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2.9 Explain how the experience of women in Irish society changed during the twentieth century
2.10 Examine how one sporting, cultural or social movement impacted on Irish life

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3.7 Appreciate change in the field of the arts and science, with particular reference to the significance of the Renaissance
3.11 Explore the contribution of technological developments and innovation to historical change

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3.9 Examine life in one fascist or one communist country in the twentieth century
3.10 Explore the significance of genocide, including the causes, course and consequences of the Holocaust

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3.6 Explore life and death in medieval times
3.14 Illustrate patterns of change across different time periods in a chosen theme relating to life and society (such as, Crime and punishment; Food and drink; Work and leisure; Fashion and appearance or Health and medicine)

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3.4: Discuss the general causes and course of World War One or World War Two and the immediate and long-term impact of the war on people and nations
3.12 Evaluate the role of a movement or organisation, such as the European Union or United Nations in promoting international cooperation, justice and human rights

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2.3 Explore how the physical force tradition impacted on Irish politics, with particular reference to a pre-twentieth century example of a rebellion.
1.7 Develop historical judgements based on evidence about personalities, issues and events in the past, showing awareness of historical significance.

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Topic: The GAA as a sporting and cultural movement

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Group task: Choose a topic within your allocated Learning Outcomes.
(5 minutes)

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Topic: Concentration Camps- Impact and Perception

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Topic: Changes in Health and Medicine in the Middle Ages

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Topic:

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Topic: 1798

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Video Game where all text is done like it would have been before and after the printing press. Different Styles too depending on the person's location/profession

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2.4 Examine the rise and impact of nationalism and unionism in  Ireland, including key events between 1911 and 1923.
2.8 Describe the impact of war on the lives of Irish people, referring to either World War One or World War Two.

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https://www.history.com/news/printing-press-renaissance#:~:text=ClassicStock%2FGetty%20Images-,In%20the%2015th%20century%2C%20an%20innovation%20enabled%20people%20to%20share,and%20faster%20than%20ever%20before.

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Knowledge is power, as the saying goes, and the invention of the mechanical movable type printing press helped disseminate knowledge wider and faster than ever before.

German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg is credited with inventing the printing press around 1436, although he was far from the first to automate the book-printing process. Woodblock printing in China dates back to the 9th century and Korean bookmakers were printing with moveable metal type a century before Gutenberg.

But most historians believe Gutenberg's adaptation, which employed a screw-type wine press to squeeze down evenly on the inked metal type, was the key to unlocking the modern age. With the newfound ability to inexpensively mass-produce books on every imaginable topic, revolutionary ideas and priceless ancient knowledge were placed in the hands of every literate European, whose numbers doubled every century.

Here are just some of the ways the printing press helped pull Europe out of the Middle Ages and accelerate human progress.

1. A Global News Network Was Launched

Gutenberg didn't live to see the immense impact of his invention. His greatest accomplishment was the first print run of the Bible in Latin, which took three years to print around 200 copies, a miraculously speedy achievement in the day of hand-copied manuscripts.

But as historian Ada Palmer explains, Gutenberg's invention wasn't profitable until there was a distribution network for books. Palmer, a professor of early modern European history at the University of Chicago, compares early printed books like the Gutenberg Bible to how e-books struggled to find a market before Amazon introduced the Kindle.

"Congratulations, you've printed 200 copies of the Bible; there are about three people in your town who can read the Bible in Latin," says Palmer. "What are you going to do with the other 197 copies?"

Gutenberg died penniless, his presses impounded by his creditors. Other German printers fled for greener pastures, eventually arriving in Venice, which was the central shipping hub of the Mediterranean in the late 15th century.

"If you printed 200 copies of a book in Venice, you could sell five to the captain of each ship leaving port," says Palmer, which created the first mass-distribution mechanism for printed books.

The ships left Venice carrying religious texts and literature, but also breaking news from across the known world. Printers in Venice sold four-page news pamphlets to sailors, and when their ships arrived in distant ports, local printers would copy the pamphlets and hand them off to riders who would race them off to dozens of towns.

Since literacy rates were still very low in the 1490s, locals would gather at the pub to hear a paid reader recite the latest news, which was everything from bawdy scandals to war reports.

"This radically changed the consumption of news," says Palmer. "It made it normal to go check the news every day."

2. The Renaissance Kicked Into High Gear

The Italian Renaissance began nearly a century before Gutenberg invented his printing press when 14th-century political leaders in Italian city-states like Rome and Florence set out to revive the Ancient Roman educational system that had produced giants like Caesar, Cicero and Seneca.

One of the chief projects of the early Renaissance was to find long-lost works by figures like Plato and Aristotle and republish them. Wealthy patrons funded expensive expeditions across the Alps in search of isolated monasteries. Italian emissaries spent years in the Ottoman Empire learning enough Ancient Greek and Arabic to translate and copy rare texts into Latin.

The operation to retrieve classic texts was in action long before the printing press, but publishing the texts had been arduously slow and prohibitively expensive for anyone other than the richest of the rich. Palmer says that one hand-copied book in the 14th century cost as much as a house and libraries cost a small fortune. The largest European library in 1300 was the university library of Paris, which had 300 total manuscripts.

By the 1490s, when Venice was the book-printing capital of Europe, a printed copy of a great work by Cicero only cost a month's salary for a school teacher. The printing press didn't launch the Renaissance, but it vastly accelerated the rediscovery and sharing of knowledge.

"Suddenly, what had been a project to educate only the few wealthiest elite in this society could now become a project to put a library in every medium-sized town, and a library in the house of every reasonably wealthy merchant family," says Palmer.

3. Martin Luther Becomes the First Best-Selling Author

There's a famous quote attributed to German religious reformer Martin Luther that sums up the role of the printing press in the Protestant Reformation: "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one."

Luther wasn't the first theologian to question the Church, but he was the first to widely publish his message. Other "heretics" saw their movements quickly quashed by Church authorities and the few copies of their writings easily destroyed. But the timing of Luther's crusade against the selling of indulgences coincided with an explosion of printing presses across Europe.

As the legend goes, Luther nailed his "95 Theses" to the church door in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Palmer says that broadsheet copies of Luther's document were being printed in London as quickly as 17 days later.

Thanks to the printing press and the timely power of his message, Luther became the world's first best-selling author. Luther's translation of the New Testament into German sold 5,000 copies in just two weeks. From 1518 to 1525, Luther's writings accounted for a third of all books sold in Germany and his German Bible went through more than 430 editions.

4. Printing Powers the Scientific Revolution

The English philosopher Francis Bacon, who's credited with developing the scientific method, wrote in 1620 that the three inventions that forever changed the world were gunpowder, the nautical compass and the printing press.

For millennia, science was a largely solitary pursuit. Great mathematicians and natural philosophers were separated by geography, language and the sloth-like pace of hand-written publishing. Not only were handwritten copies of scientific data expensive and hard to come by, they were also prone to human error.

With the newfound ability to publish and share scientific findings and experimental data with a wide audience, science took great leaps forward in the 16th and 17th centuries. When developing his sun-centric model of the galaxy in the early 1500s, for example, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus relied not only on his own heavenly observations, but on printed astronomical tables of planetary movements.

When historian Elizabeth Eisenstein wrote her 1980 book about the impact of the printing press, she said that its biggest gift to science wasn't necessarily the speed at which ideas could spread with printed books, but the accuracy with which the original data were copied. With printed formulas and mathematical tables in hand, scientists could trust the fidelity of existing data and devote more energy to breaking new ground.

5. Fringe Voices Get a Platform

"Whenever a new information technology comes along, and this includes the printing press, among the very first groups to be 'loud' in it are the people who were silenced in the earlier system, which means radical voices," says Palmer.

It takes effort to adopt a new information technology, whether it's the ham radio, an internet bulletin board, or Instagram. The people most willing to take risks and make the effort to be early adopters are those who had no voice before that technology existed.

