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Chobham Academy - Geography – Enquiry Process (Post-16/Y12)

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Make sure you know your command words and how to answer the questions.

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Geographical Skills Guide

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Geographical Exploration past papers

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

Contents

The characteristics of the rocks in rivers are one of the biggest controls on how rivers work!

In this video, we team up with geomorphologist Dr Shasta Marrero and fieldwork specialist Sam Hawkins, to explore how we can investigate this in the field by collecting data on the size and shape of river sediment.

Acknowledgments

Written and developed by: Dan Hobley, Shasta Marrero, Nick Lapthorn, Janine Maddison, Sam Hawkins, Rob Parker, Harriet Ridley, Tim Parker.

Videography by: Aaron Ealing-Vose, Harriet Ridley, Emily Bilbie, Rob Parker.

Attributions

Ganges Delta contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2020), processed by the ESA and licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.

thick-stamp.wav by newagesoup is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Powers Index card from based on that of Powers, M.C., 1953, A new roundness scale for sedimentary particles: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 23:117-119.

Ganges Delta by NASA is in the public domain.

Underwater sound by monica137142 is licensed under CC BY 3.0

Mountain River sound by tosha73 is licensed under CC BY 3.0

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nbsp Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography Contents The characteristics of the rocks in rivers are one of the biggest controls on how rivers work!

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Chobham Academy - Geography - Cartographic Skills (Post-16/Y12)

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Geographical Skills Practice Questions

Geographical Skills Mark Scheme

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

Contents

Faster flowing rivers have more energy and can have a greater impact on the landscape through the erosion and transportation of sediment. So, geographers are often very interested in how fast a river flows, its velocity.

In this video, we team up with fluvial geomorphologist Dr Hywel Griffiths and fieldwork specialist Sam Hawkins to explore how we can investigate this in the field through different techniques to measure river flow velocity.

Acknowledgments

Written and developed by: Nick Lapthorn, Janine Maddison, Sam Hawkins, Hywel Griffiths, Rob Parker, Harriet Ridley, Tim Parker.

Videography by: Aaron Ealing-Vose, Harriet Ridley, Emilie Bilbie, Rob Parker.

Attributions

Erosion by the USGS is in the public domain.

Index, WA, 12-15-06 by Marvin Nauman/FEMA is in the public domain.

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Video: Investigating river flow velocity

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nbsp Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography Contents Faster flowing rivers have more energy and can have a greater impact on the landscape through the erosion and transportation of sediment. So, geographers are often very interested in how fast a river flows, its velocity.

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Case study booklet - Dynamic Development

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Case study booklet - Dynamic Development

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Case study booklet - Sustaining Ecosystems

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Case study booklet - Sustaining Ecosystems

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Case study booklet - Distinctive landscapes

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Case study booklet - Distinctive landscapes

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Case studies - Effects of climate change on the UK

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Case studies - Effects of climate change on the UK

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The negative impacts of global warming on the UK include:

rising sea levels leading to the inundation of low-lying coastal areas

ski resorts in Scotland could close

more extreme weather causing floods and drought

increased pressure on water supplies during hotter summers

There are some potential benefits to climate change; however, when compared to the negative impacts, these are very limited, including:

winter heating costs may reduce as winters become milder

more people choosing to holiday in the UK, which will support economic growth

new crops such as oranges, grapes and peaches will be grown in the UK

On a broader scale, climate change will bring both positive and negative impacts worldwide. The negative global effects include:

sea-level rise affecting 80 million people

tropical storms will become more frequent and stronger as the temperature of the ocean in the tropics becomes warmer

there will be an increase in extinction as ecosystems are affected by the changing climate

tropical diseases, such as malaria, will increase

changes in temperature will lead to drought in some areas

greenhouse gases will be released from land that is permafrost (frozen) thawing, e.g. Arctic Tundra

There are some potential global benefits to climate change. However, when compared to the negative impacts, these are very limited, including:

a decrease in energy consumption as the climate becomes warmer

the growing season will increase in some areas leading to more crops being grown

people in previously frozen regions will be able to grow crops, e.g. Alaska

Humans can manage the effects of climate change through adaptation and mitigation.

