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1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

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1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

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As th Civil war ended, the Southern States had to reconstruct government and society. The political and social rights of the millions of newly freed Americans would become an important part of the post-war period

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13 - Slavery and involuntary servitude is abolished and illegal (1865)
14 - African Americans are granted US citizenship (1868)
15 - African Americans have the right to vote (1870)

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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The case involved Homer Plessy, who was a black man that was arrested for refusing to leave a "whites-only" train car in Louisiana. The Supreme Court ruled that state laws requiring segregation on public transportation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law, as long as the separate facilities were deemed equal in quality. The decision of Plessy v. Ferguson remained in effect until it was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.

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The Red Summer of 1919 was a period of racial violence and unrest that occurred across the United States, particularly in urban areas in the North and Midwest. The riots were triggered by a combination of factors, including the influx of black Americans into northern cities during the Great Migration, competition for jobs and housing, and racial tension and prejudice.

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The Tulsa race riot took place in 1921 in the Greenwood District of Tulsa Oklahoma. It occured on “Black Wall Street”, which was a thriving African American community. It began on May 31, 1921 after a young black man was accused of assaulting a white woman in an elevator. The Tulsa race riot was one of the deadliest incidents of racial violence in American history. Following the race riots, Black Americans faced ongoing discrimination and continous inequality.

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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement that took place in the 1920s and 1930s in Harlem, New York City. It was a time of great creativity and expression for African Americans, who had migrated to the North during the Great Migration.

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July 26, 1948; President Harry Truman signs Executive Order 9981 - ending discrimination in the military. African Americans had been serving in the US military since the American Revolution, however they were treated unuqually and had their own units. Signing the order ended the poor treatment for African American soldiers in the military.

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Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark case in the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. The case was brought by African American parents on behalf of their children in Topeka, Kansas, who were denied admission to all-white public schools. The court case victory was a critical step towards ending racial discrimination in education. However, it would take many years before the law would be recognized in all states.

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Emmit Till was a 14 year old African American boy who was brutally murdered in Money Missippi in 1955.  He was accused of whistling at a white woman at a local grocery store, and several days later, was abducted by two white man who beat and tortured Emmit. He was then tied to a heavy fan and dropped to the bottom of a river, where we was bashed by rocks and drowned. His mother chose to have an open casket, so that society could see how her son was beaten. When the images of Emmit Till’s body was released, it aided the cause moving towards equality.

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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting at the front of an Alabama bus, and when the bus driver asked her to move, she refused. Her resistance set off one of the largest protests in history; the Montgomery bus boycott.

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Influenced by Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat on an Alabama bus, the black communities of Alabama all refused to use the bus. This was a protest against the  bus system’s policy of racial segregation. This proest lasted 13 months, from December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1956.

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The diner sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests that took place in the early 1960s, aimed at ending racial segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants, cafes, and lunch counters. The protests were inspired by the actions of four African American college students, who staged a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960.

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Freedom riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern states. This protest began in 1961, and was made up of both white and black civil rights activists.

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The "I Have a Dream" speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The speech is considered one of the most important and influential speeches in American history. Within the speech, Dr. King called for an end to racial segregation and discrimination. His speech helped the Civil Rights Movement towards equality.

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John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald. Kennedy was riding in an open car with his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, during a motorcade through Dealey Plaza when shots were fired, striking Kennedy multiple times. Kennedy was a widely appreciated and respected president.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, after a long and hard-fought battle by civil rights activists.

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Malcolm X, a prominent African American civil rights activist and leader of the Nation of Islam, was assassinated on February 21, 1965, in New York City. He was preparing to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity when three gunmen approached and shot him 21 times. His death was a significant loss to the Civil Rights Movement, because he was a powerful and influntial voice for the African American community.

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Bloody Sunday refers to a series of events that took place on March 7, 1965, in Selma, Alabama, during a voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery. The march was organized to demand equal voting rights for African Americans, who faced discriminatory practices such as poll taxes and literacy tests. On that day, state troopers and local law enforcement officers violently attacked the peaceful marchers, including men, women, and children, with billy clubs, tear gas, and other weapons. The violence was captured on film and broadcast around the world, sparking widespread outrage.

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Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent African American civil rights leader and advocate of nonviolence, was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. King was in Memphis to support a strike by sanitation workers and was standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel when he was shot by James Earl Ray.

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On June 28, 1969, police raided the Stonewall Inn, leading to a violent confrontation with patrons and bystanders. The protests and demonstrations that followed continued for several days, with LGBTQ+ people and allies demanding an end to police harassment and discrimination. The Stonewall riots were a turning point in the LGBTQ+ rights movement, inspiring the formation of LGBTQ+ advocacy organizations and sparking a wave of activism and organizing across the country.