"In the print revolution, that meant radical heresies, radical Christian splinter groups, radical egalitarian groups, critics of the government," says Palmer. "The Protestant Reformation is only one of many symptoms of print enabling these voices to be heard."

As critical and alternative opinions entered the public discourse, those in power tried to censor it. Before the printing press, censorship was easy. All it required was killing the "heretic" and burning his or her handful of notebooks.

But after the printing press, Palmer says it became nearly impossible to destroy all copies of a dangerous idea. And the more dangerous a book was claimed to be, the more the people wanted to read it. Every time the Church published a list of banned books, the booksellers knew exactly what they should print next.

6. From Public Opinion to Popular Revolution

During the Enlightenment era, philosophers like John Locke, Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were widely read among an increasingly literate populace. Their elevation of critical reasoning above custom and tradition encouraged people to question religious authority and prize personal liberty.

Increasing democratization of knowledge in the Enlightenment era led to the development of public opinion and its power to topple the ruling elite. Writing in pre-Revolution France, Louis-Sebástien Mercier declared:

"A great and momentous revolution in our ideas has taken place within the last thirty years. Public opinion has now become a preponderant power in Europe, one that cannot be resisted... one may hope that enlightened ideas will bring about the greatest good on Earth and that tyrants of all kinds will tremble before the universal cry that echoes everywhere, awakening Europe from its slumbers."

"[Printing] is the most beautiful gift from heaven," continues Mercier. "It soon will change the countenance of the universe... Printing was only born a short while ago, and already everything is heading toward perfection... Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtuous writer!"

Even the illiterate couldn't resist the attraction of revolutionary Enlightenment authors, Palmer says. When Thomas Paine published "Common Sense" in 1776, the literacy rate in the American colonies was around 15 percent, yet there were more copies printed and sold of the revolutionary tract than the entire population of the colonies.

7. Machines 'Steal Jobs' From Workers

The Industrial Revolution didn't get into full swing in Europe until the mid-18th century, but you can make the argument that the printing press introduced the world to the idea of machines "stealing jobs" from workers.

Before Gutenberg's paradigm-shifting invention, scribes were in high demand. Bookmakers would employ dozens of trained artisans to painstakingly hand-copy and illuminate manuscripts. But by the late 15th century, the printing press had rendered their unique skillset all but obsolete.

On the flip side, the huge demand for printed material spawned the creation of an entirely new industry of printers, brick-and-mortar booksellers and enterprising street peddlers. Among those who got his start as a printer's apprentice was future Founding Father, Benjamin Franklin.

Fact Check

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7 Ways the Printing Press Changed the World | HISTORY

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In the 15th century, an innovation enabled the mass production of books. The ability to share knowledge more widely changed the world forever.

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Topic: Irish Civil War

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It appears like a different world. The 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising saw the GAA project a very conventional image of its role both in the struggle for independence and as a keeper of the national flame.

Speaking on the eve of St Patrick's Day in 1966, then GAA president Alf Murray spoke, partly in response to charges heard even then of divisiveness caused by its various bans, about what he saw as the association's mission.

"The GAA regards its national attitude as an essential part of the obligation that history and tradition impose upon us if we are to strengthen the Irish character and provide at least a part of the spiritual background that ensures the continuance of the struggle for the nation's soul."

Last October Murray's successor Aogán Ó Fearghail, also an Ulster man, spoke at the launch of the GAA's specially commissioned commemorative publication, The GAA & Revolution in Ireland 1913-1923, edited by Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh.

A historian himself, Ó Fearghail made the point that the GAA in those tumultuous times had in fact been a broad church even though some of its most senior figures had been active in the IRB. Politics were set aside, he said, in order to prioritise the games, which remained with a singular focus the association's main business.

Elaborating on that recently, Ó Fearghail said: "There's no doubt we were a broad church. I started a process in Ulster that is ongoing and I hope will be finished in the next year and a half to look at World War One.

"There were far more GAA members in the general sense involved in that than in the War of Independence or 1916. There's no doubt about that. Again focusing on Ulster a lot of GAA men were Hibernians. The Hibernian band was the GAA band but when you move farther south they become Sinn Féin bands. The GAA was very definitely a broad church. Very definitely."

Writing in the above history, Dublin hurler and Kilmacud Crokes All-Ireland football medallist Ross O'Carroll, whose post-graduate thesis was on the GAA from 1914-1918, spells out Ó Fearghail's point: "The scale of enlistment of GAA members into the British army highlights the importance of looking beyond traditional interpretations of the GAA's relationship with Irish nationalism."

Even the contemporary GAA was cautious in its public associations. At the meeting immediately after the Easter Rising, Central Council was quick to release a public statement distancing itself from the insurrection and to emphasise the association's "strictly non-political and non-sectarian nature".

It's a remarkable fact that the GAA - of all sporting organisations, established with a specific cultural remit - took so long to inquire into the nuances of its past.

Paul Rouse, of the UCD School of History, a pioneer of sports history in Ireland and author of S port and Ireland: A History, details how sparse the field of GAA studies was for much of the association's history.

"If you go through the national library and the catalogue of books there, you find the first history book written by TF O'Sullivan, The Story of the GAA. Before 1916 you find How to Play Gaelic Football by Dick Fitzgerald, " Rouse says.

"After that you see a bit of an explosion in the 1940s by journalists like PD Mehigan and Séamus Ó Ceallaigh, again detailing aspects of the GAA but no professional historian wrote a history until an Australian, WF Mandle, wrote a book called The GAA and Irish Nationalist Politics 1884-1924, published in 1987."

Rouse was also a prime mover in the foundation of Sports History Ireland in 2004 and he explains why it took so long for historians to focus on the area.

"That's in part a legacy of the way historians wrote history. What dominated was narrow, political history rather than broad, social history and the change in the way people wrote about history after the 1960s and 1970s eventually percolated through to Ireland," he says.

"There were revolutions in the writing of history in what people wrote about in America and France and England and Australia before then but it came to Ireland eventually, if a little bit later."

Contradiction

Another historian with a specific interest in sport and the GAA is Richard McElligott, whose book Forging a Kingdom: The GAA in Kerry 1884-1934 is an in-depth look into football's most famous county but also sets the local history in a national context. He points out the obvious contradiction in ignoring sport in history.

"Around the world and in Ireland from the end of the 19th century, far more people are involved in sporting activities than ever were in political parties or revolutionary bodies. A lot more people right from the 19th century until today have sport in their daily lives than they ever have any interaction with politics or governments or revolutionary organisations," McElligott says.

"The fact that you could ignore this huge part of people's life when talking about the history of a country was pretty ridiculous when you think back to it. That's what has changed in Ireland, this idea of social history but it's only been really from the 1980s on that historians have looked seriously at it rather than political history."

Yet hasn't the GAA come closer than any other sport to providing a bridge between social, recreational history and the more conventional narratives of the past? Only up to a point, says Rouse.

"It's perceived that way but if you look at history books - even brilliant ones like Joe Lee's Ireland 1912-1985, an outstanding book but there's practically no sport in it. You leap forward 20 years to Diarmaid Ferriter's Transformation of Ireland and you do find sport in it quite regularly. It shows you that time changes what interests historians and how they cover it."

If the academic discipline of sports history only really achieved lift-off in the past 10 years, for the GAA there is a more significant starting point. In 1984 the association marked its centenary by encouraging units to research and write their own histories.

"There was a key moment in all of this, of course," says Rouse. "In the mid-1980s when the idea came about that each county and club would write its own history and that led to the publication of some brilliant books. This was in parallel at national level with the publication of Marcus de Búrca's history - the officially funded and authorised history of the GAA - and Pádraig Puirséal's The GAA in Our Time, which is I suppose an unofficial history of the association."

Some months ago Jim Gilligan and Patsy McLoughlin updated their 1984 club history, Black & Amber: A History of the GAA in the Parish of Dunshaughlin 1886-2014.

