the people. Israelites believed that they were God's chosen people.

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The Olmec people were also known as the rubber people. Rubber trees grew in the area that they lived in. The Olmecs were known for the 10 feet tall stone heads found in their area. They participated in the "ballgame" that held meaning in their society but is not completely understood by historians.

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The Mayans lived in the Yucatan Peninsula in Central America. They practiced agriculture and built stone temples. The Mayans had an 18-month, 20-day calendar. The peak population may have reached 2 million.

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The Zapotec is in southern present-day Mexico. The capital city is Mounte Alban which, impressively, sits on a flattened mountain top. Their religion was polytheistic. They built magnificent tombs to honor dead kings.

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Teotihuacán was the largest and most important city of rre-Aztec Central Mexico. There was a population of 125,000-200,000. The temple of Quetzalcóatl was used to make sacrifices. In the city, there was the Pyramid of the Sun which stood 216 feet tall.

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The Babylonian Empire was founded by the Hammurabi. The Empire is located in Mesopotamia. This was created by conquering neighboring territories located in Mesopotamia. The capital city of the Babylonian empire is "Babylon".

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The Assyrian Empire conquered many parts of Mesopotamia although they only controlled it for 80 years. They had great military tactics and advanced communication techniques. Ashurbanipal was a violent ruler who destroyed areas that he conquered. He also produced widespread civil unrest.

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Athens was one of two powerful ancient city-states. It was one of the worlds earliest constitutions and one of the worlds oldest cities. They had a military but it wasnt as important as Sparta's army. Athens was known as the Cradle of Civilization which is also the birthplace of democracy.

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Sparta is another one of the two major city states, that is known as the more civil one. Many people were born into the caste system which is a social class determined by birth. Women were not allowed to fight in the military but were allowed to stay home and have male children. Having an education was solely for the purpose of being in the military.

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The Persian war was between the Greeks and the Persians. The Greeks were rebelling against the Persians which caused them to be crushed against the Persian army. Persians sought their attack by questioning their lack of power. This led them to want to conquer the Greeks completely.

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Alexander the Great was born in Macedania and his father was Phillip II. His motives were conquering Greece and defeating Persia/keeping them out of Europe. He ended up conquering Greek city-states in 338 BC. Sadly his father was assassinated in 336 BC.

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The Romans created a republic which is known as a government without a king. Early Rome relied on 2 social orders which were the Particians and the Plebians. The Patricians are known as the wealthy, land-owning, ruling class. The Plebeians were known as the poor, farmers, and lower-class citizens.

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These wars were a condescending series of battles between Rome and Carthage. It began with conflicts over the Island of Italy. The Romans won the war but the Carthage sought revenge. This led to the rise of Hannibal.

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Julius Caesar rose to power through political shrewdness and victories. He took control of Rome by forming the "first triumvirate" which was with Crassus and Pompey. He considered himself a dictator because he declared himself the absolute ruler of Rome. However, he was assassinated by a group of senators who said that they wanted to return to a public form of government.

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The time of Pax Romana is a series of 5 emperors. During this time, roads were built, schools were replenished, and they helped the poor a lot. Rome became wealthy because of this. Farming was one of the most common jobs during the Pax Romana.

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Jesus was born 1 BC. He was a Jewish rabbi "teacher." Jesus said he was the Messiah, the Son of God. The name Jesus Christ means "anointed one." Some of his teachings included belief in one god, honest, good deeds, and love to all. Jesus was brought to Roman authorities and labeled as a political rebel. He was given 39 lashings, a crown of thorns, and was executed through crucifixion.

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The early Roman Empire practiced tolerance, but as emperors increased in power, tolerance was limited. Jesus was born around 1 BC. Christianity gained a massive following in the Roman Empire. By 331 AD, Christianity was Rome's official religion.

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The Roman Empire began to crumble due to a lack of organization, weak leaders, and a lack of trust in the government. Rome split into the Byzantine Empire and Western Rome. Byzantine's capital was Constantinople. Constantinople is known as present-day Istanbul.

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The Byzantine Empire (330 - 1123 CE) HMK

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The Byzantine Empire (330 - 1123 CE) HMK

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During the Byzantine Empire Justinian conquered nearly almost all of the Roman Empire. This is where Justinian Code was created which is a legal system combining and simplifying Roman laws. Religion was solely tied to the rulers leading it to seem very godlike. Also, Constantinople began in the center of Europe.

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The Frankish Empire was controlled in mostly western Europe. This empire promoted the religion Christianity. Charlemagne was known as the most influential leader and was named Roman emperor. As Rome was significantly collapsing Charlamagne was able to legitimize Rome.

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Before Islam, the Arabian Peninsula lacked a centralized government. Most Arabs were polytheistic but believed that Allah was the supreme god. Muhammad, the last prophet, shared revelations that became the Quran, the Muslim holy book. He and his followers fled to the city of Medina to escape execution.

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The medieval Europe time was also known as the Dark Ages. This is where the Frankish empire fell and Europeans became susceptible to invasion by other regions. Also, feudalism came along and it was a social order where people turned to kings and nobles for safety. Lastly, this empire lasted hundreds of years.

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The Holy Roman Empire was composed of smaller independent territories. There was constant fighting over power between the Popes and Kings. They couldn't resolve the fighting so creating a strong national monarchy was impossible. Most of their territory was in Germany and Italy.

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The Crusades were a series of 9 battles between Christians and Muslims over Jerusalem. The First Crusades were the only victories for the Christians. The Crusades began when Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and would not allow Christians to enter the city. The Crusades caused there to be tensions between Christians and Muslims.

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Before the plague, there was a population of about 75 million people. The plague killed 2/3 of the population. Crowded cities led to inclined spread. Somewhere around 50% of city inhabitants died. The plague was spread by fleas on rats, but during that time, people couldn't figure out the cause leading to death.

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The Great Schism of the Church (1378 - 1417 CE) ZN

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The Great Schism of the Church (1378 - 1417 CE) ZN

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Popes began to fight for power in the church. This fighting led to a split in the church. Catholic followers chose sides based on which pope they thought had more authority. Eventually, the church resolved the issue but lost most of its power.

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The 100-Year War was a series of battles between England and France. France won and took control of English territory in France. Joan of Arc becomes a heroine through these battles. Joan of Arc was a French peasant woman who led the French to many victories in battle.