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Preparation Manual: Section 3: Overview and Exam Framework

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The TExES Technology Applications EC–12 (242) exam is designed to assess whether an examinee has the requisite knowledge and skills that an entry-level educator in this field in Texas public schools must possess. The 100 selected-response questions are based on the Technology Applications EC–12 exam framework and cover grades EC–12. The exam may contain questions that do not count toward the score. Your final scaled score will be based only on scored questions.

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Waterfall Vs Agile: Which is better for You and Why?

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Waterfall Vs Agile Waterfall and Agile are two different methodologies for managing software development projects. Both have their own strengths and weaknesses, and the best methodology to use will depend on the specific needs of your project.

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Amazingly Simple Graphic Design Software – Canva

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Amazingly Simple Graphic Design Software – Canva

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The Difference Between Complementary and Analogous Color Schemes

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The Difference Between Complementary and Analogous Color Schemes

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The Difference Between Complementary and Analogous Color Schemes

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There’s something intrinsically emotional about colors and color schemes, right? The way they speak to us is on a different level than shapes and forms,

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Golden Ratio. Bring Balance in UI Design.

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Golden Ratio. Bring Balance in UI Design.

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Golden Ratio. Bring Balance in UI Design.

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One of the major characteristics of effective design is a clear user interface. All the elements need to be well-balanced and placed in the…

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✨ What Is the Golden Ratio?

The Golden Ratio is a special number that shows up a lot in nature, art, architecture, and even your body! It’s a way to describe something that looks naturally balanced and beautiful.

📐 Why Do People Care?

Because things that follow the Golden Ratio often look pleasing to the eye. Designers, architects, and artists use it to make things look just right—not too wide, not too skinny.

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Understanding the Rule of Thirds | Adobe Design Principles Course

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Polygons are fundamental to 3D modeling.

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Polygons are fundamental to 3D modeling.

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For many 3D workflows, polygonal modeling may seem unavoidable. Managing topology can feel like a hassle, especially in situations when having a perfectly streamlined mesh may not be required. This is especially the case in product-focused industries that want to take advantage of 3D.

In these situations, having a software that not only allows you to block out shapes quickly and efficiently, but can also produce high-quality results for both hard surface and organic surface modeling, can make all the difference in your success in 3D.

Adobe Substance 3D Modeler is a voxel-based sculpting software that aims to make 3D modeling feel as gestural and natural as working with real clay. From start to finish, artists don't need to worry about polygons, topology, or UV mapping. All these steps are handled by the software at export, and the artist has export options available to help guide this process.

Discover modeler and the rest of the Substance 3D apps to learn more.

Thank you for exploring the world of Adobe. We can't wait to see what you create.

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What is a Polygon in 3D Modeling? | Adobe Substance 3D

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3D polygon models are made using faces, edges, and vertices for applications like gaming and art. Learn more about complex 3D polygonal modeling.

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Amazingly Simple Graphic Design Software - Canva

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When we think of animation, our mind immediately goes to Disney movies. They have been an integral part of our childhood and hold a special place in the hearts of many of us. Their captivating animations and fairytale stories have made our childhood memorable. Despite being founded a century ago, Disney still manages to charm people of all ages with their timeless creations.

For aspiring animators, it is important to note that certain fundamentals are necessary for making engaging animations that comply with the laws of physics.

The 12 principles of animation are:

So, let's look at each principle one by one.

1. Squash and Stretch

The Squash and Stretch technique is used by animators to convey an object's weight, flexibility, and hardness.

For example, when there is an animation of an object falling, it gets flattened when it touches the ground and stretches out to maintain its volume. This shows that the object is flexible.

Similarly, with characters, their faces and bodies are stretched and compressed to express emotions.

This technique makes the animation a bit more realistic by giving more depth and definition to your scene. However, it can be comical when it is exaggerated to a degree.

Here's a video that shows the Squash and Stretch animation technique.

2. Anticipation

Anticipation in animation prepares the audience for what will happen next. It involves a small movement or action that precedes a larger one.

For instance, before a character jumps, they will often squat momentarily. This squatting motion is an example of anticipation in animation, as it signals to the audience that a jump is coming up.

This technique makes the animation realistic as it mimics how we move and act in real life, where small movements often precede our actions.

Here's a video that shows the anticipation technique in animation.

Staging in Animation involves arranging characters, props, background, and camera perspective.

You might have noticed that in animation, a scene unfolds in a sequence and not all at once. This directs the viewer's focus on one thing at a time.

If too many simultaneous actions exist, the viewer's focus gets lost. So, good staging is crucial for successful storytelling.

Have a look at this video to know what a good staging is in more detail.

4. Straight Ahead Action and Pose to Pose

Drawing animations can be done in 2 ways - Straight Ahead Action and Pose to Pose.

Straight ahead action involves drawing an action frame by frame, creating a smooth flow of movement. This method requires starting with a drawing and then proceeding to draw sequentially, most of the time not knowing the last frame.

However, this approach is time-consuming as it requires many frames to be drawn for a single action.

On the other hand, Pose to Pose involves having a clear idea of the action. It requires drawing the first and last frames, creating the extreme poses, and then filling in the middle frames. As this method does not involve drawing a lot of filler frames, the movement is dramatic, and jump cuts can be created.

Look at this video to visually understand the differences between these two methods.

5. Follow Through and Overlapping Action

Follow Through and Overlapping action are two important techniques used in animation to create realistic and fluid motion. These techniques involve parts of the character in motion even after the character has stopped.

