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Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement.Known as “the Liberator”.

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Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement.Known as “the Liberator”.

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The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil.  Only Latin American colony that achieved independence with no widespread bloodshed or violent upheavals.

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The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil.  Only Latin American colony that achieved independence with no widespread bloodshed or violent upheavals.

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After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement

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After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement

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Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence. 

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Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence. 

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first successful black colony to free itself from Europe

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first successful black colony to free itself from Europe

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It is estimated that San Martin had lost as much as 1/3 of his 6,000 man army.  This happened in the march to Chile, many men died in crossing and their horses were lost.  Even with this setback, San Martins' Army of the Andes still outnumbered the Spanish in war.

Even though San Martin was able to organize the military and battles with intelligence, instead of deciding to talk about independence in something such as a treaty, San Martin continued to recruit men and join armies to fight the the independence in Chile.

San Martin did not accomplish everything that he wanted to. Eventually, after leaving on a high, San Martin would hand over his military to Simon Bolivar and go away to Europe. No historian can understand why this had happened, but not accomplishing all that he felt capable of seems to be a setback in San Martin's military reign.

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https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/94971

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Note: This electronic record was created from historic documentation that does not necessarily reflect the Yale University Art Gallery's complete or current knowledge about the object. Review and updating of such records is ongoing.

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Although Toussaint L'Ouverture was a great man, he had a few setbacks as well. The Haitian Revolution destroyed the capital and infrastructure of the economy, and many people died throughout the war. Haiti lacked diplomatic and trade relations with other nations, and also lacked investment both foreign and dementing investments.

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https://www.spanish.academy/blog/jose-maria-morelos-a-true-mexican-hero/

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Learn the story of Jose Maria Morelos, the rebel Catholic priest who fought against the Spanish Empire, betrayed religious ideals, was saved by a 12-year-old warrior, and worked hand by hand with pirates in order to obtain independence from Europeans using a European constitution as a base.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture should be remembered as a military commander who fought for his country's freedom and needs. Known for being a strong activist for the abolition of slavery. He rose from being a slave to becoming a leader of the Haiti Revolution, known as the only successful slave revolt in Modern History, being able to turn the colony into a country by former slaves as a nominal French protectorate and because of how much of an Impact he had on Haiti and revolution accomplishing international renown in the Haitian fights for Independence.

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- Was a priest of the RCC/the "Father of Mexican Independence"
- Formulated plans to overthrow the regional viceroy instituted by Napoleon
- the uprising continued after his death
- Initiated the Spanish rebellion bringing the church bell and issuing his famous 'Grito de Dolores'

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Agustín de Iturbide was born September 27, 1783 in now Morelia, Mexico. He became the leader of the conservative factions during the Mexican independence movement. He became an officer in the royalist army but would later switch sides and help Mexico gain independence. After declaring independence he would crown himself emperor but would face uprisings and surrender. He would later be captured and executed in 1824.

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Initiated the independence movement in Mexico and effectively used the Catholic religion to motivate his army.

-Born May 8, 1753
-Executed July 30, 1811
-Grew up in a family that was heavily involved with the church
-Became a priest after his brother passed
-"Grito De Dolores" Gave a motivating speech to his church members which incited the deadly revolt
-Revolution fell apart as Hidalgo was unable to gain enough support, despite his large army of over 100,000 men.
-Hidalgo is captured and executed, before he died he recanted his statements about the revolution, regretting the damage he'd done.

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We should remember Agustin de Iturbide because he was the first emperor of the first Mexican empire. He built a successful political and military coalition that took control in Mexico City, decisively gaining independence for Mexico.

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- word of his rebellion leaked to the Spanish, so he had to speed up his plans
- paused before an attack on Mexico City, giving the royalist time to catch up.
- Had to retreat to Guadalajara
- Suffered a devastating defeat
- Found guilty of treason, so he was defrocked and executed by a firing squad.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39IKG2eJqMI

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On This Day - 1 December 1822 - Pedro I Crowned Emperor Of Brazil

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We should remember Jose de San Martín because he played a major role in attaining the independence of three South American countries: Argentina, Peru, and Chile. Without him and his Campaign across the Andes, it is likely that these countries would not have been liberated from Spanish control so easily.

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Toussaint L’Ouverture: the Black Napoleon who Freed Haiti’s Slaves

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Accomplishments
- Prominent political and military leader in the history of South America
- Gained independence for present-day Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama.
- Led the successful Magdalena Campaign
- Wrote the famous document called Carta De Jamaica
- Bolivia is named after him

Set Backs
- He made many terrible mistakes
- He had a man killed for treason, but then he let a very treasonous general get away with the same thing
- He was uneven and made things up as he went

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Peninsular- this consisted of spanish and portuguese officials that were born in Europe and held all the important government positions.
Creoles- this group controlled the land and business of colonial latin america, and most of them were the children of the peninsular.
Mestizos- this group was artisans and merchants in the cities and others were farmers or ranchers ( consisted of mixed people who were native american and white)
Mulattoes- were famers, slaves, etc.  ( were a mix of african and white)
Africans- this group was also used as slaves and as workers
Native americans- were also used as slaves

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Jose de San Martin was born in 1778 in, Yapeyu, Argentina (present day). San Martin grew up in Argentina until he was 6 when he moved to Spain. When San Martin got older he enlisted into the Spanish military and got as high in the ranks as lieutenant colonel. San Martin knew the Spanish military very well. San Martin left the Spanish army and then decided to fight for his home country of Argentina. San Martin was a major contributor to Argentina's independence from Spain by using his knowledge of the Spanish military from when he was a spanish soldier. San Martin unfortunately died in 1850 in France.

