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- Evangelicalism is a Protestant movement that stresses the teaching of being "born again", in which an individual experiences personal conversion. It focuses on conversion instead of doctrine teaches.
- Charles Finney was a Presbyterian minister who found a new way to preach religious values. His central message about free will was very attractive to the new middle class and was widely welcomed.  His ministry greatly influenced the Second Great Awakening.
- Charles Finney successfully brought spiritual revivals to Rochester, where pious believers gave up their bad habits and donated their money to benefit others. This rival was also duplicated in other states including Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Indiana, and changed people’s lives.

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The Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century was a Protestant religious revival across many states, from New York to Tennessee. It touched the lives of both the rich and the poor, including the middle-class elite as well.

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- Horace Mann was a famous educational reformer and was known for his contributions to promoting public education. In Massachusetts, he increased the school year and established itching standards. He was also one of the major advocates of the Common School Movement.
- Dorthea Dix was a model for improving public institutions. She set up charity schools to help the children in trouble and published several books about natural science and moral improvement. She also helped establish state asylums for the mentally ill.
- Catharine Beecher was an educator known for her forthright on female education. She founded academies for young women in multiple states and also promoted the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education.

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The women’s movement brought some positive changes. During the mid-1800s, schools were increased significantly and the quality of school instructions was improved too. Activists also improved conditions in prisons and established hospitals to house the mentally ill.

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- Some prominent women’s rights activists organized a conference in Seneca Falls, New York, and outlined a statement about women’s equality.  As the result, the Seneca Falls Convention is generally considered the birthplace of American feminism.
- The statement that was created in Seneca Falls Convention was called the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. It was modeled after the United States Declaration of Independence to claim the equal rights of women as men in civil, social, political, and religious rights.
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the principal author of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. She was a writer and activist and has been advocating for equal rights for both African Americans and women, especially the right to suffrage.
- Lucretia Mott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, was an abolitionist, feminist, and social reformer. She was a powerful and inspirational speaker and advocated giving former slaves, both male and female, the right to vote (suffrage).

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Women started entering public life by joining religious revivals and reform movements. Many gender-related topics became subjects of debate and gained attention from the mainstream.

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- By 1850, immigrants brought significant influence in Northeast cities. German-language shop signs and German food such as sausages filled entire neighborhoods. Irish migrants found support from the Catholic church and the Democratic Party.
- Know nothing party is a nativist political party (officially called American Party) and a movement. The purpose of the Know-Nothing movement was to curb foreign influences from the immigrants and to keep and promote traditional American ways.
- Native-born New York young people started violent attacks on immigrants. A gang called The Bowery Boys, which was based in the Bowery neighborhood of Manhattan,  assaulted foreign-born residents on the street, trying to halt the influx of immigrants.
- Employers were restricted from hiring immigrant workers. The political party that supported nativism gained wide support in local elections.

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In the 1830s, many Irish and German immigrants settled in northeastern cities like New York and brought their cultural influence. This caused dissatisfaction with many urban New Yorkers and northeasterners, who created a violent and political nativist movement in an attempt to stop these immigrants, especially the Irish, to enter these cities.

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- Blackface minstrelsy, which included racist caricature and social criticism, was common entertainment; demonstrated white supremacy
- Female Moral Reform Society aimed to end sex work, redeem fallen women, and protect women from moral corruption
- The Temperance Movement aimed to reform society rather than leave it; included anti-Catholics, nativism, and urban organizations
- Young women, domestic servants, and factory workers engaged in commercialized sex and disguised themselves using the latest fashion style.

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The change during this time was primarily negative due to racism, increasing sex work, and persecution of certain religions and beliefs. In a way, it led to better change in the future.

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- Brigham Young led the Mormons to settle in the Great Salt Lake Valley and grew agricultural communities
- Mormon trail was the path Mormons took when they were fleeing from Fayette
- Protestants persecuted Mormons because they did not agree with Mormons' beliefs (e.g. polygamy)
- Although the 1st Amendment gave freedom of religion, Utah still tried to ban polygamy

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Mormonism was significant to society because it loosened religious tolerance to some extent, although there were Protestants who opposed their beliefs. It would also lead to enforcement of the 1st Amendment.

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- Shakers taught self-discipline and had radical beliefs, such as God was both male and female.
- Oneida freed women from the role that they are property of their husbands; they could reject marriage
- Oneida was influenced by Shakers through their ideas of sexuality and gender

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The understanding of human relationships with religion and nature

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The understanding of human relationships with religion and nature

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The belief in "ideal communities" brought strong feelings of the need to reform society to match these "utopias" as much as possible. As such, people started to differentiate from the conformity of society.

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Transcendentalism became very important due to the breakthrough of individual self-reliance and independence. In addition, it deviated from common Christianity and American Protestantism.

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- Transcendentalism was the intellectual movement rooted in the religious soul of New England and was influenced by European romanticism, the conception of self and society.
- Emerson founded Transcendentalism and believed that humans can discover their "original relation with Nature." He strongly affirmed that focusing too much on work, profits, and consumption harmed Americans' spiritual lives.
- Thoreau became an advocate for social nonconformity and resistance to unjust laws.
- Whitman discussed "invisible boundaries" in his work Leaves of Grass.