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This photograph represents the prevalence of premature births in developing countries (these were taken in Haiti). It goes along with data that shows that 12% of births in third world countries are premature and 60% of those births happen in Africa, whereas only 9% of births are premature in higher-income countries. ABC News published a photo page on this issue of maternal and prenatal care using the photos taken by Shiho Fukada. I believe its intended target was young Australians and Americans, specifically women who would feel for the photos.

Fukada, Shiho. “Haiti’s Precarious State of Health Care for Pregnant Women.” ABC News, ABC News Network, 2023, abcnews.go.com/International/photos/haitis-precarious-state-health-care-pregnant-women-37384412.

Health Care Topic - Maternal / Prenatal care Identity - 3rd world countries (in relations to Human Development)

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This image represents the need for everyone to have access to health care and how the high costs of health care can be detrimental to people lives. If one cannot afford health care or does not have access to it they simply don’t get it a lot of the time and die. This was created in the mid 1990s in New York targeting the healthcare access issue in the US and the New York area. I found this image in the New York Public Library Digital Collections.

Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. "Health Care Cuts Kill" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1992 - 1995. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e3-1c86-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

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This is an advertisement for a film called "The Black Stork" in which a woman has a dream that her baby is born with disabilities. The point of this movie is to promote eugenics and warn people against marrying people of the opposite race. The audience is young woman who doctors are attempting to "warn". I found this ad several places but the clearest version was from the Disability Museum Organization.

The Black Stork. 17 Apr. 1917. Chicago Herald, https://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/catcard.html?id=499. Accessed 25 Oct. 2023.

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The image above titled The Retort Brutal is a comic illustration that was drawn by William Ely (A cartoonist) for the satirical publication Puck in 1913. The image was drawn during a time when the idea of eugenics was really picking up speed, and three years after the Lynchburg colony was set up as an epileptic society in 1910 (shortly after which it became a site for mass sterilization of disabled white people.) In the early 20th century, with the rise of racial eugenics, also brought on the ideas of purifying the white race. Many eugenicists believed that to purify the white race, there needed to be sterilizations of the "feeble-minded whites", so that disabled people couldn't reproduce which would perfect the white race.

The cartoon above adds to the conversation of eugenics in relation to disability. It shows two able-presenting white people, looking at a gallery of caricatures of their disable-presenting ancestors, with dialogue below, "Here in this Gallery are portraits of my ancestor. Hmmph! They evidently looked upon Eugenics as a joke!"

The intended audience for this comic seems to be for able white Americans who were dominating the conversation of Eugenics at the time. At first it was unclear to me whether or not the artist was endorsing eugenics or simply making a social commentary on the conversation surrounding eugenics, but i eventually decided the comic was probably just making a social commentary and almost making fun of eugenics, as it was placed in a satirical magazine, and it seems to be almost playing fun of the idea that there is such a thing as a perfect human created. Through the drawing it seems to almost be illustrating the future fantasy of eugenicists and the gallery of disabled people seems to be how eugenicists viewed their own society at the time. While there is no clear endorsement of eugenics, there isn't a strong rejection of the idea either. William Ely just seems to be cartooning the mindset of Eugenicists of his time period.

Ely, William. "The retort brutal." Puck, 26 March. 1913, cover. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011649526/

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Better Not Vaccinate Than Vaccinate with Impure Virus 

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Better Not Vaccinate Than Vaccinate with Impure Virus 

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This cartoon was drawn when the smallpox vaccine was being used. People were nervous about injecting foreign germs into their bodies. There was a fear of the vaccines being contaminated with bacteria that could cause syphilis, TB, or others. It seems to have been originally published in a newspaper, making it available to the literate general public.

Keppler, Joseph. Better Not Vaccinate Than Vaccinate with Impure Virus. [Ephemera]. At: Place: Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1988-102-109. Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough. Popular Medicine in America, 1800-1900, http://www.popularmedicine.amdigital.co.uk.ezproxy.trincoll.edu/Documents/Details/1988-102-109 [Accessed October 25, 2023].

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The image that I chose is used in an article by The Lancet owned by the University of Michigan Joseph A Labadie Collection illustrating the inequities and inequalities in the U.S. American healthcare system and the different ways in which this manifests, one of them being the discrimination women of color have faced historically and in the present day. Historically, black women have faced violent medical treatment and experimentation against their will, a concept that this poster condemns, most likely addressed to those in power - white men.

Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA) News. “Stop Forced Sterilization,” University of Michigan Joseph a Labadie Collection, 1979, www.thelancet.com/cms/attachment/adccc250-630b-48e2-8f57-f61243adaeb7/fx1_lrg.jpg. Accessed 25 Oct. 2023.

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This image depicts a woman who underwent a foot amputation due to struggling for years with severe chronic pain. Following her amputation, her insurance plan changed which resulted in her switching doctors. As she struggles with insomnia and kidney related chronic pain she was given the option of choosing opioids to relieve her pain, or a sleep treatment for her insomnia. She ended up taking the path of sleep care as she was fearful of becoming addicted to opioids. This image comes from an online magazine called Talk Poverty. The article touches how those experienced chronic illness are more likely to experience poverty and then turn to opioids and finally addiction.

Smith, S.e. “Opioid Crackdowns Punish Chronic Pain Patients without Fixing the Crisis.” Talk Poverty, 10 July 2020, talkpoverty.org/2019/05/17/chronic-pain-opioid-crisis/index.html.

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What is it?

Lotus Lilies, an oil-based painting, was created by American artist Charles Curran in 1888. The painting depicts two aristocratic women sitting in a wooden boat. The water is filled with water lilies which the women are collecting. The subjects of the painting are Curran's wife and her cousin. The painting depicts Old Woman Creek in Ohio which is where the painter owned summer homes.

What does it represent?

The painting was completed in 1888, during the heart of the Gilded Age. The era was marked by immense economic and industrial growth that developed a new level of distance between wealthy and poor Americans. Characterized as a period of consumerism, materialism, and sneaky political play, the aristocratic lifestyle was enabled by the price of the working class. Aritotract members of society often pursued leisure activities (such as ones shown in the painting) which were unattainable by the working class. During the Gilded Age, much of the art played into and portrayed the material abundance of the era’s characterization.

Although not directly intended by the painter, Lotus Lilies represent the resource and environmental based components of health. The painting depicts the luxury of maintaining health and wellbeing in a social context with particular resources: fresh air, economic choice, access to recreational activities, etc. In a society whose healthcare system has clear economic, social, and political associations which often do not favor the middle class or minority groups, illness is as much a consequence of social and systemic factors as with biology. During the Gilded Age, aristocratic members of society had greater opportunities to support their health and wellbeing compared to working class members. This phenomenon is not exclusive to the Gilded Ages alone. A multitude of studies have declared the impact of environmental factors on one's health. One’s access to leisure, high quality food, good air quality and stress are correlated with their health. In the case of the painting, the women in the boat of Lotus Lilies lived vastly different lives from working class mill girls of their time. In either extreme, the opportunities and resources for health and wellbeing were differentiated on the basis of economic standings.

Given the economic growth of the Gilded Ages, urban settings developed exponentially. However, with the growing population and industrial boom, issues of public health arised. Infestations of horse manure, poorly maintained sewage systems, and factory fumes negatively impacted urban residents' health. Rural setting, as depicted in the painting, represented a polarity to the growing cities of the Gilded Age. Nature, by contrast to cities, grew to represent health, well-being, and also luxury. Historically, nature has an inherent connection with health symbolically. The white lilies, symbols for purity and rebirth, add to the picture of health which the painting creates. Illness is often seen as being impure whereas the birth of a new life is seen as the archetype of perfect health. The water lilies suggest the health of the aristocracy which hold them. Just as the flowers are beautiful, so is health. Lotus Lilies paints a picture of perfect health and its accompanying joy, as granted through the economic resources of its subjects.

Although the painting depicts a beautiful scene of serenity and beauty, its historical time frame and background give context to the implications and resources for health and its luxury.

Who is it for (audience)?

In 1890, Curran took Lotus Lilies to Paris where it exhibited at a prestigious French Salon. The painting was enjoyed by several art critics and aristocratic social members who frequented such exhibitions. During the Gilded Age art was enjoyed mostly by aristocrats or upper-class members of society. Museums were sparse in the 1800’s, so art was limited to those who could afford to buy it, paint it, or visit exhibits.

Where did you find it (source)?

Curran, Charles C. Lotus Lilies. 1888, Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.trincoll.edu/#/asset/TERRA_DB_103997049;prevRouteTS=1698161421121

Who created it?

American artist Charles C. Curran painted Lotus Lilies in 1888. Curran's painting subjects were mostly aristocratic women in natural settings. Having studied at the Cincinnati School of Design, National Academy of Design and the Art Students League, Curran was a successful painter primarily exhibiting his work in New York City. After painting Lotus Lilies Curran went to Paris to study at the Académie Julian. Upon his return, he worked as a prolific portraitist and teacher at the Cooper Union. Biographies about Curran and his family do not mention extreme disease or illness. Thus, it could be concluded that Curran and his family lived a relatively healthy life.