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- Took advantage of wars between powerful countries that occupied Haiti and became a great military commander and leader through Haiti's struggle for independence.
- Maintained a well-disciplined army
- Led a successful slave revolt
- He emancipated the slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now known as Haiti.
- His promotion of individual rights and equality, during the Haitian independence movement, eventually led to the transformation of the colony of Saint-Domingue into the first black republic.
- Restored the plantation system using free labor
- Negotiated trade treaties between Britain and the US

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- The highest percentage of people, Indians,  have the least rights and control.
- The only difference between Penisulares and Creoles was that Creoles were not born on the Iberian Peninsula. Both were 100% European yet Creoles had fewer rights.
- Africans and Indians, the majority, were born free and forced into slavery.
- 20% of the population was labeled with derogatory terms and were in the middle class.
- Only one class, Penisulares, had control of the government. These people took up the least amount of the population.

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- conquest of the province of Oaxaca
- defense of Cuautla
- the capture of Acapulco
- liberated most of southern Mexico (and some central Mexico) from colonialists
- improved relations with the natives of the land (didn't make them pay to live on the land since they were there originally)
- he wrote a document about the equality of Mexicans and the abolishment of slavery

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He was born to wealthy Creoles in Caracas, Venezuela on July 24, 1783. His father died when he was three years old and his mother only six years later. At 16, Bolivar was sent to Spain to complete his education when his ship stopped in Vera Cruz. Toward an audience he praised the French Revolution and the independence of the Americans exposing his beliefs.
Simon Bolivar later became a Venezuelan soldier and statesman who played a central role in the South American independence movement. Bolivar also served as president of Gran Columbia and is known as "El Libertador" (The Liberator).
Bolivar hoped to unite all of South American countries into one nation. He was not successful in his plan and instead his leadership helped establish what are now the nations of Columbia, Panama, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela.
Bolivar himself led multiple expeditionary forces against the Spaniards, and between 1819 and 1822 he successfully libberated the three territories New Granada (Columbia and Panama), Venezuela, and Ecuador from Spanish rule. Unfortunately Simon died of tuberculosis at the age of 47 years old in 1830.

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Despite his accomplishments, Agustin I had setbacks that tarnished his good reputation. On May 19, 1822, he adopted a monarchy into Mexico by crowning himself Emperor. This was controversial and did not sit well with many as it was during a time when Mexico had been fighting for independence. To top it all off, he had failed to bring order and sustainability to his country during his ruling, ultimately leading to his execution in 1824.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture was thought to be born into slavery around 1743 in present day Haiti. He was the son of an educated slave. L'Ouverture was a great military commander and leader of the struggle for the Haitian independence. He led a successful revolt during the French Revolution (1787-1799) and emancipated the slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

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Simon Bolivar was deemed El Liberator for a reason.  He first climbed the ranks of the Spanish army becoming a lieutenant colonel, and then came back to South America, joining several resistance groups.  His insider knowledge of the Spanish army allowed him to lead his followers to victory against them in the Spanish American Independence wars.  San Martin would hand his military over to him (though no one knows why.) Simon Bolivar was responsible for freeing the Venezuelans from the Spanish and spreading ideas of having a republic in South America via his famous "Letter From Jamaica."  In honor of him, the Republic of Bolivia was created and there is even a day named after him to celebrate the key role he played in inspiring the South American Revolution.

3 minute video about him:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxuxFg_8nkI

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Dom Pedro was best known as the man who declared independence for Brazil from Portugal. He then returned to claim the throne.

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Jose Maria Morelos was born in 1765 in Mexico and died in 1815 in Mexico after being tried and sentenced to death for treason. He was a Mexican Catholic priest, statesman and military leader who led the Mexican War or Independence movement. He had three illegitimate children. He was the first enemy of the royal army and while being challenged with this along with many other things, he was trying to survive with tuberculosis.

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Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

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He was nicknamed the Iron Dragon because of his military achievements. He fiercely pursued rebels and he captured and executed Jose Maria Morelos. Later he would switch sides and join Vicente Guerrero and help end the Independence War. Because of this switch in sides, he helped end the war. He formed the Army of the Three Guarantees and they declared independence in 1821.

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Pedro I should be remembered because he had ruled over Portugal as well as founded and ruled over Brazil. He had proclaimed Brazil's independence, and was crowned Emperor in return.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMU1253ZJPk

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Some of the pros of the social class could also be seen as cons as well. For example when they had started to colonize the countries surrounding but the pro of that was everyone was starting to unify under one language and religion. Another one could be a new culture that was being created and Europe was now being introduced to Mexico and other areas.

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Jose de San Martin was a very accommodated military soldier who played a major role in winning independence for Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spain. San Martin's major move in battle was the daring march across the Andes to help liberate Chile and Peru.

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Dom Pedro was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. He was also known as "The Liberator". He had reigned over Portugal briefly, and was also known as the "Soldier King".

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After his father died in 1826, He became the king of Brazil. He had many family dramas happen over the years such as his daughters loyalty to portugal and rumors of his brother murdering their father. His first wife passed. Not only was it family drama that had set him back but his own people as well. Many people criticized his abolitionist views on slavery. He wanted to eliminate slavery as a whole, but the legislation assembly was dominated by slave owners.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZJ57ED955A