"Centenary Year was motivation," says Gilligan. "People were saying, 'What will we do?' I had the idea about a history of the club. The initial reaction was, 'Sure there'd be nothing to write about'. I had seen a club history of Dunmore McHales, which had impressed me as well but at that stage we didn't even know where the colours had come from."

New significance

The updated book, a handsomely produced hardback volume, was a more complicated project than simply tacking a few chapters on to the original. New material had been uncovered and previously unthought of developments had acquired new significance.

"We got updated information on the early years and moved the chapters around because the first time we ended up in 1984, which wasn't a natural break in the club's history. Then a whole lot of different things happened, like ladies' football where there had been activity, which we've included but which wasn't in the original because it was never brought to my attention," Gilligan says.

"We did some research on it and discovered that there had been a pre-history back in the 1960s."

The black-and-amber in the title refers to the club colours, which predate Kilkenny's and owe their origins to the colours of a local racehorse owner and well-known employer in the area, Stephen Kelly.

For Gilligan, who is currently working on a county history of Meath, the material had to extend beyond the strictly sporting.

"There was simply the way people lived in the past, the way they travelled and got to games. There were references to velocipedes - bicycles - being used. There were marching bands at games, parading teams onto the field - that sense of spectacle and colour, which presumably was important to people who were working 5½ or six days of the week," he says.

"The GAA must have brought a great sense of colour and occasion to the lives of ordinary working people when it started up originally. There was the importance of railways, in Meath particularly, bringing crowds of about 2,000 in to Dunshaughlin. These events brought crowds out from Dublin as well as teams from Dublin. Railway was hugely important in bringing crowds to sports. I came across documentation recently showing that Nobber, the club in north Meath, going in to play a semi-final in Navan had hired a special train. Just a club."

Richard McElligott says he set out with a specific task in mind when addressing the early history of the GAA in Kerry.

"A problem with the GAA is that you had the national history, the history of the Central Council or the history of the GAA in Dublin. That's understandable; you're always going to look at where a sport is based and the national view. But if the national history was Dublin-centric then the local history could be too local," he says.

"Individual clubs were too focused on their village and parish, although there are wonderful club histories in loads of counties. There's a big gap there though between the national and the local. Naturally enough. If you're from my village of Kilflynn and you want to pick up the history of Crotta O'Neill's, my local club, you're not really that interested in what people in Kenmare are doing at the same time.

"What I was trying to do with my book was bridge the divide. You have to look at the local to understand the national but you have to look at the national to understand the local. I suppose the model I used was that if you look at the way the Irish revolutionary period has been studied: for decades it was the national story, the Dublin-centric story of the IRA and the struggle for independence: the 1916 Rising, the War of Independence and the Civil War."

Local research

McElligott believes the time is right, if not overdue, for the GAA to encourage another round of local research, writing and publication on local and county histories.

"The GAA did it in 1984, but I think they could do it again now. I think there could be another push because there are a lot of clubs out there; even since I've written my book, people have been contacting me asking for advice as to how to go about writing their own history," he says.

"It might be a good idea for the GAA coming up to the next big anniversary or even any time to say, 'We can help you if you're thinking about writing your club history or updating it'. I think a campaign could be launched on that because 1984 is a long time ago now. There's so much more access to material, resources online now, which would make it far easier to write a history now than it was in 1984."

It's also popular. Michael Foley's account of Bloody Sunday, The Bloodied Field outsold its initial print run of 4,000 and was in the best-seller lists the Christmas before last.

For GAA president Aogán Ó Fearghail history is a continuous presence.

"I wouldn't miss a day without visiting or being in contact with a club or a school. One of the biggest things that gets mentioned is the Bloody Sunday commemoration last November involving myself and Páraic Duffy [director general]. It made an impact," he says.

"GAA clubs are strengthened by knowing their history and where they're from. If you came from outer space and read the GAA rule book you'd find it hard to understand. "The preamble and the origins have to be seen in the context of the GAA's history. Not everyone in a GAA club can be a historian but I think that GAA officers need to have a certain broad understanding of how we developed and how we grew with Ireland and how we changed."

'Ghostly presence' Snapshots of the Rising

" Patrick Whelan, President of the Ulster Council from 1912 to 1918, was the man who introduced, supported and protected Eoin O'Duffy. He was a complete and total Irish nationalist. He had to step down as president of the Ulster Council at the convention in 1918 because the GAA had brought in a motion that anyone who took an oath of allegiance to the British crown couldn't be a member of the GAA and he was the coroner for north Monaghan.

"The Ulster Council, led by Cavan, opposed this motion at congress, arguing that it was going to lose teachers and many others who were important to the GAA, especially Patrick Whelan who was widely acknowledged as an important figure in the association.

"But the congress voted by quite a strong margin to introduce that motion in 1918 and he was disqualified. One of the sad things from a GAA point of view was, I discovered going through the minutes that the Ulster convention doesn't even refer to him when he steps down. He simply fell on his sword and moved on."

- GAA president Aogán Ó Fearghail

"The captain of that Drumree club in the 1880s and 1890s, PJ Fox - his son James Fox was part of the Irish Citizen Army and was shot dead on Easter Tuesday outside the College of Surgeons on Stephen's Green.

"His father, who was a member of the committee of James Connolly's Irish Citizen Army, accompanied him to Liberty Hall on the morning of the Rising saying to Frank Robbins, a sergeant in that army: 'Here is my lad; take him with you for the Irish Citizen Army. I am too old for the job.'

"James was shot dead on the morning of 25th April. He is buried in Knockmark Cemetery."

- Jim Gilligan, co-author of 'Black & Amber, A History of the GAA in the Parish of Dunshaughlin 1886-2014'

"There is stuff that has been written about the GAA and the revolution and there is this perception that the GAA was more involved than it actually was and that it was the only sporting organisation involved in the revolution. This would have come as a surprise to the various soccer players who fought in the revolution, like Oscar Traynor or rugby players like Kevin Barry.

"It's shown to be a nonsense. There were GAA members involved and the GAA was targeted on Bloody Sunday but the GAA's involvement in 1916 was more as a ghostly presence."

- Paul Rouse, UCD School of History

"In some areas, the police continued to obstruct GAA activity months after the ending of the Rising. By September 1916, it was still reported in Kerry that local police were forcing entry into GAA events.

"The arrest and detention of many within the association also hardened members' views of the British government. The rise of the Sinn Féin party between 1917 and 1918 would provide the catalyst for the political radicalisation of Irish society and with it the GAA."

- Richard McElligott, writing in 'The GAA & Revolution in Ireland 1913-1923', edited by Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh

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The GAA and the 1916 Rising: Playing a major part in our history

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It appears like a different world. The 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising saw the GAA project a very conventional image of its role both in the struggle for independence and as a keeper of the national flame.

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Individual task: Add materials to the Padlet that you could use as prompts/stimulus to enhance student talk in the classroom. For example articles, photographs, links to a repository, videos etc.
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Sentenced to death: the Civil War executions

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In 1922, the National Army, with the permission of the Dáil, began executing captured anti-Treaty forces without trial. It was a policy that saw the new state abandon the rule of law, as Seán Enright explains

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/robert-koch-bacteria-tuberculosis-anthrax-cholera

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This ‘bacteria hunter’ discovered the causes of tuberculosis, anthrax, and cholera

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Robert Koch, a founding father of microbiology, used hands-on experiments in the 1800s to find the bacteria behind three of history’s deadliest diseases.

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History repeated itself - but in the opposite direction - at the weekend, when a small French invading force landed in Ireland intent on linking up with rebels in the west.

This time, the group touched down at Dublin Airport, and their first stop was Ballinamuck, Co Longford, where the thing they were commemorating ended 220 years ago. After that, they swept across the Shannon into Co Mayo, via Ballina and Killala. And by Saturday morning, they were in Kilcummin Harbour, where General Humbert and his men first stepped on to Irish soil in 1798.

As on that occasion, the French were getting here a bit later in the season than ideal. Back then, they arrived on August 22nd, two months after the main uprising had been crushed. So maybe it was apt that the commemorative weekend was happening in October.

