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-700 BC Athens was the first modern democracy
-500 citizens were chosen randomly to serve 1-year terms
-Peloponnesian War and the Romans weakened the Athenian democracy

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-753 BC Rome began with a monarchy which was overthrown in 509 BC to later form a republic
-Patricians (wealthy) and Plebeians (common folk)
-Government was centered in the Senate
-Lasted for about 400 years until it became the Roman Empire at the end of the first century B.C.

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-Beginning of the Middle Ages
-The Feudal System took control over Europe in the ninth through the twelfth centuries
-Feudalism was a loosely organized system in which powerful lords divided their land among other, lesser lords
-The lord ruled and vassals served him
-The feudal chain consisted of lords, vassals, and serfs
-For the most part, everyone served the lords

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-Europe during the Middle Ages
-In A.D. 380, the Roman Catholic Church became the official church of the Roman Empire
-Ruled by the pope and his bishops
-The pope and his bishops frequently vied with monarchs and lords for political as well as religious influence over people's lives

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-Late 1400s
-Class structure consisted of monarchs, nobles, knights, vassals, merchants, farmers, craftsmen, and serfs/peasants
-Kings had absolute power over their subjects
-To help maintain the national government, monarchs hired loyal civil servants
-Monarchs slowly got rid of feudalism
-With sovereignty, the monarch had the power to make laws for an entire nation and its people

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-The control of one nation over lands abroad
-Late 1400s early 1500s
-European settlers, laws, and religious beliefs spread around the world as rival nations competed for colonial possessions
-Britain's colonial efforts led to the American Revolution and the creation of the United States and its constitutional government

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-1700s
-An economic and political theory emphasizing money as the chief source of wealth to increase the absolute power of the monarchy and the nation
-Adapted from Colonialism
-Stressed accumulation of precious metals
-Brought the monarchy and the state deep into the economy

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-Beginning of the 18th century
-Enlightenment- when scientific discoveries and new thinking led to an intellectual movement based on reason
-John Locke- rights of life, liberty, and poverty
-Thomas Hobbes- social contract theory
-Adam Smith and David Ricardo- criticized those economic policies that had helped monarchs grow wealthier while their subjects became steadily poorer and less free
-Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)- advocated reason, freedom of religion, the importance of scientific observation, and the idea of human progress
-Baron de Montesquieu- political theory: separation of powers
-William Blackstone- "common law" (legal decisions should be made on the basis of similar decisions made in the past); influenced the American Constitution
-Popular Sovereignty became important

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Spain and England
Spain- originated in 1947, 615 members of parliament
Britain- originated in the 5th and 6th centuries, 650 members of parliament
Both are ruled by royal families (kings and queens)