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ART: Painting – William Turner, 'Rain, Steam, and Speed' (1844)

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ART: Painting – William Turner, 'Rain, Steam, and Speed' (1844)

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In this work, Turner depicted England’s first steam train crossing an iron bridge over the Thames River. Turner combined the typical Romantic passion for nature with the innovative theme of speed artificially produced by the steam engine.

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ART: Painting – John Constable, 'The Hay Wain' (1821)

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ART: Painting – John Constable, 'The Hay Wain' (1821)

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The hay wain is only apparently the subject of this painting by John Constable. The real subject is nature. Constable portrayed seemingly insignificant scenes that were, however, an opportunity to depict nature in its most dramatic expression, with sunsets, approaching thunderstorms, surges, and hurricanes.

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ART: Painting – Caspar David Friedrich, 'Wanderer above the Sea of Fog' (1818)

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ART: Painting – Caspar David Friedrich, 'Wanderer above the Sea of Fog' (1818)

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A man in a dark overcoat contemplates the horizon from a rocky cliff. In front of him, the mysterious and indefinite nature. It is one of the most important works of the 19th century and a masterpiece of Romantic Art.

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ITALIAN: Giacomo Leopardi, I Canti (1835)

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ITALIAN: Giacomo Leopardi, I Canti (1835)

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I Canti is the collection of most of Giacomo Leopardi’s poems. One of the fundamental themes is man’s departure from nature. For Leopardi, the use of reason and knowledge are a source of man’s unhappiness, and poetry aims to give it a voice.

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ITALIAN: Ugo Foscolo, ‘Le ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis’ (1802)

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ITALIAN: Ugo Foscolo, ‘Le ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis’ (1802)

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‘Le ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis’ narrates the disillusion of the protagonist, a strong supporter of Romantic ideals. The dream of a free homeland is over. The love for the young Teresa is a struggle between nature and intellect. Even the landscape reflects the protagonist’s despair.

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Ugo Foscolo, Ultime lettere di Iacopo Ortis

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The steam engine produces work from heat energy.

A first steam engine was built in 1690 by Frenchman Denis Papin. But the first functioning machine was built by James Watt in the early 18th century. The use of the steam engine in factories and as a means of transport marked the start of a revolution that changed the world forever.

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ENGLISH: Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘Ode to the west wind’ (1820)

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ENGLISH: Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘Ode to the west wind’ (1820)

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Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 – 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets. His ‘Ode to the West Wind’ describes the effects of the impetuous west wind on Nature. The wind is the symbol of poetic inspiration and the radical change brought into the world by poetry.

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Ode to the West Wind - Percy Shelley poem reading | Jordan Harling Reads

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ENGLISH: Lord Byron, ‘Don Juan’ (1819 – 24)

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ENGLISH: Lord Byron, ‘Don Juan’ (1819 – 24)

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‘Don Juan’ is a poem written by George Gordon Byron. In the poem, Lord Byron explores the character of the Spanish philanderer, portraying him as a naive young man who is easily seduced by all the women he meets during his adventures. Although criticised for immorality, the poem was a huge success.

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Kept alive in plays, novels, and poems, the Don Juan legend centers around a fictitious character who is generally regarded as a symbol of libertinism. Libertinism is immoral behavior that is not restrained by conscience or conventions. The legend tells how Don Juan seduced a girl of noble family and then killed her father when he sought revenge. Later Don Juan saw a ghost of the father and flippantly invited it to dinner. The ghost arrived to foreshadow Don Juan's own death.

Don Juan was first given literary personality in the 1630 tragic drama The Seducer of Seville by the Spanish dramatist Tirso de Molina. In this version the drama is heightened by Don Juan's attractive qualities-his lively character, arrogant courage, and sense of humor. The drama's power comes from its rapid pace. There is growing tension as Don Juan's enemies hound him to self-destruction. He refuses to repent and falls to eternal damnation. Through Tirso's version, Don Juan became a universal figure, comparable to Hamlet and Don Quixote.

In the 17th century the Don Juan story was incorporated into the repertoire of strolling Italian players who carried the legend to France. By the 19th century many foreign versions of the Don Juan legend existed. Some of these musical and literary works include Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, produced in 1787, Lord Byron's satiric poem Don Juan (1819-24), and George Bernard Shaw's drama Man and Superman (performed in 1907), including the well-known third act, "Don Juan in Hell."

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Kept alive in plays, novels, and poems, the Don Juan legend centers around a fictitious character who is generally regarded as a symbol of libertinism. Libertinism is immoral behavior that is not restrained by conscience or conventions. The legend tells how Don Juan seduced a girl of noble family and then killed her father when he sought revenge.