On the other hand, Humbert's force was intended only as an advance party, ahead of a greater invasion. And regardless of when the commemorators arrived, the local tourism industry now has similar hopes that they may be just the start of something bigger.

The weekend's visitors included military re-enactors, wearing uniforms of the revolutionary period. They know all about Humbert & Co, having walked in their boots before.

But the group also featured a modern-day officer corps: the mayors of three French communes in Humbert's native Vosges - Remiremont, St Nabord, and Plombières-les-Bains - where the general's heroics are not well known. The mayors were reciprocating a Bastille weekend visit from Irish re-enactors, who made quite a stir in an area not much touristed even by the French.

Re-enactors in period military dress are, in general, not easily ignored. Although expensively authentic - often to the tune of several thousand euro each - their uniforms are colourful even by Halloween standards.

Going out with a bang

Thanks to revolutionary-era muskets, re-enactors also tend to go out with a bang everywhere, not to mention flashes and a lot of smoke. When they fired a volley off the balcony of the Ballina Manor Hotel on Saturday, for example, it looked like a broadside from a Napoleonic ship.

It's hoped such events will increase visitor interest in both directions. And whether they're in August or October, Franco-Irish initiatives are all well-timed of late. As that country's ambassador Stéphane Crouzat reminded us, invoking the dreaded B-word (not "Ballinamuck"), France is about to become "Ireland's nearest neighbour in the EU".

The phrase "Year of the French", immortalised by Thomas Flanagan's 1979 novel and the lavish four-part TV serial that followed, is a bit of a misnomer. The French part of the uprising lasted less than two months, from the first landing in Co Mayo to a battle off Donegal on October 12th, where the second, larger wave of invaders was prevented reaching a shore.

Many executed

At its height, the Mayo uprising numbered no more than Humbert's 1,000 troops and about 5,000 locals. By way of perspective, back in 2016, I saw that many Irish on the street outside a pub in Montmartre, Paris, over several nights of the European football championships.

Those carousers probably made more noise than the '98 army. Among the dead they threatened to wake in the famous cemetery nearby was Miles Byrne (1780 - 1862), who fought in the Wexford branch of the rebellion, survived to become a leader in Napoleon's Irish Legion, and ended his days in Paris.

But modest as it was, Humbert's force nevertheless routed the British at Castlebar and established a short-lived Republic of Connacht, before running out of road in Longford. If it wasn't 10 days that shook the world, it was 12 days that shook the west.

Alas for many of the Irish participants, the violence didn't end in Ballinamuck. Humbert and the other French survivors were treated with the courtesies of war and repatriated. The locals were not so lucky.

The trail of state vengeance led grimly back to Killala, where the last rebels were hunted down in late September. Among the many executed, meanwhile, was Humbert's fearless comrade officer Bartholomew Teeling, who welcomed the hangman's noose as an unintended honour.

Teeling's latter-day descendants are probably best known for their part in the ongoing Irish whiskey revival. So it was apt that the weekend's tour involved a distillery, even if it wasn't one of theirs. The Connacht Whiskey Company is a small, independent outfit near Ballina. And to mark a visit there, the re-enactors fired yet another volley of shots. The visitors encountered incoming shots too on this occasion, but these were only of the house poitín, and there were no injuries.

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The 12 days that shook the west: remembering the 1798 rebellion

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History repeated itself - but in the opposite direction - at the weekend, when a small French invading force landed in Ireland intent on linking up with rebels in the west. This time, the group touched down at Dublin Airport, and their first stop was Ballinamuck, Co Longford, where the thing they were commemorating ended 220 years ago.

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https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/why-ireland-cannot-forget-the-holocaust-1.4150159

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It is 2020. A new century has moved into a new decade. Occasionally remembered are the generations and a continent ravaged by world wars.

New generations are growing up in a Europe where most take for granted the right to live in a world, free from death and destruction. But now is a time for caution. When memories grow faint the lessons of history grow dangerously dim.

How then do we ensure that never again is a situation enabled which will unleash events as cataclysmic as the Holocaust, where millions were deprived not just of liberty but of the very right to be treated as human beings?

Where Jewish men, women and children and other victims of the Holocaust including people with disabilities, Poles, Slavs and ethnic minorities, Roma/Sinti, those labelled homosexual, political activists, Christians of all denominations were sent to their deaths?

In 1930s Europe, fear and uncertainty allowed extremes not just to flourish but to unleash a catastrophic disaster on the world. The Holocaust did not emerge from nowhere. It was the result of fear and uncertainty. It was the result of seeds sown over many years. Seeds of hatred and mistrust. Ultimately seeds of evil.

How do we prevent this happening once more? How do we guarantee those immortal words "Never Again"?

In truth there are no guarantees. It is the very essence of our humanity that ours is a fragile existence. We need only look to the great questions of our day including climate change and the ever increasing migrant crisis and the myriad challenges to the European project, once hailed as our buttress against future war and bloodshed, to remind us that our actions are not without consequences, our failures to act not without significance or effect.

Seventy-five years ago on January 27th, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz and liberated more than 7,000 emaciated and barely living souls. There followed thereafter the liberation of camps across Europe and of course, with it, the inevitable recriminations of who knew and when, who could have stopped the Nazi machine, who were the collaborators, who betrayed Jews and others and sent them to certain death?

Those who perpetrated the Holocaust were, like their victims, men and women, sons and daughters, cherished family members. Those who stayed silent or indeed collaborated were ordinary men and women who, in ordinary times, were model citizens. Yet, given fertile ground for hatred, some became killers, others remained silent and the world became a dark and dangerous place.

Today in Ireland there are only two people living who survived the Holocaust, Suzi Diamond and Tomi Reichental. Largely gone too are those who, when liberating the camps, witnessed the suffering of fellow humans living beyond the gates of hell.

With few left to carry the burden of memory - because burden it was - the baton falls to a new generation, not just to remember the Holocaust but to ensure that never again can Europe fall into the deep abyss which led to it happening, because happen it did.

There are none of us viewing history from our safe space who would not like to think that in humanity's darkest hour we would rise to the challenge. We might even like to think that we would be included amongst the Righteous Among the Nations, people like Mary Elmes from Cork who risked her life to save Jewish children from deportation.

But that was then and this is now. Do we acknowledge today the clear challenges facing us or, like some after the second World War, do we plead ignorance to the forces of evil? In Europe today, the far right rises, anti-Semitism flourishes, freedoms and rights are challenged.

Events such as the Holocaust never spring from one fateful decision alone, rather they are the result of a myriad of circumstances which come together to form disaster. If some engage in careless talk about imagined enemies, can we really be surprised when others less nuanced act out their own distrusts on their perceptions of 'threats'?

Can we say with any certainty that undercurrents of incitement are not present today which, given the right circumstances, could once again bring humanity to the brink?

In 1945 people claimed to be unaware of what lay behind barbed wire, where trains were travelling to, or what had become of neighbours. In 2020 there are those who would push us towards extreme views on those seeking refuge, those who commit and harbour anti-Semitism. There are those who would push us towards a future of fear and distrust.

People knew in 1945. They know in 2020. What we choose to do about it in 2020 will not just define our generation but our very existence.

Ours is a fragile world. While we cannot be certain whether we might have been a victim, a perpetrator or a bystander during the Holocaust, we can certainly commit to being none of those today. In our everyday actions - and how we choose to express our opinions - we need to actively commit to the protection of that which was nearly lost during the Holocaust - our humanity.
Eibhlin Byrne is a former Lord Mayor of Dublin and is chairwoman of Holocaust Education Trust Ireland (HETI)

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It is 2020. A new century has moved into a new decade. Occasionally remembered are the generations and a continent ravaged by world wars. New generations are growing up in a Europe where most take for granted the right to live in a world, free from death and destruction.

