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- Influence of Listening Material

- Recording and Native Speaker Influence

- Role of Appropriate Methods/Strategies

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The Importance of Teaching Listening Strategies in English Language Context

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Listening Strategies

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Top-Down Strategies

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- Prediction

- Using Background Knowledge

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Bottom-Up Strategies

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- Recognizing Vocabulary

- Decoding Speech

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Purpose of Listening

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- Comprehension

- Communication

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Listener-Based Strategies

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- Relating to Prior Knowledge

- Making Predictions

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Teaching Listening

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Challenges in Teaching Listening

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- Limited Listening Materials

- Low English Proficiency

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Effective Strategies for Teaching Listening

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- Creating Listening Materials

- Vocabulary Emphasis

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Teacher's Role

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- Guiding Listening Activities

- Fostering Strategy Use

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The Nature of Listening Comprehension

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Types of Listening Subskills

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- Listening to the Point

- Listening to Specific Information

- Listening in Detail

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Challenges in Listening Skills

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- Perceptual Challenges

- Vocabulary Recognition

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The Importance of Listening

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Definitions of Listening Comprehension

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- Gilakjani and Ahmadi (2011)

- Richard and Schmid (2002)

- Rost (2002)

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Role of Listening in Communication

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- Nunan's Cinderella Analogy

- Significance in Effective Communication

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Importance in Language Learning

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- Role of Input from Listening

- Developing Spoken Language Skills

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The Elements of Listening

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- Macro-skills

- Micro-skills

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Components of Effective Listening

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- Discriminating Between Sounds

- Recognizing Words and Meaning

- Identifying Grammatical Groupings

- Recognizing Expressions and Sets of Utterances

- Connecting Linguistic Cues to Non-linguistic Cues

- Using Background Knowledge

- Recalling Essential Words and Ideas

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Difficulties in Listening Comprehension

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Internal Factors

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- Factors Inside Learners

- Attention, Motivation, Interest

- Knowledge of Listening Topic

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External Factors

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Types of Listening

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Two Kinds of Listening

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- One-way Listening (Transactional)

- Two-way Listening (Interactional)

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Sub-skills of Listening

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- Listening to the Point (General Idea)

- Listening to Specific Information

- Listening in Detail

- Perceptual Challenges

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The Strategy in Teaching Listening

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Principles of Teaching Listening

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- Teaching Prioritization

- Relevance to Real Life

- Use of Authentic Language

- Varied Materials

- Active Comprehension

- No Visual Presentation

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Teaching Listening Materials

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Vocabulary Preparation

- Use of Different Input

- Visual Aids

- Awareness of Accents

- Pronunciation Focus

- Handling Connected Speech

- Activating Prior Knowledge

- Arousal of Interest and Motivation

- Encouraging Prediction

- Slow Speech Rate

- Feedback Loop

- Enhancing the Learning Environment

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The Strategy Used in Teaching Listening

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Listening Strategies

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Bottom-up Processes

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- Auditory-Phonetic Processing

- Phonemic and Syllabic Analysis

- Lexical, Syntactic, and Semantic Parsing

- Pragmatic and Interpretative Comprehension

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Active Listening Techniques

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- Word-for-Word Translation

- Adjusting to Speech Rate

- Oral Text Repetition

- Focus on Prosodic Features

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Top-down Processes

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- Use of Prior Knowledge

- Contextual Prediction

- Schematic Knowledge

- Predicting, Inferring, and Visualizing

- Real-World Application

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Implementation of Bottom-up and Top-down Strategy in Listening

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Pre-listening Phase

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- Vocabulary and Grammar Identification

- Context and Situation Understanding

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While Listening Phase

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- Monitoring Listening Process

- Predictive Listening

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Post-listening Phase

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- Questioning and Evaluation

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Stages of Listening

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- Receiving (Hearing)

- Understanding (Learning)

- Remembering (Recalling)

- Evaluating (Judging)

- Responding (Answering)

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Bottom-up and Top-down Strategies in Listening

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Advantages

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Bottom-up Strategy

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- Builds Knowledge in Context

- Facilitates Meaning Comprehension

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Top-down Strategy

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- Enhances Previous Knowledge

- Boosts Confidence in Comprehension

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Disadvantages

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Bottom-up Strategy

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- Difficulty in Identifying Vocabulary

- Challenging Grammar and Word Meaning

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Top-down Strategy

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- Requires Understanding of Context

- Identifying Vocabulary and Grammar

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Listening Importance in Language Learning

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- High Percentage in Language Competence

- Challenges Faced by Learners

- Sub-skills in Listening

- Crucial Proficiency in the English Language

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Explanation of Macro-skills

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Explanation of Micro-skills

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macro-skills are the major language abilities—listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

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micro-skills are the smaller, more specific components that contribute to the mastery of these major skills.