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‘The Lamb’ is one of Blake’s best-known poems, included in ‘Songs of Innocence’. The lamb is a clear reference to biblical texts. It represents purity but also the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, as opposed to the disturbing figure of the tiger in ‘The Tyger’. The lamb necessarily implies the presence of the tiger.

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William Blake - The Lamb - Read by Arthur L Wood

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‘The Tyger’ is a poem included in the collection Songs of Experience, published in 1794. In Blake’s poetics, the tiger becomes a symbol of the satanic nature and dark side of man. It contrasts with the purity and innocence of the lamb, which symbolises Christian culture.

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"The Tyger" by William Blake (read by Tom O'Bedlam)

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William Blake (1757 – 1827) was a central figure of the Romantic period. In his works, ranging from painting to literature, neoclassical and pre-Romantic elements are mixed. Blake was an outcast compared to contemporary poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. However, Blake had a great influence on Romantic poets.

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Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883) is considered one of the greatest composers of Romanticism. His works fall into the genre of musical theatre. The stories draw inspiration from Scandinavian and Germanic myths, as well as chivalric romance. Even today, a festival entirely dedicated to his works is still held every year in Germany.

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Richard Wagner | Short Biography | Introduction To The Composer

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His piano pieces are among the best known of European Romanticism. Fryderyck Chopin (1810 – 1849) composed his first works at the age of 7. In Chopin’s music emerges a typical trait of Romanticism, that until then was ignored in most works of art: attention to the folk tradition. He wrote many compositions that renewed music and also innovated piano technique.

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Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827) is one of the greatest composers of all time. In his music, he embodied the ideals of freedom and justice of the French Revolution. The ideal of brotherhood among men is well represented by the 'Ode to Joy', that today is the official anthem of the European Union. His works are still widely performed all around the world.

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Biography of Ludwig van Beethoven for Kids - Beethoven for Children: FreeSchool

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The Industrial Revolution refers to the productive and technological progress that took place mainly in Europe in the 18th century. The process of the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. The use of machines, the concentration of production in factories, and the migration of peasants from the countryside to the cities caused great social changes.

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What was the Industrial Revolution? | History in a Nutshell | Animated History

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The French Revolution was the starting point of the Modern era and inspired Romanticism. The French Revolution began in 1789 with the abolition of the Monarchy and the proclamation of the Republic. The ideals that inspired the Revolution were the freedom of the people, equality, and brotherhood among human beings. Even today, the motto of the Revolution represents the French Republic.

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In 1789, France was a powerful monarchy and its society was divided into three unequal groups: the nobility, the clergy and the 'third state'.

The 'third state' formed the majority who were often mistreated and paid more and more taxes.

Crises affected the country, prices rose sharply and the poorest didn't have enough to eat.

In the face of these injustices, demonstrations and riots broke out across France.

On 14 th July, an angry crowd attacked the Bastille prison in Paris; the start of a revolution that lasted ten years!

But what were the consequences of the French Revolution?

The deputies drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, a text declaring that all citizens were now equal.

The nobility and the clergy must abandon their privileges.

The country was finally united thanks to the creation of 83 departments.

In 1792, the monarchy was abolished and replaced by the republic. The king was imprisoned, then guillotined.

Other reforms were put in place, such as divorce... or elections, but only men could participate.

It was also when one of the symbols of the French Republic, the blue-white-and red flag, appeared.

Today, the Revolution, which marked the history of France, is celebrated every 14 th of July.

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What is the French Revolution? - 1jour1actu.com

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"A question a day" is an animated series. Its objective is to answer the questions that children ask about the events that they hear of in the media. As such, we will tackle varied themes such as the Facebook, the queen of England, or biodiversity.

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In 1776, the 13 British colonies in North America signed the Declaration of Independence, starting the war against the British Crown. Although the British troops were stronger, George Washington, general in charge of the colonial troops, trained and expanded the army, achieving the first victories. In 1781 the British army was defeated, but the peace treaty was signed only in 1783.

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The American Revolutionary War for Kids: Learn About the Revolutionary War for Children - FreeSchool

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Romanticism developed in Europe in the 19th century until 1910. It was a cultural movement that arose as a reaction to the Enlightenment. The main themes were contemplation of nature, individualism, imagination and political engagement. Romanticism affirmed values that are still valid today.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Main themes:

nature

individualism

imagination

political engagement

Reaction against the Enlightenment
Dates
Places