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Céim Ar Aghaidh: History of the GAA - YouTube

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created.
(5 minutes)

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Ten ways in which Shakespeare changed the world

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This week marks 400 years since the death of our national poet. And yet his characters, the worlds he created, the thoughts he expressed – some raw, fashioned in fire, some exquisite and turned in silk – are for all people and all time

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The Civil War which raged on this island from 1922-1923 was a dreadful human tragedy for so many Irish families. It left many damaging legacies, which for succeeding generations remained taboo, leaving the wounds of the war between former comrades open for decades.

In these centenary years, we are challenged to display courage and honesty as we seek to speak the fullness of the experience of the period, and in recognising that no single side had the monopoly of either atrocity or virtue.

The Civil War, though short, was bloody. It cost the lives of many, some well-known public figures, others lesser-known but not forgotten. Both sides to the conflict carried out brutal acts: anti-Treaty forces killed a TD and several other pro-Treaty politicians, and burned many homes of senators and Free State supporters, while the government executed anti-Treaty prisoners, officially and unofficially. At least 81 were officially executed in several jails and barracks, including seven in the Curragh on December 19th, 1922, all young men in their teens and 20s. Precise figures for the dead and wounded are contested, but recent research suggests a death toll of 1,500-2,000.

We must recognise the atrocities of the Civil War for what they were, on both sides: cruel, vicious and at times informed by vengeance

We must recognise the atrocities of the Civil War for what they were, on both sides: cruel, vicious and at times informed by vengeance. We should also recognise that there were elements within the different forces who were simply out of control. Some civilian losses were inflicted in a way that had little to do with republicanism or any emancipatory version of nationalism. The cover of the war was used by some for the settling of vendettas based on land, hunger and greed. It must also be acknowledged that in some cases the opportunity was taken for a sectarian identification of targets.

Emigration and poverty

The aftermath of the 1920s saw many other lives so damaged that recovery was impossible, leading to forced emigration or poverty at home.

This is painful for many of us to remember. The Civil War divided my own father's family, all of whom served in the War of Independence in Co Clare and Co Cork. My uncle Peter, with whom I would spend a significant amount of my childhood, went on to serve in the National Army from 1922 to 1925 at Renmore Barracks.

My father, John, would meanwhile spend most of the year 1923 as an internee in what was known to the prisoners as Tintown, in the Curragh camp. The diaries of Joseph Campbell offer revealing vignettes of what life was like for those in the camps, providing vivid notes of personal conversations and imaginative reflections on the psychological effects of incarceration.

As with most civil wars, the internecine conflict left a bitter legacy. The violence that was unleashed in the Civil War (and in the wider independence struggle) established violence, in all its manifestations, as an acceptable means of control and coercion within the state. Violence was also an inherited legacy of empire. Given how Ireland and its leaders had experienced the iron fist of empire as a tool in statehood and state management, violence and the infliction of humiliation would become an unsurprising feature of the State and its institutions. It was unleashed in various forms, particularly as it impacted on women, minorities and those from the poorest social classes, with varying gradations of violence and exclusion affecting people from all backgrounds.

The pension files record my father's long and exhausting battle for a small pension, which was eventually granted in 1956, eight years before his death and almost 22 years after his first application, in 1935.

While these events may be hard for us to remember, it is crucial we realise that any amnesia will not help us. Our concern for the truth must not, however, collapse into shallow point-scoring. Comparing atrocities is futile and amoral. An act of commemoration requires more.

Given how Ireland and its leaders had experienced the iron fist of empire as a tool in statehood and state management, violence and the infliction of humiliation would become an unsurprising feature of the State and its institutions

We have the opportunity to develop a clearer understanding of what factually occurred and the different versions of context. We need to acknowledge that different, informed perspectives on the same events can and do exist. The acceptance of this fact can release us from the pressure of finding, or subscribing to, any singular, unifying narrative of the past.

Through the Machnamh 100 series, I have sought to provide a forum for such discussions. Each of the seminars is available on the RTÉ Player, with the fifth of the six seminars available from May 26th, while a book bringing together the contents of the first three seminars is also now available.

I would urge such discussions to take place across the country, in our communities, schools and universities. Over the last decade we have seen a flourishing in local history groups as well as the publication of excellent pieces of scholarship which have made up many gaps. We now see surfaced accounts of women's role in all of the different events in 1916 and long before. We also have access to the various records which we can view and consider.

Ethical remembering is about putting ourselves in the shoes of the other and allowing for the existence of different narratives, narratives which we can put alongside one another to give a full picture of all that happened. We have an opportunity to look at our history in its fullness, its sorrow and its lost possibilities that might be recovered, an opportunity to learn of the lived experiences of those previously neglected and even excluded - the "history from below".

We have in the past experienced lost opportunities for reconciliation from our violent struggle for independence and what followed it, but we now have an opportunity to seek true, lasting reconciliation and to build a bright, emancipatory future for all of us, with our diverse histories and memories respectfully taken into account. In doing so, we may work together towards that to which we all might be united - sharing ideas of sustaining our planet, of delivering a new symmetry of ecology and society, a shared future that offers hope and capacity rather than a ransacking of old hatreds and bitterness.

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Michael D Higgins: An opportunity for ethical remembering

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The Civil War which raged on this island from 1922-1923 was a dreadful human tragedy for so many Irish families. It left many damaging legacies, which for succeeding generations remained taboo, leaving the wounds of the war between former comrades open for decades.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1zICtqftRo

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Horrible Histories - The Measly Middle Ages | Compilation

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1798 Ballads & Poems - The National 1798 Rebellion Centre

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The 1798 rebellion has inspired many of our most popular ballads and songs. Many of the best known ballads about the events of 1798 were not written until the second half of the 19th century. Among the most famous of these are “At Boolavogue” and “Kelly from Killanne” composed by P. J. McCall. “At B…

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Individual task: Based on the materials, choose one talk strategy from the Resource Booklet or a strategy you have used before that you think will enhance student talk. Add your choice to the Padlet.
Group task: Discuss your ideas.
(10 minutes)

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Watch from 45 minutes

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Step 2: Primary sources- Museum tour and photos from official exhibition site

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Step 2: Primary sources- Museum tour and photos from official exhibition site

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https://www.auschwitz.org/en/

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A new research laboratory was opened at the Auschwitz Museum. It will allow specialized research on objects from the German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz.

The new laboratory is equipped to carry out physicochemical research and molecular biology analysis, including microbiology and genetics.

New technologies in education about the history of Auschwitz and the Holocaust was the subject of an international conference held on June 27-29 at the Auschwitz Memorial. The conference was attended by almost 130 people from many European countries, as well as the United States, Israel, Canada and Australia. These are primarily people professionally involved in education at Memorial Sites and other similar museums and institutions.

From 15 June, visitors to the Auschwitz Museum are to use the new Visitor Services Center, which will be located at 55 Więźniów Oświęcimia Street. The visit to the Museum will begin at this point.

The travelling exhibition created by the Auschwitz Museum and the Spanish company Musealia was opened at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California's Simi Valley on 23 March. It is expected to be the most attended in the library's history.

On January 27, a group of 18 Auschwitz and Holocaust Survivors met at the former Auschwitz camp to commemorate the 78th anniversary of the liberation of this German Nazi concentration and extermination camp. The main theme of the anniversary was the process of planning, creating and expanding the system of dehumanisation and genocide at Auschwitz, which was particularly strongly defined by the words of survivor Marian Turski 'Auschwitz did not fall from the sky'.

In the official Auschwitz Memorial podcast "On Auschwitz," we discuss the details of the history of the German Nazi Auschwitz camp as well as our contemporary memory of this important and special place.

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A new research laboratory was opened at the Auschwitz Museum. It will allow specialized research on objects from the German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz. The new laboratory is equipped to carry out physicochemical research and molecular biology analysis, including microbiology and genetics.

