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Brenda Vera Baca A01753614
Brenda Mariana Torres Soria A01754010
Alan Leonardo Reynoso del Rayo A01753551
Emilio Martínez Sánchez A01754285
Santiago Hernández Jiménez A01662307

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(384-322 B.C.) Meaning of Organic Chemistry and 

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(384-322 B.C.) Meaning of Organic Chemistry and 

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The term organic comes from Greek ο1γανον, which means organon instrument, meanwhile Synthesis comes from Greek σύν that means together and θɛσις that refers to place or put

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Parcelsus stated that all living bodies (and indeed all things) were composed of three fundamental substances, mercury, sulfur and salt.
These three principles were to be understood in a philosophical, alchemical, not a literal chemical sense. The words stood for properties or characters rather than the chemical elements.

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Pierre Gassendi in France.
Atoms were “the
smallest parts” (minimae partes) which combined to form
corpuscles called moleculae (corpuscule = small body; mole-
cule = small mass).
Similarly, Walter Charleton in England
spoke of atoms composing “certain Moleculae, small masses, of
various figures” (shapes).

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Bergman and Gren defined organic bodies as living things.
Thus, in the 1700s natural philosophers and chemists defined organised organic bodies not in a chemical sense but as living things as opposed to the unorganised, inorganic things.

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Georges-Louis Leclerc,
Comte de Buffon used the term molécules organiques, which
were hypothesized to be taken up from the matière organique
in food to serve as nourishment and in the development and
reproduction of the corps organisés, i. e. organised, living bodies.

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Charles de Bonnet in Geneva again used molécules organiques as well as corpuscules and particules organiques and très petits parties organique.
In contrast to the organised bodies in the animal and plant kingdoms, those in the mineral kingdom were unorganised.

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He described organic compounds containing C, H, and O; for
example he concluded that sugar contained some oxygen in
the form of crystal water, but more importantly, it contained
large amounts of oxygen and hydrogen attached to carbon. He also noted that N may be present, as had been discovered by Berthollet.

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Friedrich A. C. Gren in Halle wrote about changes in
the mixtures of organic bodies (organische Körper) happening
“by themselves” (von selbst). These changes would happen even in the absence of air and heat and could cause numerous changes of the properties and mixture of these
bodies and eventually their complete decomposition.

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Lavoisier’s apparatuses for combustion analysis, 1784

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Lavoisier reported his epochal quantitative combustion analysis with a detailed description of the
apparatus and determined that organic bodies of wine (ethanol) olive oil and bees’ wax) burned to CO2 and H2O and were composed of carbon and hydrogen.

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Eugene Chevreul achieved the separation of the composition of fatty acids.
With this knowledge he concluded that the composition of organic compounds were organic molecules that just can be found on nature.
Also he gave the name glycerine to the elemental composition of fats.

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Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
he determined by chemical analysis that the major
constituent of living bodies was carbon together with water,
nitrogen, sulfur, phosphoric acid, potash (K2CO3), soda (NaHCO3),
lime (CaCO3), talc (Mg silicate), silicate, iron, and hydrochloric
acid.
In his textbook on chemistry he refined this as C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Si and Fe and added Cl and F, but therewas still no understanding of the chemical processes or the
composition of the organic bodies.

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Wohler create artificial urea with the mix of separate inorganic compounds. He discovered that by adding the same elements that the urea contained, he was able to replicate his composition.
The discovery of Wohler revealed that it wasn't necessary a living being to create an organic compound such as urea because the Ammonium cyanate (an artificial version of urea) has the same composition.

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The second experiment that supported the theory of Wohler, was the organic synthesis of acetic acid made by Kolbe.
Kolbe separated the different elements of the CH3COOH and put them under different conditions to generate the acetic acid.
The inorganic compounds that formed the CH3COOH  changed into organic compounds when the conditions changed. Proving that an organic compound can be produced by inorganic compounds.

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Berthelot discovered organic compounds that were unknown on Nature.
In his experiment he combined glycerol with different fatty acids that create organic compounds that couldn't be found on nature. This experiment was considered the beginning of the organic synthesis.

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The historical scientist Friedrich Kekule discovered the circular structure of benzene. He discovered that benzene was actually circular, it happened one night in which he was dreaming of a snake eating itself.
After some time after his research, it was proved that keluke's representation of the structure of benzene was wrong, since benzene's actual structure has carbon-carbon bonds of equal length, while keluke's theory stated that it had different carbon types of bonds.

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Chemical compounds tend to react in different ways, even those which have the same formula. Scientists realized that it depended on the direction that atoms had when they came off of the carbon, which where concluded to go up ad down.
Jacobus van 't Hoff and Joseph-Achille Le Bel managed to create the 3D stereochemical representation, which is used to determine the direction of atoms.