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What are the effects of climate change? Climate change brings both advantages and disadvantages. find out what these are here.

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OCR Geographical Skills Graphs and Charts Story Map

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OCR Geographical Skills Graphs and Charts Story Map

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OCR Geographical Skills Graphs and Charts Story Map

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

Contents

The shape or morphology of a river channel controls how much water it can carry and how fast it flows. In this video, we team up with fluvial geomorphologist Dr Hywel Griffiths and fieldwork specialist Sam Hawkins, to explore how we can investigate this in the field by measuring the width, depth, wetted perimeter and slope of a river channel.

Acknowledgments

Written and developed by: Nick Lapthorn, Janine Maddison, Sam Hawkins, Hywel Griffiths, Rob Parker, Harriet Ridley, Tim Parker.

Videography by: Aaron Ealing-Vose, Harriet Ridley, Emilie Bilbie, Rob Parker.

Attributions

Streamflow Gaging Station and Measurement on San Pedro River, AZ by the USGS is in the public domain.

Connect the Drops with NASA Data by NASA in the public domain.

Erosion by the USGS is in the public domain.

Robert Manning (1816-1897) is in the public domain.

Mungallala Animation AEP1pct by QFMP is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Exposed riverbed by DS Pugh is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

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Video: Investigating river channel morphology

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nbsp Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography Contents The shape or morphology of a river channel controls how much water it can carry and how fast it flows.

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Location
Leeds is a major city, located in the centre of the county of West Yorkshire, in the north of England, in western Europe. It has over 750,000 inhabitants. The River Aire runs through Leeds.
Background Information - How did Leeds become important?

The city developed as a market town in the middle ages as part of the local agricultural economy.

During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a major mill town; wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing, and other industries were important.

By the mid-20th century, Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a large urban centre.

Irish migration to Leeds: After the Napoleonic Wars there was a sharp rise in emigration from Ireland. ​ These migrants settled in an area known as Richmond Hill ​ Effect on the character: These migrants played a significant role in the textile industry in Leeds. They also brought Irish folk music, arts and culture to Leeds.

Leeds West Indian Carnival: Leeds's large Caribbean population has had significant impact and has created a strong community spirit. The Leeds West Indian Carnival has taken place every year since August 1967 and it was the first formally organized authentic Caribbean carnival in Europe. Effect on the character: In 2016 over 160,000 people flocked to Leeds to take in the unrivalled atmosphere, great music, food, and parade of floats and hundreds of stunning costumes from across the UK.

The Chapeltown Riots of 1981 took place in Leeds during a time when many other areas of the UK were suffering similar problems. The riots unfolded in July 1981 from a background of racial tension, inner city poverty, poor housing and high unemployment. This brought high tension, particularly amongst the area's Caribbean community, culminating in attacks on the local police; and reputational damage which is no longer a a true reflection of the area.

European migration to Leeds: More recent times have seen high numbers of EU nationals migrate to the city, particularly from Poland and Romania. Effect on the character: As well as their economic impact, migrants contribute to the cultural life of the city in music, art, literature ​

Cultural mix Urban greening

Urban greening is the process of increasing and preserving open space such as public parks and gardens in urban areas. ​

Leeds City Council manages around 4000 hectares of green space across Leeds, ensuring that the city remains one of the greenest and most attractive places to live in Europe. ​

Environmental Challenge 1: Building on Brownfield and Greenfield sites
This results in the opportunity for wider experiences such as a range of multicultural restaurants and festivals such as Leeds West Indian
Recreation and entertainment
44% of people living in Leeds (350,000) are 29 or under. The city's four universities also attract students from around the world. This youthful population has encouraged a vibrant nightlife and music scene.
Environmental Challenge 3: Waste Disposal

On average, every household in Leeds produces 470kg of household waste per year at the kerbside- which is the equivalent of 5 baby elephants! ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Leeds currently recycles around 40% of this waste. From households alone, in 2015/16 the amount was equal to the weight of 3,200 double decker buses. Their vision is to reduce waste, increase recycling and recover value from all

The Leeds Arena is able to attract world famous artists and groups. There is a range of other venues and theatres offering plays, dance, opera and musical theatre. The Leeds night scene has gained reputation in recent years and attracts revellers from the surrounding area, UK and
Employment Integrated transport
Integrated transport is when different transport methods connect together , making journeys smoother and therefore public transport more appealing.