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https://guides.library.queensu.ca/history-medieval/primary-sources

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Research Guides: Medieval History: Primary Sources

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Research Guides: Medieval History: Primary Sources

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https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/16320006/aughrim-bridge-aughrim-lower-aughrim-wicklow

http://www.irishwarmemorials.ie/Memorials-Detail?memoId=604

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Aughrim Bridge, AUGHRIM LOWER, Aughrim, WICKLOW - Buildings of Ireland

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This is a well preserved early 19th-century bridge which helps to create a 19th-century feel to the southern town approach. The later incorporation of a mil...

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1884 Foundation of the GAA
At the behest of Michael Cusack seven men met in Hayes Hotel, Thurles on November 1, 1884 and founded the Gaelic Athletic Association for the preservation and cultivation of our national pastimes. Maurice Davin was elected President, Michael Cusack, John Wyse Power and John McKay elected Secretaries and Archbishop Thomas William Croke, Charles Stewart Parnell and Michael Davitt were asked to become patrons.
1887 Split and Reconstruction
The GAA split along political lines with one faction supporting the physical force IRB and the other the Irish Parliamentary Party. Matters came to a head at the 1887 Annual Congress when the IRB candidate, Edward Bennett, defeated Maurice Davin for the Presidency. Scanlon, who favoured the Home Rule faction, left the Annual Congress and announced his intention to form a rival athletic association - one that would pledge allegiance to the National League. Archbishop Croke brought both sides together and at a Special Congress, in January 1888, Maurice Davin was re-elected as President of the GAA.
1888 American Invasion Tour
One of the main ideas considered by the founders of the GAA was the revival of the ancient Tailteann Games, An Aonach Tailteann. The GAA decided to host the games in Dublin in 1889 and estimated that £5,000 would be required for such a venture. To raise the capital a group of 50 Irish athletes embarked on a fundraising tour of Irish centres in America staging displays of hurling and athletics and international contests between Ireland and America. However, terrible weather and infighting between the two athletic organisations in America resulted in low attendances and gate receipts. The GAA had to borrow £450 from Michael Davitt to bring the party home and up to 17 members remained in America. While the tour was a financial failure it did arouse interest in Gaelic Games amongst the Irish and Irish-Americans.
1913 Purchase of Croke Park
At the GAA's 1905 Annual Convention the decision was taken to erect a memorial in honour of Archbishop Thomas William Croke, First Patron of the GAA, who died in 1902. Between 1905 and 1913 fund-raising for this memorial was sporadic at best but in 1913 a 'Croke Memorial Tournament' (Hurling and Football) was held which resulted in a profit of £1,872, to be used for the memorial. Using these funds the GAA decided to purchase Jones' Road Sports Ground from Frank Dineen for £3,500. They re-named the grounds 'Croke Park' in honour of Archbishop Croke.
1916 GAA Involvement
Although not officially involved, many members of the GAA took part in the Rising. GAA activities throughout the country came to a halt as many of the Association's members were imprisoned. In 1916 the GAA entered the 'political arena' when it agreed to send a delegation to a Dublin Corporation conference for the purpose of forming a Political Prisoners Amnesty Association. After the 1916 Rising the British Authorities severely curtailed the movement of traffic throughout Ireland and this included trains taking people to Croke Park. The finances of the GAA suffered severely as a result.
1918 Gaelic Sunday
In 1918 the British Authorities informed Luke O'Toole that no hurling or football games would be allowed unless a permit was obtained from Dublin Castle. The GAA, at their meeting of July 20 1918, unanimously agreed that no such permit be applied for under any conditions and that any person applying for a permit, or any player playing in a match in which a permit had been obtained, would be automatically suspended from the Association. In a further act of defiance the Council organised a series of matches throughout the country for Sunday August 4 1918. Matches were openly played throughout the country with an estimated 54,000 members taking part. This became known as Gaelic Sunday.
1920 Bloody Sunday
The Dublin football team was scheduled to play Tipperary, in Croke Park, on November 21, 1920 and the proceeds of this 'great challenge match' were to be donated to the Irish Republican Prisoners' Fund. The night before Michael Collins sent his 'Squad' out to assassinate the 'Cairo Gang', a team of undercover British agents working and living in Dublin. A series of shootings took place throughout the night which left 14 members of the British Forces dead. In reprisal the British Military entered Croke Park and opened fire killing 14 people.
1924 Tailteann Games
With the end of the Civil War the Irish Provisional Government decided to stage the Tailteann Games (due to take place in 1922 but postponed due to the outbreak of the Civil War) with Croke Park as the main centre of activity. The GAA was given a grant of £10,000 to refurbish Croke Park for the event, out of which they purchased a new stand, The Hogan Stand. Although the Tailteann Games were staged again in 1928 and 1932, the 1924 games are considered the most successful.
1929 Death of Luke O'Toole
Luke O'Toole, General Secretary, died of influenza on the 17th of July 1929. In November he was succeeded by Pádraig Ó Caoimh.
1938 Removal of Dr. Hyde as President of Ireland
In December 1938 the GAA removed Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland, as a Patron of the Association. Hyde had broken the GAA's "exclusion/foreign games rule' by attending (in an official capacity) the Ireland v Poland International soccer match in Dalymount Park, Dublin.
1939-1945 The GAA and World War II
Travel and fuel restrictions during World War II severely curtailed the playing of Gaelic games. The GAA in Britain continued to play their championships against all the odds.

**

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1884 Foundation of the GAA At the behest of Michael Cusack seven men met in Hayes Hotel, Thurles on November 1, 1884 and founded the Gaelic Athletic Association for the preservation and cultivation of our national pastimes. Maurice Davin was elected President, Michael Cusack, John Wyse Power and John McKay

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Group task: Based on the resources that you have collated, create an enquiry question that will be the focus of student talk in your class.

Look for common concepts.

Do the questions elicit critical thinking?

Choose one question or create a new one.

(5 minutes)

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https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/

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Open Source Shakespeare: search Shakespeare's works, read the texts :|: Open Source Shakespeare

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Welcome to Open Source Shakespeare (OSS). Since it debuted in 2003, OSS has become one of the most popular Shakespeare sites on the Internet. It is used regularly by scholars, educators, and Shakespeare lovers around the world.

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Emmet Dalton felt the cause that had inspired him to fight in the British Army was the right one, and that the Easter Rising never had any hope of success as a military operation.

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On hearing of the outbreak of a rebellion in Dublin in 1916 Emmet Dalton says that he and his fellow soldiers, "Were surpised, annoyed and we thought that it was madness."

Emmet Dalton was in Kilworth Camp, Cork, when he heard about the uprising in Dublin. Cathal O'Shannon asks him what were his feelings on hearing the news.

Emmet Dalton says that he had no sympathy for the Irish rebels. He felt the cause that had inspired him to fight in the British Army was the right one, and that the Easter Rising never had any hope of success as a military operation.

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On hearing of the outbreak of a rebellion in Dublin in 1916 Emmet Dalton says that he and his fellow soldiers, "Were surpised, annoyed and we thought that it was madness." Emmet Dalton was in Kilworth Camp, Cork, when he heard about the uprising in Dublin.

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People exploring the camps.
Sites of mass graves.
Auschwitz official exhibition and online tour.
National Archives

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https://guides.library.queensu.ca/history-medieval/primary-sources

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Research Guides: Medieval History: Primary Sources

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Research Guides: Medieval History: Primary Sources

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https://www.nationalarchives.ie/PDF/1798.pdf

https://heritage.wicklowheritage.org/category/topics/1798_in_county_wicklow

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PejJGGJKZiw&t=81

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Emmet Dalton outlines his reasons for joining up and describes the initial reaction of his father to seeing his son in a British Army uniform.

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Emmet Dalton outlines his reasons for joining up and describes the initial reaction of his father to seeing his son in a British Army uniform.

Emmet Dalton talks about how he came to join the 7th Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Cathal O'Shannon asks Dalton did he feel he was joining to fight for Britain, Ireland or little Belgium? Dalton replies, "For all three but primarily I felt I was fighting for Ireland."

Emmet Dalton was only seventeen and felt a sense of adventure in joing up. He also describes the reaction of his father when he arrived home wearing a British Army uniform.

