# data[].attributes.body
Merolla, Jennifer, et al. Illegal," “Undocumented,” or “Unauthorized”: Equivalency Frames, Issue Frames, and Public Opinion on Immigration. Sept. 2013, allstate.libproxy.ivytech.edu/login?url=www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/illegal-undocumented-unauthorized-equivalency/docview/1433246081/se-2?accountid=42580. ProQuest Ivy Tech. Accessed 11 Apr. 2025.

Article name : Illegal," "Undocumented," or "Unauthorized": Equivalency Frames, Issue Frames, and Public Opinion on Immigration

2 of 4 Ivy tech databases

talks about the controversy related to this topics

the abstract

"Immigration has been a salient and contentious topic in the United States, with a great deal of congressional debate, advocacy efforts, and media coverage. Among conservative and liberal groups, there is a vigorous debate over the terms used to describe this population, such as "undocumented" or "illegal," as both sides perceive significant consequences to public opinion that flow out of this choice in equivalency frames. These same groups also compete over the ways in which immigration policies are framed. Here, for the first time, we examine the use of both types of frames (of immigrants themselves, and the policies affecting them) in media coverage. Importantly, we also test for whether these various frames affect preferences on three different policies of legalization. Our results suggest that efforts to focus on the terms used to describe immigrants have limited effect, and that efforts to frame policy offer greater promise in swaying public opinion on immigration. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]"

# data[].attributes.body
Abrego Garcia came to America since his mother / family was being threatened by gang they said they would kidnap him into the gang or kill him

Only evidence found was an accusation made by another person who was with them when ICE got a hold of them 2019

Immigration judges already ruled Kilmar had no gang ties

Supreme court ruled 9-0 unanomalously to bring him back to the US but Trumps Administration had still not done that

# data[].attributes.body
Chicago resident Julio Noriega, 54, a U.S. citizen who, according to court documents, was arrested, handcuffed

spent most of the night at an ICE processing center in suburban Broadview.

He was never questioned about his citizenship and was only released after agents looked at his ID.

# data[].attributes.body
Leavitt states he is a criminal and he was bound to get deported

Untrue there is a little to no evidence that he was in MS-13

They have provided little evidence assertion in court

He came to the US at 16 yrs old in 2011 to flee from political violence he was then granted permeant asylum like visa in 2019

Court orders prohibits his removal due to credible threats against his life

# data[].attributes.body
Article name : Do Immigrants Threaten US Public Safety?

"One study found that only 3 percent of the 2.6 million immigrants ICE dealt with via CAP during 2010 to 2013 had been convicted of a violent or serious crime (Cantor, Noferi, and Martı´nez 2015)." (Orrenius and Zavodny).

# data[].attributes.body
Orrenius, Pia, and Madeline Zavodny. “Shibboleth Authentication Request.” Ivytech.edu, 2025, allstate.libproxy.ivytech.edu/login?url=www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/do-immigrants-threaten-us-public-safety/docview/2312765600/se-2?accountid=42580. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

4 of 4 Ivy tech databases

Article name : Do Immigrants Threaten US Public Safety?

Abstract

"Opponents of immigration often claim that immigrants, particularly those who are unauthorized, are more likely than US natives to commit crimes and that they pose a threat to public safety. There is little evidence to support these claims. In fact, research overwhelmingly indicates that immigrants are less likely than similar US natives to commit violent and property crimes, and that areas with more immigrants have similar or lower rates of violent and property crimes than areas with fewer immigrants. There are relatively few studies specifically of criminal behavior among unauthorized immigrants, but the limited research suggests that these immigrants also have a lower propensity to commit crime than their native-born peers, although possibly a higher propensity than legal immigrants. Evidence about legalization programs is consistent with these findings, indicating that a legalization program reduces crime rates. Meanwhile, increased border enforcement, which reduces unauthorized immigrant inflows, has mixed effects on crime rates. A legalization program or other similar initiatives not currently under serious consideration have more potential to improve public safety and security than several other policies that have recently been proposed or implemented." (Orrenius and Zavodny).