Why Leeds is an important city in the UK

1. ​Education - It has 4 universities and the fourth largest student population in the UK.

2. Finance - After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK. There are over 30 national and international banks located in the city.

3. Employment - Leeds has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment in 2015.

4. Culture and entertainment - Leeds is one of the UK's hotspots for nightlife. There are a large number of pubs, bars, nightclubs and restaurants, as well as a multitude of venues for live music.

5. Industry - Leeds is the UK's third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees. The largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing, publishing, food and drinks, chemicals and medical technology.

6. Tourism - tourism supports an estimated 20,000 jobs in Leeds and, on average, attracts around 1.5 million people annually who stay overnight, plus a further 10 million who visit on day trips.

Why Leeds is an important city in the wider world

1. ​Leeds Bradford airport is the 9th busiest airport in terms of passenger numbers in England and links the city to major European centres and the USA.

2. Leeds is home to three internationally recognised universities.

3. The University of Leeds has more than 12,000 international students from more than 130 countries.

4. Major TNCs based in the city include Asda Group, BT and HSBC.

5. Headingley stadium in Leeds holds international Test cricket matches, for example the Ashes between England & Australia.

6. The economy has been shaped by Leeds City Council's vision of building a '24 hour European city' and 'capital of the north'.

7. Leeds is ranked as a Gamma World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network classing it as a major city with a key role in linking the wider region to the world economy.

8. The city has developed to become a telephone banking centre, connected to the modern global economy.

Between 2001 and 2011 the population of Leeds grew by 5% as people were attracted to the city from other parts of the UK, Europe and further afield.
​
National migration

National migration (also known as internal migration) is the movement of people within a

Between 2009 and 2015, 250,500 people moved into Leeds from England and Wales and 249,600 moved out. The resulting inflow to the city was just 900 people ​

Most national migration into Leeds is from the rest of Yorkshire Between 2009 and 2015, 38 per cent of inward migration was from Yorkshire and the Humber. ​

Most national migration out of Leeds is to London . The capital was the most popular city destination of those leaving Leeds with 34,900 moving there. ​ ​

How does national (internal) migration affect the character of Leeds?

National migration has contributed to population growth in Leeds. New housing estates have had to be built on the outskirts of the city in areas such as Alwoodley and . This leads to urban sprawl and loss of individual character.

Migration from elsewhere in the UK has contributed to pressure on services such as public transport . In 2019, it was reported that overcrowding on trains had reached a 'critical point' around Leeds. As a result, commuting becomes stressful, reducing people's quality of life.

International migration
Impacts of international migration on the growth and character of Leeds
Social and Economic Challenge 1: Urban deprivation

The inner city of Leeds suffers from high rates of deprivation. For example, Harehills, Richmond Hill and Armley which are located in inner city Leeds all have areas ranked within the 10% most deprived in the UK.

The outer suburbs of Leeds suffer from low rates of deprivation. For example, Alwoodley, Adel and Horsforth are all located towards the outskirts of Leeds and have very low rates of deprivation.

Social and Economic Challenge 2: Inequalities

Education: Children across Leeds do not get equal exam grades. Generally, those in the poorest areas score the lowest number of grades. For example, 81% of students in Horsforth gained 5 A-C GCSEs including English and Maths; whereas only 36% of students in City and Hunslet gained 5 A-C GCSEs.

Housing: House prices are higher in wealthy areas. For example, the average house price in wealthy Harewood is £348,991; whereas the average house price in Richmond Hill is £64,777. Those living in the poorest areas e.g. Harehills tend to live in smaller houses that are in poorer condition. Less people own their own home in poorer

Employment: Employment rates are not equal across Leeds. The poorest areas of Leeds have the highest unemployment rates.