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Emmet Dalton outlines his reasons for joining up and describes the initial reaction of his father to seeing his son in a British Army uniform. Emmet Dalton talks about how he came to join the 7th Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Cathal O'Shannon asks Dalton did he feel he was joining to fight for Britain, Ireland or little Belgium?

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limited to mostly secondary sources.

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-05%2F1019770_full.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Firish-rebellion-1798&tbnid=1lHNub0YUS_23M&vet=12ahUKEwiH7P2KneX8AhUWh1wKHTSwDe4QMygDegUIARDJAQ..i&docid=P60b9wFUzuLq7M&w=800&h=640&q=photographs%20of%201798%20rebellion&client=safari&ved=2ahUKEwiH7P2KneX8AhUWh1wKHTSwDe4QMygDegUIARDJAQ

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fc8.alamy.com%2Fcomp%2FDP97WR%2F1798-the-scullabogue-massacre-DP97WR.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstock-photo%2Fthe-scullabogue-massacre.html&tbnid=OSwxpHIcYzIYpM&vet=12ahUKEwi8xN2cneX8AhWDolwKHdaUAycQMygDegUIARDGAQ..i&docid=cfOxz0et_t94TM&w=1300&h=951&q=photographs%20of%201798%20scullabogue&client=safari&ved=2ahUKEwi8xN2cneX8AhWDolwKHdaUAycQMygDegUIARDGAQ

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https://youtu.be/MFxssFgofUU

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A TOUR OF AUSCHWITZ | World War 2 Nazi Death Camp

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created. (5 minutes)

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created. (5 minutes)

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Irish Civil War war memorial sites in Ireland

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Listing of memorial sites for Irish Civil War in Ireland

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created. (5 minutes)

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created. (5 minutes)

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created. (5 minutes)

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created. (5 minutes)

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1. Image (trophies/stadium)/Mindmap
2. Walking debate
3. Film clip: Wind That Shakes The Barley. Carrying hurleys through the hills
4. Document: photo/match report/letter/diary entry/witness statement
5. Timeline
6. Exit Notes: Post it notes. "What I learned today"
Group vote:

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1. Socratic Circle
2. Hot Seat
3. Debate (group topics)
4. Walking Debate
5. Think - Pair -Share
6. Jigsaw
Group vote: Jigsaw

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Dáil Éireann debate - Friday, 17 Nov 1922

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MILITARY EXECUTIONS. Dáil Éireann debate - Friday, 17 Nov 1922

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1.Peer work
2.Group Work
3.Leading questions
4.Kahoot quiz
5.Blooket
6.Socratic circle
Group vote: Images

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
Group vote:

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1. Just-in-time strategy
2. One-minute paper
3. Think, pair, share
4. Hictionary (historical pictionary)
5. Who wants to be a historian
6. 3, 2, 1
Group vote:

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Topic: Health and Crime

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1. Group and pair work
2. Wait time, Walking debate
3. Think, Pair, Share
4. Talking frame
5.  Jigsaw
6. Hot seating
7. The Chameleon
Group vote:

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1.  What Impact did Shakespeare have on everyday writing?

2. How did Shakespeare's writings influence the ordinary people of the day?
3. What impact did Shakespeare have on society?
4.  Assess the historical accuracy/background of some of Shakespeare's  plays?
5. To what extent was Shakespeare aware of anti-semitism in Europe during his time?
6.
Group vote: Assess the historical accuracy/background of some of Shakespeare's  plays?

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Dáil Éireann debate - Tuesday, 28 Nov 1922

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DAIL IN COMMITTEE. - ARMY. Dáil Éireann debate - Tuesday, 28 Nov 1922

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1. What was daily life like in a concentration camp
2. What is your reaction to what you have seen a video)
3. Fake news always existed?
4.  Why do you think people would say that the Holocaust never took place?
5. Was there justice after the war for those that were imprisoned?
6. How would you prove Holocaust occurred to
a denier?
Group vote:

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1.  Main diseases during middle ages
2. What was life like in medieval towns
3. Why were diseases more prevalent
4. Punishments that deterred people from committing crimes
5. Ways of threating diseases
6. What were the main changes during the middle ages in health
Group vote:

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1. How is 1798 remembered from different perspectives?
2. Can you think one-time physical force had a positive outcome in any event that comes to mind?
3. What is the significance of a leader in a rebellion?
4. Who is not included in evidence reporting on or commemorating this event?
5.  How do historical sources glorify the tradition of forceful rebellion at this time and later in Irish history?
6.
Group vote: 5

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Civil War Executions

Included in the M ilitary Service Pensions Collection are files relating to seventy-two (72) individuals executed during the Civil War as a result of their service with the anti-Treaty forces. Files for a further two individuals - Michael Grealy (to the listing below . These executions have been excluded as the Military Service Registration Board (MSRB) judged, that at the time of the events leading to and at the time of their execution, neither were engaged in active service nor were they members of one of the organisations covered by the legislation. DP1835) and Luke Burke ( DP903) - who were also executed during the period are not included

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Included in the M ilitary Service Pensions Collection are files relating to seventy-two (72) individuals executed during the Civil War as a result of their service with the anti-Treaty forces. Files for a further two individuals - Michael Grealy (to the listing below .

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Emmet Dalton and WWI

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An American in the Irish Civil War
Researched, complied & edited by Rodney G. Dalton

The birth of the Irish Free State coincided with the Irish Civil War, a conflict between two forces who supported and opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. At that time, two factions emerged in Ireland, with the pro treaty forces led by the interim Prime Minister and de facto commander of the rebel forces, Michael Collins, and the 'irregulars', the anti treaty forces led by Eamon De Valera. The first task the Irish Free State faced was to win the Civil War, and in doing this, they recruited a large military and slowly gained the upper hand in the conflict. 75% of the people voted the pro treaty government into power (at the time, known as the pro treaty Sinn Fein). Historians have criticized the argument that the nation wanted a Free State government, pointing out that the voters were left with the choice of war with the British Empire or peace. The Irish people were war-weary and voted for an end to conflict, not an endorsement of the Irish Free State; de Valera ignored those popular wishes and launched a poorly organized civil war that had little popular support and less military success. Michael Collins, the effective head of the new government, built an army from the pro-treaty remnants of the IRA, plus new recruits; and he was funded and supplied by the British government. Collins was ambushed and killed by anti-treaty elements near his home in August, 1922, a move that shocked the country. Even without Collins' leadership, the Irish army speedily destroyed the insurgency.
Major General Emmett Dalton
Considering that Emmet Dalton was a Secretary to the Senate, played such a prominent role in the IRA during the Anglo-Irish War, commanded the artillery that attacked the Four Courts, broke the back of the 'Minister Republic' and was with Collins when he was killed at Bal na Blth it is astonishing that so little information about his life seems to have survived. His name crops up again and again in accounts of Ireland's revolution, yet a casual search of the internet turns up very little. He left no published memoirs and except for a series of interviews for RTE, no biography of Emmet Dalton has yet been written.

Born in the USA on Friday 4 March 1898, James Emmet Dalton grew up at 8 Upper St Columbus Road, Drumcondra, a solidly middle-class Catholic suburb of Dublin, and was educated by the Christian Brothers at their school in North Richmond Street. The OConnell School still survives and has an extensive museum commemorating its former students; however, neither Dalton nor Brendan Finucane - the youngest wing commander in the RAF during World War II - receives a mention.

Dalton's father was a third-generation Irish-American Republican who had returned to Ireland in 1900 and his family's political activism probably explains why Emmet joined the Dublin Volunteers at their inaugural meeting in 1913, at the tender age of 15, and was actively involved in smuggling arms by the time he was 16. His younger brother Charlie also joined, and went on to become a member of Collins' inner circle.