# data[].attributes.body
this the counter argument for one of my examples this a response on the whole situation about Kilmar Abrego Garcia

News reporter asks Pres sec. Karoline L. who is responsible

Works cited :

"Karoline Leavitt Asked Point Blank: Who Is Responsible for Kilmar Abrego Garcia?” Youtu.be, Forbes Breaking News, 2025, youtu.be/1gqDDRn4iZI. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.

(“Karoline Leavitt Asked Point Blank: Who is Responsible for Kilmar Abrego Garcia?”)

# data[].attributes.body
Cardona-Maguigad, Adriana. “Immigration Agents Arrested a U.S. Citizen and Created Warrants after an Arrest, Lawyers Say in Court.” WBEZ, 13 Mar. 2025, www.wbez.org/immigration/2025/03/13/chicago-attorneys-accuse-federal-agents-of-violating-immigrants-rights-and-take-legal-action

Primary Source

It has personal encounters of make who were unlawfully taken by ice or detained.

news summery at the top

"Immigration agents arrested a U.S. citizen and created warrants after an arrest, lawyers say in court

Chicago attorneys were in federal court Thursday accusing federal agents of violating immigration law and the constitutional rights of at least 22 people since January."

# data[].attributes.body
“I was born in Chicago, Illinois and am a United States citizen,” Noriega said in his statement, adding that on Jan. 31, after buying pizza in Berwyn he was surrounded by ICE agents and arrested. Officers took away his wallet, which had his ID and social security card. “They then handcuffed me and pushed me into a white van where other people were handcuffed as well.”" (Cardona-Maguigad).

# data[].attributes.body
Abel Orozco-Ortega 47

Detained in his home in suburban Lyon

Legal and showed his license when the officer had asked

was arrested even though they weren't the person they were looking for

He was then detained and held at the Clay County Jail in Indiana for a month

# data[].attributes.body
Ortega just got home from getting tamales when at his home he was then approached by an officer who then identified himself and asked to see his driver license. After he has shown his temporary visitor's driver license which can be given to non-citizens in Illinois they put him the back of the vehicle and they made an administrative warrant and hand cuffed him (Cardona-Maguigad).

# data[].attributes.body
reporter asked who is essentially responsible for Abrego return

" President Buekele said he's not going to smuggle a foreign terrorist back into the United States of America."

"Abrego Garica was a foreign terrorist he is an MS-13 gang member. He was engaged in human trafficking. "

# data[].attributes.body
"Such claims are contrary to the large body of research that shows that immigrants are less likely than US natives to commit crimes and that areas with more immigrants —including unauthorized ones — tend to have lower crime rates than areas with fewer immigrants. Furthermore, there is little credible evidence that unauthorized immigrants are more likely to commit crimes than US natives."(Orrenius and Zavodny).

# data[].attributes.body
"During this time, undocumented immigrants had the lowest offending rates overall for both total felony crime (see exhibit 1) and violent felony crime (see exhibit 2) compared to other groups. U.S.-born citizens had the highest offending rates overall for most crime types, with documented immigrants generally falling between the other two groups"(“Undocumented Immigrant Offending Rate Lower than U.S.-Born Citizen Rate”)

# data[].attributes.body
"For drug offenses, too, undocumented immigrants were less than half as likely to be arrested as native-born U.S. citizens.[4] Moreover, the drug crime arrest rate for the undocumented population held steady throughout the seven years of data, while the rate for native-born citizens increased almost 30% during that time. As a result, undocumented immigrants had a smaller share of arrests for drug crimes in 2018 than they had in 2012"(“Undocumented Immigrant Offending Rate Lower than U.S.-Born Citizen Rate”)

# data[].attributes.body
Timmins, Annmarie. “Republicans Make Illegal Immigration Top Issue in NH: 43% of Granite Staters Say Illegal Immigration Is a ‘Very Serious’ or ‘Somewhat Serious’ Problem in NH.” New Hampshire Business Review, Apr. 2024, p. 1. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=1291e8ad-fec8-3cd9-9ec3-e79f17316820.

Article name : Republicans Make Illegal Immigration Top Issue in NH: 43% of Granite Staters Say Illegal Immigration Is a ‘Very Serious’ or ‘Somewhat Serious’ Problem in NH.