Healthcare: People in wealthy areas tend to live longer than those in poorer areas of Leeds. For example, the average life expectancy in wealthy Harewood is 87 years; whereas in poorer City and Hunslet it is 76 years (11 years less!). The census shows that the % of people reporting themselves as in 'not good health' is also highest in the poorest areas of Leeds. ​

Environmental Challenge 2: Dereliction

The areas that have become run-down are mainly in the inner city and where there is a concentration of redundant industrial buildings. When the heavy industries along the River Aire closed down , many warehouses were abandoned and fell into decay.

Urban sprawl
The edges of cities are known as the rural urban fringe It is a zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside , where there is often competition for land use. been increasing building in these areas because of housing pressure, despite Greenbelt legislation (laws) that are supposed to prevent building there. The unplanned growth outwards of our cities into the surrounding countryside is known as urban sprawl and can have many impacts on these areas. Some of the effects include:​

Environmental Issues sprawling cities consume land, leading to the loss of fields, parks, woodland and hedgerows. This displaces animals from their habitat. ​

Extra cost to the tax payer the public help to pay for infrastructure such as roads and water works to allow building developments to go ahead. ​

Health Issues - people in these areas often have to commute to work which means that they often travel by car. Over 110,000 people commute to Leeds each day. This can have negative impacts on people's health such as high blood pressure and asthma. ​

Impact on Social Lives - people in sprawling communities can often live further from their neighbours , this can cause isolation. ​

- loss of trade in traditional city centres, due to competition from out-of-town shops.

Despite the disadvantages, there are also some advantages of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe, such as:

Benefit to people who can live in pleasant semi-rural areas. ​

​Cheaper land than in urban locations. ​

Better access to motorways and airports.

Key case study point: ​ Commuter settlements have grown rapidly around Leeds, due to their location within a short train or car journey to Leeds city centre. For example, the towns Horsforth, Menston and Wetherby have all grown rapidly. This has resulted in new housing estates and business parks encroaching into the surrounding countryside.

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Location Leeds is a major city, located in the centre of the county of West Yorkshire, in the north of England, in western Europe. It has over 750,000 inhabitants. The River Aire runs through...

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Chobham Academy - Geography : Antarctic Treaty

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Typhoon Haiyan Case Study - What were the primary and secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan? What were the immediate and long-term responses?

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BBC Geography - Resource Management - Food

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Microsoft Forms

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Union Glacier Case Study - Small Scale Sustainable Tourism

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OCR Geographical Skills and Maps Story Map

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OCR Geographical Skills and Maps Story Map

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OCR Geographical Skills and Maps Story Map

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BBC Bitesize Fieldwork Skills

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Policy Exchange report names town the least integrated in the country after huge numbers of arrivals from eastern Europe

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Microsoft Forms

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Microsoft Forms

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Chobham Academy - Geography : Dorset Coast - Case Study

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GCSE Geography (OCR B) - UK Drought(2012) Case Study Revision

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Microsoft Forms

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Paper 1 Topic 3 - Resource Reliance MCQs (HF 2022)

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Changing Climate past papers

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BBC Bitesize Numerical and Statistical Skills

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Microsoft Forms

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Dynamic Development past papers

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Microsoft Forms

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Sustaining Ecosystems past papers

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Microsoft Forms

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Essential case study notes about the Sichuan earthquake

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Resource Reliance past papers

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Seneca Changing Climate

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BBC Bitesize Graphical Skills

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UK in the 21st Century past papers

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Seneca Dynamic Development

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Urban Futures past papers

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Seneca Sustaining Ecosystems

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Distinctive Landscapes past papers

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Microsoft Forms

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Seneca Resource Reliance

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BBC Bitesize Changing Climate

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BBC Bitesize Cartographic Skills

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Seneca UK in the 21st Century

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BBC Bitesize Dynamic Development

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Seneca Urban Futures

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BBC Bitesize Sustaining Ecosystems

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Seneca Distinctive Landscapes

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Global Hazards past papers

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BBC Bitesize Resource Reliance

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

Contents

The Earth's climate has changed naturally throughout the Quaternary, varying between cold glacial periods when much of the UK was buried beneath thick ice sheets, to warm interglacial periods like today. But caused this natural climate variability over the last 2.6 million years?