For example, when a character wearing a cape runs and comes to a halt, the cape and the character's hair continue to sway for a moment before they get pulled back to the character. Here, the cape follows through with the character's motion. The tendency of the cape and hair to move at a different rate from the character depicts the overlapping action.

By mimicking the natural flow of movement, this animation technique makes the motion appear more realistic.

You can watch this video to understand this animation technique better.

6. Slow In and Slow Out

In the practical world, objects take time to gain speed. They don't change their speed from 0 to 100 instantly.

So, to create a more realistic effect, animators make the motion of characters start and end slowly with faster movement in between. This change in speed makes the movement more lifelike.

To achieve this effect, animators draw more frames near the action's beginning and end to create the impression of slow movement. They draw fewer frames in between to highlight speed.

However, it is essential to use this technique where it doesn't defy the laws of physics. For instance, it's impossible to use this technique to animate a falling leaf from a tree since the leaf's movement will be solely dependent on wind.

Here is a video that shows this technique in more detail.

Arcs refers to the movement of an object or a character in curves rather than a straight line. We humans, move in curves. Even a simple movement, like turning our head, follows a curved path. Imagine turning your head in a straight line. It almost feels robotic and creepy.

So, to make the animation more realistic and natural, animators use this technique of curved trajectory motion. For example, when a character swings their sword, it is animated in a curved path rather than a straight line.

To see how arcs are used in animation, look at this video.

8. Secondary Action

Secondary action enhances the main action and provides more detail to the primary action. These secondary actions can be used to create a character's personality trait or to depict the character's emotions.

For example, let's say a character is eating a burger. This is the main action. But when they raise their eyebrows after the first bite, that is a secondary action that adds more detail to the scene. It shows that the character is surprised by the taste.

With this technique, however, it is essential to remember that the secondary action should only be added to enhance the main action and not remove the focus from it.

Look at this video to understand this secondary action in detail.

The term "Timing" refers to the speed of the scene, which is determined by the number of frames used. If more frames are used, the scene will appear to be slower. On the other hand, fewer frames will make the scene look quicker.

It is important to establish timing properly for each object in the animation with respect to the object's size and weight. For instance, if a character is shown rolling a large ball, the timing will vary depending on the ball's weight.

If the ball is lighter, the character will take less time to move it so fewer frames will be required. On the contrary, if the ball is heavier, the character will take a longer time to move it, so more frames must be drawn.

Here is a video that shows the timing technique in animation.

10. Exaggeration

Exaggeration animation is used to create a dramatic effect and enhance the storytelling.

This technique is applied to actions, expressions, and even poses to make them more impactful.

By exaggerating certain elements, animators can also add a comical effect to the animation. For example, extreme facial expressions after a character accidentally walks into a pole make the scene hilarious.

Look at this video to see how exaggerated actions are more effective.

11. Solid Drawing

Solid Drawing is an essential technique in the animation industry. It involves giving characters weight and volume by drawing them in a proper shape as they would appear in a 3-dimensional space.

To achieve this, animators draw the character in several poses and angles, ensuring that the proportions remain consistent throughout the scenes.

It is worth noting that animators Thomas and Ollie have advised against using "twins" - characters with symmetrical facial features as it creates mirrored visuals that can feel unrealistic.

To learn more about solid drawing, here is a helpful video.

Creating an appealing character is crucial to make it memorable and exciting to the audience. The term "appeal" doesn't only refer to physical attractiveness but also to the character's intriguing and charming traits.

The appeal is necessary for all characters that are vital to the video or movie. It is not just limited to heroes, as even villains deserve a strong appeal to add weight to their character.

This video shows how characters can become more appealing by adding unique features. Take a look.

The 12 principles of animation have been developed by traditional animators who have been in the industry for a long time.

These principles play an important role in helping animators create believable animations, even if they are exaggerated to some extent. It is crucial to create animations that are immersive to the audience.

Despite the rapid advancement in animation technology, these fundamental principles have remained relevant and valuable to budding animators.

In conclusion, the 12 principles of animation allow animators to create visually appealing and emotionally resonant animations, leaving a lasting impression on the audience.

Having learned the fundamentals of animation, it is now time to put these into practice. Head on over to Animaker's 2D Animation Software. Apply these principles and create incredible animations!

If you want a guide to help you out with that, we've got you covered. Check out this video to learn how to animate using Animaker.

Have any questions or feedback? Feel free to add them in the comments below. We will be more than happy to help you out! :)

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12 Principles of Animation Explained! [With Examples]

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Explore the 12 Principles of Animation established by Disney animators who have brought stories and characters to life through motion.

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What is Tweeining Animations? An Animator's Guide

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What is Tweeining Animations? An Animator's Guide

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What Is Tweening Animations? - An Animator’s Ultimate Guide

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What exactly is Tweening Animations? We’ll begin by defining tweening in animation, then look back at its roots.

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Planet Of Tunes - Sound waveform diagrams

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Bias of AI-generated content: an examination of news produced by large language models

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Bias of AI-generated content: an examination of news produced by large language models

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Bias of AI-generated content: an examination of news produced by large language models - Scientific Reports

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Scientific Reports - Bias of AI-generated content: an examination of news produced by large language models

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What is Sample Rate? Audio File Quality Explained for Producers

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What is Sample Rate? Audio File Quality Explained for Producers

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What is Sample Rate? Audio File Quality Explained for Producers

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Learn what sample rate means in audio production in the easy guide for producers. From how it works to which to choose, here’s what to know.