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Lack of Access to Healthcare and Poverty

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Lack of Access to Healthcare and Poverty

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This image, which shows the condition in which many children in these high poverty areas live in, is a part of an advertisement from an organization Save the Children. This advertisement is intended for any people in the US that have enough to donate to this organization for them to provide children with access to healthcare and education. This advertisement is calling for help from these people to make children living in these conditions lives’ better. I found this advertisement using the library’s database. I went to Life Magazine Archive. This photo was taken by Andrew Holbrooke who was won numerous awards and works with many magazines: New York Times, Life, The Boston Globe Magazine, etc.

Citation:

“Save the Children Federation, Inc.” Life, vol. 18, no. 5, May 1995, p. 103. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,uid&db=lma&AN=114204963&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

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This image shows a mother from Ethiopia holding her child. Ethiopia is still facing the consequences of a drought that happened almost fifty years ago and the families that were dependent of the crops to survive are facing malnutrition, and in some cases starvation. This article is here to show people how others live and to ask for their help. I found this article by looking at several posts on the Save the children website.

Citation:

https://www.savethechildren.org/us/where-we-work/ethiopia

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In this compelling image, there are children sitting on the ground, as one of the staff members feeds the child. The food that is being consumed is a nutrient-rich soup filled with "pumpkin, carrots, eggs, liver, and oil," which was made by the Doctors of Charity which is a Catholic nonprofit organization. In total, 35 neglected children were fed, due to the season where harvest is abundant, and work takes the attention away from the children. It represents how oftentimes children, and people in general may lack good health and actual healthcare due to other matters. I think the audience is people wanting to know more about different areas around the world, and how nutrition and health may differ, and to educate people overall. This image alone has made me want to research more into how healthcare is impacted in rural areas like villages.

This source was found on ARTSTOR

This image alone has made me want and was created by Dieter Telemans.

Citation: Dieter Telemans. Staff working on a health project in Rossey village, feed children a nutritious soup of pumpkin, carrots, eggs, liver and oil during a food-cooking day organised by Doctors of Charity, a Catholic NGO. They found 35 children with malnutrition in the village. Malnourishment is higher during and just before the harvest because parents are out working and neglect the children's welfare.. 2007. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.trincoll.edu/asset/APANOSIG_10313569912

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"The Vulture and the Little Girl," also known as "The Struggling Girl," is a famous photo taken by Kevin Carter. It was first published in The New York Times on March 26, 1993. The photo captures a frail and hungry child, originally thought to be a girl, who had collapsed on the ground while a vulture looked on from nearby. The child was trying to reach a United Nations feeding center about half a mile away in Ayod, Sudan (now South Sudan) in March 1993. The photograph received the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography in 1994. Tragically, Kevin Carter took his own life just four months after receiving this prestigious award.

When we think about health problems, we usually focus on things like fever, cancer, or diseases caused by tiny germs. But there's a new and serious issue in the world of health that isn't caused by germs. It's malnutrition, and it's brought about by things like war, famine, droughts, and big earthquakes.

Even though you can't see malnutrition like you can see germs under a microscope, it's just as harmful. It affects many people silently, especially those in tough situations. This reminds us that health challenges aren't just about tiny germs; they also involve big things like politics, the environment, and helping each other. So, we should open our hearts, understand more, and show kindness because health challenges come in many forms. This picture talks about health, different races, what people go through.

"Vulture and the Little Girl." Rare Historical Photos, https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/vulture-little-girl/.

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Access to dental care in the 18th century

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Access to dental care in the 18th century

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This print is by Thomas Rowlandson and is dated 1787. It is a satirical comment upon the real practice of rich gentlemen and ladies of the 18th century paying for teeth to be pulled from poor children and transplanted in their gums. The dentist present is busy pulling teeth from the mouth of a poor young chimney sweep covered in soot and exhausted. Meanwhile the dentist’s assistant transplants a tooth into a fashionably dressed young lady’s mouth. Two children can be seen leaving the room clutching their faces and obviously in pain from having their teeth extracted, with the little girl holding onto a coin.

Dental care was once a commodity, something that could only be accessed by those who had the financial means to afford this care. This period serves as a stark reminder of how socio-economic factors can significantly impact healthcare access and outcomes

I located it from the MET museum archives

Rowlandson, Thomas. Transplanting of Teeth, 1787.