In this video, sponsored by the Geographical Association, we team up with Dr Rhian Meara and Dr Elizabeth Day to take a closer look at:

- The Earth's climate system and the natural greenhouse effect

- The global energy budget

- Orbital forcing

- Solar activity

- The effect of volcanoes and asteroid impacts

Acknowledgements

Written and developed by: Harriet Ridley, Rhian Meara, Aidan Hesslewood, Elizabeth Day, Rob Parker, Tim Parker.

Videography by: Harriet Ridley, Anna Korecká, Josh Carron.

Attributions

The Top 5 Solar Discoveries Number 4 by NASA is in the Public Domain.

Two New Satellites Set to Study One of Earth's Most Critically Changing Regions by NASA is in the Public Domain.

SDO: Year 5 by NASA is in the Public Domain.

NASA ScienceCasts: Follow the Sun by NASA is in the Public Domain.

Solar Irradiance Reconstruction Data by Lean, J. 2000. Evolution of the Sun's Spectral Irradiance Since the Maunder Minimum. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 27, No. 16, pp. 2425-2428.

Pinatubo image by the USGS is in the Public Domain.

The Frost Fair by Rita Greer is licensed under a Free Art Licence.

Milutin Milanković 2 is in the Public Domain.

Milutin Milankotvić is from Open Geosciences 11, 1; 10.1515/geo-2019-0021.

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Video: Natural causes of Quaternary climate change

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nbsp Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography Contents The Earth's climate has changed naturally throughout the Quaternary, varying between cold glacial periods when much of the UK was buried beneath thick ice sheets, to warm interglacial periods like today.

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BBC Bitesize UK in the 21st Century

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BBC Bitesize Urban Futures

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BBC Bitesize Distinctive Landscapes

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Seneca Global Hazards

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

Contents

Over the last 150 years, global average temperatures have increased at an unprecedented rate because of man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

In this video, sponsored by the Geographical Association, we team up with Dr Melissa Lazenby and Ph.D researcher Daniel Koomson, to look at the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, including:

- Burning of fossils fuels

- Industry

- Agriculture

- Deforestation

- The cooling effect of aerosols

Acknowledgements

Written and developed by: Melissa Lazenby, Daniel Koomson, Aidan Hesslewood, Harriet Ridley, Rob Parker, Tim Parker.

Videography by: Harriet Ridley, Anna Korecká, Josh Carron.

Attributions

Tracking California's Water by the USGS is in the Public Domain.

StRolloxChemical 1831 by D.O.Hill is in the Public Domain.

Griffiths' Guide to the iron trade of Great Britain an elaborate review of the iron (and) coal trades for last year, addresses and names of all ironmasters, with a list of blast furnaces, iron is in the Public Domain.

Steam Train is in the Public Domain.

Making Coal Gas and Coke by Bray Pictures Corporation is in the Public Domain.

Polar Bear Resting - Royalty Free Stock Footage by RoyaltyFree - Videos for content creators is in the Public Domain.

Industrial ambience by Lewente is in the Public Domain.

dump truck engine work loud close pull away by kyles is in the Public Domain.

Industrial Revolution by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

timber tree falling 1 by matt_beer is in the Public Domain.

Global mean surface temperature by NASA GISS is in the Public Domain.

Modeled influence of different radiative forcings by ZEKE HAUSFATHER on CarbonBrief was adapted for an illustrative graph in accordance with exceptions to copyright under UK law in Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended). In keeping with this, the material is reproduced for the dissemination of non-commercial research ideas, criticism, review, reporting of current events and teaching purposes, and in a manner consistent with fair dealing. If you believe your content has been used improperly, please do not hesitate to contact [email protected].

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nbsp Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography Contents Over the last 150 years, global average temperatures have increased at an unprecedented rate because of man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

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Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity

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Locational Focus of the Holderness Coastline

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Video: Erosional processes and landforms introduction

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BBC Bitesize Global Hazards

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

The Earth's climate crisis is one of the biggest challenges facing our world today. But how is the Earth's climate changing and how do we know this?

In this video, we team up with Dr Melissa Lazenby to investigate the evidence of past climate change found in sediment cores, ice cores, tree rings, and instrumental records.

