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Doc 6: "The Free Soil Party" by Martin Klammer 

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Doc 6: "The Free Soil Party" by Martin Klammer 

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"The Free Soil Party (1848-1854) made its main purpose to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil constituted a morally and economically superior system to slavery." "In representing antislavery as an issue of self-interest to whites, free-soilism made antislavery for the first time a viable political movement in the North."

"In representing antislavery as an issue of self-interest to whites, free-soilism made antislavery for the first time a viable movement in the North"

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Doc 4: "Involuntary Servitude, Apprenticeship, and Slavery of Native Americans in CA" by Kimberly Johnston-Dodds and Sarah Supahan 2022

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Doc 4: "Involuntary Servitude, Apprenticeship, and Slavery of Native Americans in CA" by Kimberly Johnston-Dodds and Sarah Supahan 2022

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"Native people in California during the Mexican period (1822-1846) were made to labor for nothing and were viewed as a subclass whose masters exploited their labor and used them as a form of currency."

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Doc 1: Fugitive Slave Law, CA Book of Statues, 1852

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Doc 1: Fugitive Slave Law, CA Book of Statues, 1852

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"When a person held to labor in any State or Territory of the United States under the laws thereof, shall escape into this state, the person to whom such labor of service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize or arrest such fugitive from labor"

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Doc 8: Book Review for Benjamin Madley's "An American Genocide" by Alan Taylor, The New York Tunes, 2016

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Doc 8: Book Review for Benjamin Madley's "An American Genocide" by Alan Taylor, The New York Tunes, 2016

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"As Benjamin Madley writes in "An American Genocide," by 1873, roaming bands of Indian-killers played a major role in reducing native numbers by more than 80 percent...Vigilante gangs also profited by seizing native women and children for sale as slaves, principally in San Francisco."

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Doc 2: "Pacific Bound--CA's 1852 Fugitive Slave Law" by Stacy Smith 2014

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Doc 2: "Pacific Bound--CA's 1852 Fugitive Slave Law" by Stacy Smith 2014

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"Nearly all African Americans who came to California as slaves...were susceptible to deportation. Even free African Americans could easily fall victim to kidnapping and fraud because California's black codes prohibited them from testifying against whites in state courts."

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Doc 2: "Pacific Bound--CA's 1852 Fugitive Slave Law" by Stacy Smith 2014

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Doc 2: "Pacific Bound--CA's 1852 Fugitive Slave Law" by Stacy Smith 2014

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"Newspapers reported stories of nearly two dozen slaves arrested and sent back to the South between 1852 and 1855. Even after the lapse of the fugitive slave law in 1855, masters informally held slaves in California until 1864."

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Doc 3: "The Broderick-Terry Duel," National Park Service, 2021

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Doc 3: "The Broderick-Terry Duel," National Park Service, 2021

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"Broderick was staunchly opposed to the expansion of slavery." "David S. Terry was...an advocate for extending slavery into California." The two dueled because of their different views on the subject. "Broderick died three days later, reportedly saying "They killed me because I am opposed to the extension of slavery and a corrupt administration."

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Doc 3: "The Broderick-Terry Duel," National Park Service, 2021

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Doc 3: "The Broderick-Terry Duel," National Park Service, 2021

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"The Broderick-Terry duel reflected the nation's larger and more violent divisions and many feel that this tragedy pushed the country further towards a civil war."

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Doc 5: California Once Tried to Ban Black People by Erin Blakemore, 2018

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Doc 5: California Once Tried to Ban Black People by Erin Blakemore, 2018

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Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, CA citizens and legislatures fought to ensure that free Black people would be prohibited from immigration to or living in CA."

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Doc 5: California Once Tried to Ban Black People by Erin Blakemore, 2018

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Doc 5: California Once Tried to Ban Black People by Erin Blakemore, 2018

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"Miners, who constituted one of California's most powerful constituencies, worried that groups of Black miners would pool their wealth and wield more influence than white miners. In some areas, free Blacks were driven out of town or subject to segregation."

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Doc 4: "Involuntary Servitude, Apprenticeship, and Slavery of Native Americans in CA" by Kimberly Johnston-Dodds and Sarah Supahan 2022

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Doc 4: "Involuntary Servitude, Apprenticeship, and Slavery of Native Americans in CA" by Kimberly Johnston-Dodds and Sarah Supahan 2022

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"everyone understood that African American slavery was prohibited in CA. Enslavement of Native people, however, was another matter...California Legislature passed an indentured servitude and apprentice law that applied only to California Indians."

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Doc 4: "Involuntary Servitude, Apprenticeship, and Slavery of Native Americans in CA" by Kimberly Johnston-Dodds and Sarah Supahan 2022

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Doc 4: "Involuntary Servitude, Apprenticeship, and Slavery of Native Americans in CA" by Kimberly Johnston-Dodds and Sarah Supahan 2022

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"The apprenticeship laws, in particular, made California Indian children 'valuable possessions.' This had the effect of encouraging the kidnapping of them. As early as 1853, there is evidence in newspaper accounts that after hunting, attacking, and killing Indians, parties of local men would divide up the children to keep for themselves."

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Doc 7: "Slavery by another name," Gold Chains: The Hidden History of Slavery in California

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Doc 7: "Slavery by another name," Gold Chains: The Hidden History of Slavery in California

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"In the mid-19th century, Downey Block, on the corner of Temple and Spring Street, a stretch of Main Street in downtown Los Angeles, was a flourishing slave market. Native Californians were sold in auctions there from about 1850 to 1870 -- thanks to a state law nefariously called the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians."