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World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Britain went to war, which meant that Canada was also involved in the conflict, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 60,000 Canadians. Many people's perceptions of war shifted as a result, and they no longer saw it as a thrilling adventure.

Canada came out from the First World War a proud, victorious nation with newfound standing in the world. It also left the war grieving and divided, forever changed by the war’s horrific costs.

The end of the war was marked by relief, but also great sadness, as few families escaped the loss of a father, son, brother, husband, boyfriend, neighbor or friend.

One of the biggest social and cultural changes made due to the war was actually the role that women played in society.

Before World War 1, a woman’s role was considered to be within the home. Public life, including politics, was widely seen as for men only.

Due to the fact that most of the men were off fighting the war for extended period of time, women had to fill the jobs that the men were doing before they left to fight the war, many people were very against this idea because it was frowned upon if women were “neglecting their responsibilities at home.”

During the war the biggest increase in female employment was in factories, before the war began there were fewer than 4,000 women working in heavy industry.  By 1917 over 30,000 women were employed making munitions because the men were still away for the war.

Nationally, by late 1918, 90 per cent of the workers in the munitions industry were female.

Women also worked as conductors on trams and buses, and as typists and secretaries in offices and factories, thousands worked on farms, others filled more traditional jobs such as nursing, becoming important role models for women eager to feel they were ‘doing their bit’ for the war effort.

The war was incredibly impactful regarding the social change of women's social standings.

But, after the war was finished men quickly took over their working positions again and the women were sent back to the kitchen taking care of their children and husbands.

Within a few years of the end of the war, over 25 percent of all working women were back in domestic service.

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Canadian women win the right to vote - 1916

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Canadian women win the right to vote - 1916

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On January 27, 1916, women in Manitoba became the first in Canada to win the right to vote in provincial elections.

By 1918, all women above 21 could vote in Canadian federal elections. And by 1922, women could vote in most Canadian jurisdictions.

Women serving in the military or who had a relative serving in the armed forces became the first women in Canada to have the opportunity to vote in a federal election. A year later, in 1918, Parliament passed a law removing the gender barrier to voting and gave many Canadian women the right to vote. This did not mean that all women had the right to vote, though. Exclusions remained, not on the basis of gender, but for other reasons, such as race.

But, they were many people against women gaining the right to vote, for example:

- Many people believed that women were subordinate to men

- There was a belief that men were better suited to public life and women were more suited to private or domestic life.

- There was a belief that women would not contribute to political life. They were considered too weak, too easily led, not logical in their thinking and overly emotional.

- Women were thought to lack the knowledge essential to casting an informed vote.

- It was assumed wives and daughters would vote the same way as their husbands and fathers and so provide an unfair advantage.

So what changed?

- Women wanted change: they organized, mobilized, coordinated their efforts and made their voices heard.

- Women made up approximately 50 percent of the population and represented untapped votes for political parties.

- During the First World War, women took on a number of jobs previously reserved to men. Women proved that their abilities had been underestimated.

- Ideas were changing about gender equality, fairness and the positive contribution of women to Canadian public life.

- Women are active in Canadian political life. They are still underrepresented in the House of Commons and face obstacles to full participation in political life.

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The Spanish flu took a huge toll on Canada and its people, it killed about 50,000 Canadians.

The loss of so many Canadians had a profound social and economic impact on a country that had already suffered 60,000 war dead. The combined death toll significantly reduced the workforce. It left thousands of families without a primary wage earner and orphaned thousands of children.

One very significant change that The Spanish Flu had was that it led directly to the formation of the federal Department of Health in 1919.

The pandemic brought not only death but social and economic disruption.

Businesses lost profits because of lack of demand for their products or because they were unable, as a result of a reduced workforce, to meet the demand.

Provinces enacted laws regarding quarantine and enforced the wearing of masks in public. Although the Canadian population unhappily accepted these restrictions, it defied the federal government’s request that First World War victory celebrations be postponed until 1 December 1918.

The influenza strain remained active in Canada until the mid-1920s.

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Prohibition in Canada came about as a result of the temperance movement. It called for moderation or total abstinence from alcohol, based on the belief that drinking was responsible for many of society’s issues.

Prohibition was a temporary solution to a social problem during and after world war 1.

The consumption of alcohol rapidly increased domestic abuse and arrests for drunkenness.

A women's group called ‘The Women's Christian Temperance Union’ proposed the ban of liquor, they proposed this because as farmer families they believed that the grain being used to create alcohol could go to better use, such as feeding soldiers and civilians.

But, prohibition created a new problem, smugglers went against the prohibition and started making and selling illegal liquor.

Because of this ban speakeasies (underground private clubs) were made, the entrance was very discreet and secret, inside awaited an elegant club and bar that allowed members of the club to be able to drink alcohol.

These establishments made fortunes selling illegal liquor

Eventually, prohibition was dropped due to the huge profit being made by illegal suppliers.

The ban of alcohol created a high crime rate, surprisingly it was much easier and more common to get alcohol after the prohibition.

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During the Roaring Twenties, Montréal was home to one of the largest jazz scenes on the planet, which lasted from 1920 to 1933.

The city’s unofficial theme song was the 1928 Irving Berlin Co. chart topper “Hello Montréal!”

This song quickly became popular and well liked due to its lyrics that directly connect to tourists, “Goodbye Broadway, hello Montréal / I’m on my way, I’m on my way / And I’ll make whoop-whoop whoopee night and day!”