Attributions and Acknowledgements

Written and developed by: Melissa Lazenby, Rob Parker, Harriet Ridley, Tim Parker, Mick Frogley, Simon Ross

Videography by: Oliver Draper, Harriet Ridley, Rob Parker

Thank you to Alan Hemsley (Cardiff University) and Cardiff Forest Farm for their loan of samples used in this video.

"All palaeotemps" graphic by Glen Fergus is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Modified into animated graphic. Note: the modified graphic is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, although the larger work of the video is not.

"Greenland-ice_sheet_hg" photo by Hgrobe is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5"Fahrenheit_small" photo by Anonymous is licensed under Public domain

"Antarctic_mountains_(8145725224)" photo by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is licensed under Public domain

"A close look at the shelf (8093672443)" photo by NASA ICE is licensed under Public domain

"Vostok Petit data" graphic by NOAA is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Modified into animated graphic. Note: the modified graphic is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, although the larger work of the video is not.

"Russian station Vostok" photo by NSF/Josh Landis is licensed under Public domain

"Misc pollen colorized" photo by Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility, Dartmouth College is licensed under Public domain

"System Change Not Climate Change - Student Climate Strike, London" video clip by Steve Eason is licensed under CC BY 3.0

"Pulse of Snow and Sea Ice" animation by NASA (Helen-Nicole Kostis) is licensed under Public domain.

"News_Theme" sound clip by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under CC BY 4.0

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nbsp Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography The Earth's climate crisis is one of the biggest challenges facing our world today. But how is the Earth's climate changing and how do we know this?

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So we're down here at the waterline, and this is the area where the marine processes take place and form some of the features that you can see over my shoulder. And although the sea is very calm today, we've all seen images ......

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography

Contents

The Time for Geography team are in Iceland! Together with Iceland experts from Swansea University, Keele University and Trex - Travel Experiences, we investigate how processes deep in the Earth shape the landscapes of our planet!

In this video, we team up with tectonics expert Dr Rhian Meara, to explore the layered structure of the planet Earth:

* Solid inner core

* Liquid outer core

* Mantle (Mesosphere, asthenosphere and lithosphere)

* The crust

Acknowledgements

Written and developed by: Rhian Meara, Rich Waller, Rob Parker, Harriet Ridley, Tony Escritt, Tim Parker

Videography by: Vratislav Karas, Rob Parker
Special thanks to:

* Tony Escritt for making his excellent footage of Icelandic eruptions available for use in this video.

* Jenny Hobley, Dan Hobley and Chris Macleod for making rare rock and meteorite samples available for use in this video.

Attributions

Diagram of the Earth by Kelvinsong is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (edited and recoloured for animation)

Meteorite crash over Russia 2013 video by Astronomy Today is licensed under CC-BY-3.0

Ansia Orchestra - Through the Space music provided by: MFY - No Copyright

Monkeys Spinning Monkeys music by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under CC-BY-3.0

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Course links: GCSE * IGCSE * A-level * IA-level * IB * National 5 * Higher Geography Contents The Time for Geography team are in Iceland! Together with Iceland experts from Swansea University, Keele University and Trex - Travel Experiences, we investigate how processes deep in the Earth shape the landscapes of our planet!

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What does three degrees of global warming look like? | The Economist

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Note: Although this video reflects the GCSE curriculum, it includes some old misconceptions that differ from how geographers currently understand wave processes. We thank Prof Gerd Masselink for his guidance in this respect, which we summarise here:
The main problem is the assumption that a certain type of wave (large height and short period) is destructive and vice-verse. In fact, whether a beach erodes or accretes depends primarily on how current wave conditions compare with wave conditions in the preceding weeks/months. A beach generally seeks an equilibrium with the wave conditions and, although it may never quite reach this, is always seeking to do so. For example, at the end of the summer, the beach is closest to equilibrium with the summer wave conditions (whatever they are). Then, when a wave condition occurs that significantly deviates from the preceding conditions, the beach will respond. If the wave condition is more energetic, the beach is likely to erode mainly through the action of undertow in the surf zone.
We are working to update this video, in line with current understanding.

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1. Characteristics of floodplains in the middle and lower course of rivers, and how this differs from the river's upper course.

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Credits
Videography by: Greennova Productions, Rob Parker, Vratislav Karas

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