Source 4 goes over the side of the argument I am on. It also goes through claims vs truth. 1 of 4 Ivy tech data bases.

the abstract

"According to an article in the New Hampshire Business Review, Republicans in New Hampshire are making illegal immigration a top issue, with Governor Chris Sununu allocating $2.3 million to address the issue. However, the article highlights that many of the claims made by Republicans are based on misinformation and anecdotal evidence, rather than data and facts. The article also provides some data on undocumented immigrants in New Hampshire, stating that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 undocumented immigrants in the state, representing about 1.7% of the workforce. It also notes that there is no data on how often undocumented immigrants are charged criminally and convicted, but national data suggests that the percentage is low. The article also addresses the issue of drug smuggling, stating that it is mostly Americans, not undocumented migrants, who are smuggling fentanyl into the country. The article concludes by suggesting that the deployment of National Guard soldiers to the Texas border and Republican claims about undocumented migrants may be seen as political stunts by Democrats. Additionally, it mentions a bill being backed by Republicans that would prohibit New Hampshire communities from adopting "sanctuary city" policies, but notes that the bill has faced opposition from the ACLU, church leaders, and police chiefs. [Extracted from the article]"

# data[].attributes.body
“Undocumented Immigrant Offending Rate Lower than U.S.-Born Citizen Rate.” National Institute of Justice, 2024, nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/undocumented-immigrant-offending-rate-lower-us-born-citizen-rate.

It got taken down due to recent executive orders but ther eis a pdf still available

https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU01/20250122/117827/HHRG-119-JU01-20250122-SD004.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Adressing some of the counterargument

"He illegally came into our country"

He did orginally come into the US illegally but then finally in 2019 an immigrant judge granted him an aslyum like visa type of thing which allowed him to be in the US and work here legally

# data[].attributes.body
"The empirical evidence comes down decidedly on the side of immigrants being less likely to commit crimes. A large body of empirical research concludes that immigrants are less likely than similar US natives to commit crimes, and the incarceration rate is lower among the foreign-born than among the native-born (see, e.g., Butcher and Piehl 1998a, b, 2007; Hagan and Palloni 1999; Rumbaut et al. 2006; Rumbaut and Ewing 2007). Among men ages 18 to 39 — prime ages for engaging in criminal behavior — the incarceration rate among immigrants is one-fourth the rate among US natives (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2015)" (Orrenius and Zavodny).

# data[].attributes.body
"Although immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than similar US natives, they are disproportionately male and relatively young — characteristics associated with crime. " (Orrenius and Zavodny)

# data[].attributes.body
Martinez, Daniel E., and Ricardo D. Martinez-Schuldt. “Sanctuary Policies, Immigration, and Public Safety.” Blogs.law.ox.ac.uk, 27 July 2021, blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2021/01/sanctuary.

Article : "Sanctuary Polices, Immigration, and Public Safety

Overall, the findings from our two studies strongly suggest, first, that the implementation of sanctuary policies does not lead to higher rates of violent crime. In fact, we find that such ordinances are associated with a decrease in robbery incidents at the city-level. Second, the passage of sanctuary policies may actually promote public safety by encouraging Latino crime victims (or crime victims most socially-connected to immigrant communities) to report violent victimization to law enforcement."(Martinez and Martinez-Schuldt)

Conclusion - "

# data[].attributes.body
Wessler, Seth Freed. “Trump’s 3 Million Criminals.” Nation, vol. 303, no. 25/26, Dec. 2016, pp. 16–21. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=8a73c408-2a3f-3ebb-b899-f05b746c6bde.

I will use this source as like a more descriptive of what a lot of immigrants go through somewhat like a primary source but not a primary source. This give somewhat of a knowledge of them.

Article name : Trump's 3 million criminals

abstract

"The article discusses the implications of the statement made by U.S. President-elect Donald Trump about deportation or incarceration of undocumented immigrants who are criminals and have criminal records. Topics discussed include effort to deport criminal immigrants to require the branding of law-abiding people as criminals, prosecution of border crossing as a crime, and President-elect Trump's proposed legislation for people caught in the U.S. after being deported"

3 of 4 Ivy tech data bases