Jazz, a style of American music born in New Orleans around the turn of the 20th century, migrated north to Montréal, hometown of global jazz icon Oscar Peterson, Maynard Ferguson and Oliver Jones.

Montréal quickly became the nightclub capital of Canada, and Montreal's Sin-City era would continue well into the 1950s.

Though Montreal isn't necessarily seen as the “sin-city” anymore the city is home to the world’s largest jazz festival as well as live music in the city’s swinging jazz clubs seven nights a week.

How did the jazz era develop social and cultural change you ask? Everything from fashion and poetry to the Civil Rights movement was touched by its influence. The style of clothing changed to make it easier to dance along to jazz tunes. Jazz has been used to promote social change and to challenge racial segregation. It has also been an essential part of the civil rights movement. Jazz is a genre of music that people of all ages and backgrounds enjoy.

Jazz was a way to bring everyone together no matter gender, race, sexuality, etc., and not only in Montreal but all over the world.

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The discovery of insulin is the most celebrated medical discovery of the 20th century.

The mortality rate in the entire world decreased because insulin treatments helped many people to live long and healthy lives.

In 1921, Dr. Frederick G. Banting became the first individual to isolate the secretions from the islet cells and tout them as a potential treatment for diabetes.

Because of this discovery people were no longer dying from diabetes, many lives were saved.  Before this discovery when people were told they had diabetes it was practically a death sentence, but when the discovery of insulin was made there was hope for everyone who suffered from diabetes.

This medical discovery put Canada on the map in the medical field all over the world.

Because Canada was getting recognition from this discovery there was more funds and efforts being made with universities and up and coming doctors to help them learn more.

Due to the fact that insulin was now discovered, there was a supply and demand.  Because insulin needed to be made it opened up many job opportunities in a factory setting for many civilians, so this discovery also helped supply people with employment.

Overall, this discovery helped all people around the world with diabetes have a chance at living and to this day keeps those with diabetes healthy.

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The Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, known also as the Chinese Exclusion Act, banned the entry of virtually all Chinese immigrants for 24 years. Although migration into Canada from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way, only Chinese people were singled out completely from entering on the basis of race. The four exceptions to the exclusion were students, merchants, diplomats and Canadian-born Chinese returning from education in China.

Additionally, every person of Chinese descent, whether Canadian-born or naturalized, was required to register for an identity card within 12 months. The penalty for noncompliance was imprisonment or a fine of up to $500. Though the Act was repealed in 1947, immigration restrictions on the basis of race and national origin were not fully scrubbed until 1967.

From the government’s point of view, the Chinese Immigration Act was an overwhelming success. During the exclusionary period, fewer than 50 Chinese immigrants were allowed entry. The population decreased by 25 per cent, from 39,587 in 1921 to 32,528 by 1951. Not only did the law ban Chinese immigration, it also intentionally disrupted family life and stunted community growth.

This act encouraged racism and prejudice towards Chinese people, they were seen as second class citizens just because of their race or where they came to Canada from.

The Great Depression also added extra difficulty especially to the Chinese community, the unemployment rate for Chinese people was 80%, rather than non-Chinese people which was 30% unemployment.

Payments were $1.12 per week to Chinese people in Alberta, as an example, were less than half of what was given to other Albertans.

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The start of the Great Depression - 1929

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The start of the Great Depression - 1929

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During 1929, the New York stock market crashed, and the stocks lost a value equal to the 10 years budget of the U.S. government.

This crash affected many countries and caused a chain of disasters, this is known as the Great Depression, Canada was part of the countries which were hit hardest by this disaster. Unemployment, homelessness, and  hunger, all made an era full of difficulties and hardship.

The Great Depression transferred Canada and caused many changes happening around the country, including populist political movements, social welfare programs, and the government taking a more active part in the economy.

Around 30 percent of the labor force became unemployed, and one in every five Canadians became dependent on the government’s help to survive.

The overall unemployment rate in the country was around 19 percent, which in that era reached around 33 percent, and the situation was even worse for those working in areas like mining and lumbering. The high rate of unemployment remained until the beginning of the Second World War.

During the Great Depression, immigration and birth rates significantly dropped. In this period, population growth dropped

169,000 immigrants accepted right before the great depression, and only 12,000 immigrants were reported to come to Canada during it.

During the same time, around 7,600 people were deported from the country due to unemployment or sickness.

To help people, the government established various programs, including Social Welfare, in which families were paid monthly. However, it was only by the beginning of the Second World War that, with other changes in government policy, the great depression in Canada slowly finished.

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With the end of World War 1, Canada went into a state of great celebration. New music and dances were being invented, and the economy was booming. This time period is known as the Roaring 20s. This is an example of cause and consequence because the end of World War 1 was the cause of the Roaring 20s, and it shows how one event can cause such a large consequence. To conclude, World War 1 ended, and the consequence was the Roaring 20s.

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An event that represents continuity and change is ‘Women gaining the right to vote - 1916’.  Women protested and fought for their right to vote, eventually there was a change made in Canada and women were given their right to vote.  Because the women fighting for justice stayed consistent and didn't give up even though it took a very long time to get what they deserve, they exhibit continuity and change.  Women of that time stayed persistent in their efforts and were eventually granted their change.

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Struthers, James. “The Great Depression in Canada.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 11 July 2013, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/great-depression.

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Chan, Arlene. “Chinese Immigration Act.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 7 Mar. 2017, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chinese-immigration-act.