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This article is a brief, but filled description of the beginnings of the Harlem Renaissance and how it ultimately changed the identity of African Americans during the start of the 20th century. The timeline starts at the end of the Civil War in 1865 and goes into the late 1870s which explains the departure of a lot of African Americans from the South into the Northern states. Places where the discrimination wasn't so intense and cities that contained more opportunities for the working African American.

I would use this in my essay to primarily establish the much need context for the book. To even get a sense as to why someone would need to be "Passing", the audience should know what people like Clare Kendry needed to go through in order to become a "respected" woman in society. Even though there was a new sense of consciousness and empowerment in the African American community at the time, there was still a portion of people, both African American men and women, who felt that they would have to "pass" and adopt the customs of the White people who ruled their society. Even as far as allowing insults and derogatory thinking and ideals surround their minds daily. Because honestly, if you were to tell someone that this story somehow takes place today, it would not make sense. So by establishing more context, the reader can better understand why these characters in the book, Clare, Irene, etc... had a outlook on life far different from us.

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A New African American Identity_ The Harlem Renaissance _ National Museum of African American History and Culture

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The main premise of this paper was to highlight the paranoia that seemed to haunt Irene throughout the book. There is an aspect of psychoanalysis here which discusses how there is a lingering sense of repressed homosexuality which is a product of paranoia. Time and time again throughout the novel, Irene is seen worrying about what Clare could do. What is this obsession? Why does she care this much about a person who she doesn't seem to respect(her situation) but yet admires her in every other aspect(beauty,personality, etc.) Goes deep into the concept of desire and how the concept of "passing" itself can be seen as an outlet for desire, or as a way to get obtain something.

I'm thinking that in my essay, I could use the idea of how Clare uses "passing" as part of her mask in order to obtain the things that she always wanted in life. There is a quote in the book where she tells Irene that Irene had everything whilst she[Clare] had nothing, something along those lines. I think that her philosophy, is tied directly to her situation because her foundation is heavily structured upon doing whatever it takes to reach her "desires". It is clearly shown in the book that Clare would be willing to give up being in her own daughter's life to live the life that she[Clare] wants to live.

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This paper goes more in depth on specific times in which the text alludes to Irene's jealousy over Clare's existence. In addition to this, it discusses how seeing the whole story through Irene's perspective, no one else's, makes it easier to allude to the idea that as Irene's jealousy over Clare grew, her portrayal of Clare must have warped to fit Irene's narrative in her mind.

Out of the papers that I have covered, this one seems the most straightforward to me in terms of how it conveyed its message and the evidence from the book which helped solidify Irene's jealousy against Clare. To connect the other pieces of evidence with this one, I could say that since both of these women seem to envy each other on some sort of level, though we do not know to what extent does Clare envy Irene, the reasoning that would explain their discernment for each other is the idea that the masks that they put on for society(passing as white women) are to get where the other is at. It sounds kind of confusing but from my understanding, Clare's way of passing is just another vessel to carry her to the money and security that comes from being with a white man. However, she realizes, through her own experience and the Chicago incident, that turning on her Black heritage makes her desire being part of her actual self once more. On the other hand, Irene emulates her life to be like the White people of her time. She has worked so hard on getting to that point with her husband that she almost feels offended in a way when someone like Clare would just want to throw her dream situation away just to be back somewhere which Irene would consider a less "desirable" role/place in society.

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This paper is pretty much about the several different types of "lynching" that took place in passing and during the Harlem Renaissance as well. Even though there were actual physical lynchings, the paper focuses on "lynchings" that were represented by how society would not allow African Americans to come up on opportunities, essentially "lynching"(or killing) any hopes of having a decent life. Another topic that this paper brings up is the jealousy that Irene has against Clare and how race plays a lot into the situation between them.

In my essay I would definitely use this paper to explain how Irene's desires and Clare's desires were essentially the inverse of each others. For example, due to Clare "passing" and being accustomed to the "White" style of living, it resulted in her being interested in being able to go back to experiencing what it is like to be part of an African American community. On the other hand, Irene's way of living, as described by the paper, was a result of Harlem intellectuals trying to replicate the lives of White people which was a criticism that was filed for people like Irene. Essentially, Clare wanted to live Irene's life and Irene's life was trying to model Clare's life(excluding all the racism). I think that this is a narrative that I am going to push throughout my essay because making these ladies be two different sides of the same coin is such a fun way to discuss and compare to concepts.