# data[].attributes.headline
  Hübler, M. and Hartje, R. (2016) ‘Are smartphones smart for economic development?’, Economics letters, 141, pp. 130–133. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.02.001.

# data[].attributes.subject
  Hübler, M. and Hartje, R. (2016) ‘Are smartphones smart for economic development?’, Economics letters, 141, pp. 130–133. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.02.001.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The worldwide spread of mobile phones has been an unprecedented technological success story. So far, the literature on developing countries has identified efficiency gains via mobile phone-based information exchange, which reduces search costs and promptly provides data on market prices (Jensen, 2007, Aker, 2010, Aker and Fafchamps, 2015, Tadesse and Bahiigwa, 2014), job opportunities, the weather, epidemics or riots (Aker and Mbiti, 2010). Furthermore, mobile devices may generate income gains by easing management and learning, enabling financial transactions, providing technical and medical consultation services, strengthening social networks and reducing the exposure to risk (Aker and Mbiti, 2010).

Meanwhile, the second generation of mobile devices, particularly smartphones, extends these possibilities via wireless Internet access and software applications ("apps"). ¹ The independence of landline data networks and electricity grids qualifies them for Internet access even in remote rural areas. Whether the advantages of smartphones contribute to rural techno-economic development is an open question. The following paper provides a first positive answer by studying the impact of smartphone ownership on rural households' income and modeling smartphone ownership as an endogenous treatment effect. It draws upon novel data from rural Southeast Asian ² households.

The paper contributes to the literature on the determinants and effects of mobile phones in developing countries, which has so far focused on Africa (e.g. Buys et al., 2009; Muto and Yamano, 2009; Howard and Mazaheri, 2009; Heeks, 2010) by introducing smartphones and Southeast Asia as novel aspects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Are smartphones smart for economic development?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The worldwide spread of mobile phones has been an unprecedented technological success story. So far, the literature on developing countries has identified efficiency gains via mobile phone-based information exchange, which reduces search costs and promptly provides data on market prices (Jensen, 2007, Aker, 2010, Aker and Fafchamps, 2015, Tadesse and Bahiigwa, 2014), job opportunities, the weather, epidemics or riots (Aker and Mbiti, 2010).

# data[].attributes.body
https://sussex.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1811846395&context=PC&vid=44SUS_INST:44SUS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI_no_BLDS&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=MyInst_and_CI_no_BLDS&query=any,contains,mobile%20phone,AND&query=any,contains,infrastructure,AND&query=any,contains,developing%20country,AND&sortby=rank&mode=advanced&offset=0

# data[].attributes.headline
Goldstein, A. and O’Connor, D. (2002) Electronic Commerce for Development. Paris: OECD Publishing.

# data[].attributes.subject
Goldstein, A. and O’Connor, D. (2002) Electronic Commerce for Development. Paris: OECD Publishing.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www-oecd-ilibrary-org.ezproxy.sussex.ac.uk/development/electronic-commerce-for-development_9789264099562-en

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Howard, & Mazaheri, N. (2009). Telecommunications Reform, Internet Use and Mobile Phone Adoption in the Developing World. World Development, 37(7), 1159–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.12.005

# data[].attributes.headline
  Vaithilingam, S. et al. (2022) ‘Mobile communication and use behavior of the urban poor in a developing country: A field study in Malaysia’, International journal of information management, 63, p. 102440–. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102440.

# data[].attributes.subject
  Vaithilingam, S. et al. (2022) ‘Mobile communication and use behavior of the urban poor in a developing country: A field study in Malaysia’, International journal of information management, 63, p. 102440–. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102440.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026840122100133X?via%3Dihub

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James, J. (2011) ‘Sharing mobile phones in developing countries: Implications for the digital divide’, Technological forecasting & social change, 78(4), pp. 729–735. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2010.11.008.

# data[].attributes.subject
James, J. (2011) ‘Sharing mobile phones in developing countries: Implications for the digital divide’, Technological forecasting & social change, 78(4), pp. 729–735. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2010.11.008.

# data[].attributes.headline
Rajkhowa, P. and Qaim, M. (2022) ‘Mobile phones, off‐farm employment and household income in rural India’, Journal of agricultural economics, 73(3), pp. 789–805. doi:10.1111/1477-9552.12480.

# data[].attributes.subject
Rajkhowa, P. and Qaim, M. (2022) ‘Mobile phones, off‐farm employment and household income in rural India’, Journal of agricultural economics, 73(3), pp. 789–805. doi:10.1111/1477-9552.12480.

# data[].attributes.body
https://sussex.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_journals_2699875480&context=PC&vid=44SUS_INST:44SUS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI_no_BLDS&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=MyInst_and_CI_no_BLDS&query=any,contains,Mobile%20phones,AND&query=any,contains,Infrastructure,AND&sortby=rank&mode=advanced&pfilter=dr_s,exact,20210101,AND&pfilter=dr_e,exact,20231231,AND&offset=0

# data[].attributes.headline
Rahman, M.M., Ara, T. and Chakma, R. (2022) ‘Explaining geospatial variation in mobile phone ownership among rural women of Bangladesh: A multi-level and multidimensional approach’, Telecommunications policy, 46(5), p. 102289–. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102289.

# data[].attributes.subject
Rahman, M.M., Ara, T. and Chakma, R. (2022) ‘Explaining geospatial variation in mobile phone ownership among rural women of Bangladesh: A multi-level and multidimensional approach’, Telecommunications policy, 46(5), p. 102289–. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102289.

# data[].attributes.body
https://sussex.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_journals_2674864553&context=PC&vid=44SUS_INST:44SUS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI_no_BLDS&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=MyInst_and_CI_no_BLDS&query=any,contains,mobile%20phone,AND&query=any,contains,infrastructure,AND&query=any,contains,developing%20countries,AND&sortby=rank&mode=advanced&pfilter=dr_s,exact,20200101,AND&pfilter=dr_e,exact,20231231,AND&offset=0

# data[].attributes.headline
DANIEL BJÖRKEGREN (2019) ‘The Adoption of Network Goods: Evidence from the Spread of Mobile Phones in Rwanda’, The Review of economic studies, 86(3 (308)), pp. 1033–1060. doi:10.1093/restud/rdy024.

# data[].attributes.subject
DANIEL BJÖRKEGREN (2019) ‘The Adoption of Network Goods: Evidence from the Spread of Mobile Phones in Rwanda’, The Review of economic studies, 86(3 (308)), pp. 1033–1060. doi:10.1093/restud/rdy024.

# data[].attributes.body
https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/86/3/1033/5061115

# data[].attributes.body
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.sussex.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0306919215001219

# data[].attributes.body
Hübler, M. and Hartje, R. (2016) ‘Are smartphones smart for economic development?’, Economics letters, 141, pp. 130–133. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.02.001.

# data[].attributes.headline
Lund, Nielsen, B. B., Hemed, M., Boas, I. M., Said, A., Said, K., Makungu, M. H., & Rasch, V. (2014). Mobile phones improve antenatal care attendance in Zanzibar: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(1), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-29

# data[].attributes.subject
Lund, Nielsen, B. B., Hemed, M., Boas, I. M., Said, A., Said, K., Makungu, M. H., & Rasch, V. (2014). Mobile phones improve antenatal care attendance in Zanzibar: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(1), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-29