Much to the chagrin of his father, in 1915 Dalton answered Redmond's call to arms, joining the British Army as a temporary 2nd lieutenant in the 7th Service (Dublin Pals) Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (RDF) at 17. By 1916, he was attached to the 9th Battalion, RDF, 48th Infantry Brigade, 16th Irish Division under Major-General W.R. Hickie. Most of the officers and men in this Division were Redmondite Home-Rulers and, like Dalton, were horrified by the news of the Easter Rising.

It was while serving with the 9th 'Dubs' that Dalton befriended an old acquaintance of his father, Lieutenant Tom Kettle MP, the 36-year-old Nationalist MP, for East Tyrone and Professor of Economics at University College Dublin. It was Kettle who had famously declared that Irishmen should fight not for England, but for small nations, a sentiment that Dalton seemed to fully endorse. Kettle hoped that, with the wisdom which is sown in tears and blood, this tragedy of Europe [World War I] may be and must be the prologue to the two reconciliations of which all statesmen have dreamed, the reconciliation of Protestant Ulster with Ireland, and the reconciliation of Ireland with Great Britain.

By the summer of 1916, the 16th Irish Division was fully embroiled in the bloody battle of the Somme. On 9 September, RDF attacked the Germans near the village of Ginchy, and Kettle, then acting as OC of B Company, was shot and killed within sight of Dalton. The fighting around Ginchy was bloody and along with Kettle, over 4,314 Irishmen became casualties; 1,167 of them were never to see Ireland again. It was also a battle where heroism went hand in hand with sacrifice. Dalton was among those recognized for their courage and was awarded the Military Cross.

For the rest of his life, Dalton was known as Ginchy. According to his Military Cross citation, he led forward to their final objective companies which had lost their officers. Later, whilst consolidating his position, he found himself with one sergeant, confronted by 21 of the enemy, including an officer, who surrendered when he attacked them. Later that year, King George V presented him with his medal at Buckingham Palace. In many respects, it was typical of the courage he demonstrated throughout this military career, and such was his pride in the award, that on occasion, he even wore the ribbon on his NA uniform. By 1917 Dalton had returned to his old battalion, 7 RDF, 30th Brigade, 10th Irish Division in Palestine, where he first commanded a rifle company, and then became OC of a sniping school. By 1918, what was left of the 7th RDF and redeployed to the Western Front. Speculation that he once served on the staff of Sir Henry Wilson is unfounded, as is the unsubstantiated innuendo that he was a British spy and shot Collins.

Like thousands of other Irish soldiers, he returned to Ireland after the war. While Dalton was away at the wars, his brother Charlie was an active Volunteer who became a member of Collins' Squad, his hand-picked team of guerrilla-fighters, and was one of the participants in the Bloody Sunday killing of 21 November 1920. Some say that Charlie used the German pistol his brother had given him as a souvenir, but this is unclear.

It was probably inevitable, given Charlie's connections and his military experience, that Emmett Dalton rejoined the Volunteers on leaving the army. As a disillusioned Redmondite, he probably felt that after the 19I8 General Election, the IRA best-represented the will of the Irish people. He had fought for Ireland during World War I and once said that he had no difficulty fighting for Ireland with the British or fighting for Ireland against the British.

Regardless of his personal beliefs, Dalton developed a close friendship with Collins and in an interview screened by RTE on the day he died in 1978 said, I loved him. I use no other word. I loved him as a man loves another man, with pure love.

When Sean MacEoin was captured in March 1921, it was Dalton who led the attempt to rescue him from Mount Joy Gaol. Dressed in his old uniform and leading members of Collins' Squad, he had devised a plan that was typically daring and involved a stolen armored car, British Army uniforms and a lot of luck. Dalton and Joe Leonard, dressed as British officers, managed to bluff their way into the Governor's office on the pretence of moving MacEoin to another prison, before they were rumbled and shooting broke out near the prison gate. Although the rescue attempt failed, Dalton managed to extract his raiding party intact.

After fighting at Rochestown and Douglas, Cork fell to Dalton on the 9th, making a Saorstat victory almost inevitable. In fact, Dalton complained bitterly that the war could have been brought to a close in September 1922, if troops had also attacked overland from Dublin at the same time.

On 12 August, the now Major-General Dalton was appointeed General Officer Commanding, Southern Command. He announced that it was his avowed aim to restore normality to the city and helped establish a temporary police force until the Garda arrived on 16 September. In late August, Collins was in Co. Cork, ostensibly on an inspection tour but also attempting to make contact with leading Republicans to end the war. According to Coogan's biography of Collins, Dalton had been central to this peace process and acted as an intermediary.

When Collins was warned that it was not safe for him to drive around the county, he told local NA commander Joe Sweeney that, whatever happens, my fellow countrymen won't kill me. When the IRA ambushed Collins' convoy on 22 August, Dalton had shouted, Drive like hell, but Collins contradicted him. Dalton attributed Collins' death to his lack of combat experience: if Mick had ever been in a scrap he would have learned to stay down.

To this day no one really knows what happened at Bal na Blth, but it was obvious that Collins' death affected Dalton. When he returned from his honeymoon in September 1922, his heart was no longer in the fight. He objected to the execution of captured Irregulars and resigned his commission in December to work briefly as the Secretary to the Senate. In a military career that had spanned eight years, he had become a retired major-general at 24 on a pension of 117 per annum.

Despite being an accomplished soldier, Dalton had always been interested in the cinema, and by the late 1920s was working as a film producer who gained some trans-Atlantic success. In the late 1950s, he helped establish the Irish Ardmore Studios, where the films The Blue Max, The Spy who Came in from the Cold and The Lion in Winter were filmed.

After 1922, Dalton never held a military appointment again, even though Lord Mountbatten offered him the command of an Irish special operations unit in World War II. Dalton declined, preferring to follow the sport of kings - horseracing - and produce his movies. On his 80th birthday, 4 March 1978, Emmet Dalton died in Dublin, barely commemorated by the State he did so much to create.
Misc. Photos

An armored car like the one in Michael Collins convoy

The day Michael Collins was buried - Major General Emmett Dalton second from right

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An American in the Irish Civil War Researched, complied & edited by Rodney G. Dalton The birth of the Irish Free State coincided with the Irish Civil War, a conflict between two forces who supported and opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

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Vice President Mike Pence, Mrs Nancy Pence-Fritsch and Leo Varadkar, An Taoiseach are shown the service records of Pence's grandfather, Richard Michael Cawley, who served with distinction in the Irish Defence Forces during the Civil War, at Farmleigh House on September 3, 2019 in Dublin, Ireland.

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A shell exploding at the Four Courts building in Dublin during the Irish Civil War, June - July 1922. IRA members inside the building were being bombarded by Irish Army Free State troops.

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Individual task: Explore the materials your group created and choose a strategy to enhance student talk in your classroom. (5 minutes)

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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Step 4: Possible strategies to enhance student talk

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1. Socratic Circle
2.Talk Moves
3. Socratic Circle
4. Walking Debate
5. Talk Moves
6. Jigsaw
Group vote: Socratic Circle

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1. Executions without trial, was the Free State any better than an Ireland under British rule?

2. Is ethical remembering possible?

3. Was the execution of Erskine Childers justified?

4. Why are the men of the Civil War largely forgotten in comparison to the men of 1916?

5. Were the Civil War executions war crimes?

6. How do we choose who to commemorate?

Group vote: Why are the men of the Civil War largely forgotten in comparison to the men of 1916?

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1. What do you know about the GAA already? What sports does it entail?
2. Why were British agents keen to join the GAA?
3. Where did Croke Park and its stands get their names from?
4. The role of women in the GAA in its formative years. Was it an all male organisation?
5. Explore the foundation/formation of women's sports teams compared to the GAA, e.g. rugby, football/soccer, etc...
6. What impact did the GAA have on the spread of language and literature in Ireland?
7. What problems did the GAA experience in its formative years?
Group vote:

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Max Blumenthal interviews Holocaust denier David Irving

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Topic:The GAA

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The Holocaust is a myth, a quarter of Dutch younger generation agree - The Jerusalem Post (jpost.com)