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The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, officially abolishing slavery throughout the United States. This marked a crucial first step in the long journey toward civil rights, though many challenges remained ahead for African Americans.

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The Supreme Court's landmark decision in Plessy v. Ferguson upholds the doctrine of 'separate but equal,' legally establishing racial segregation and Jim Crow laws that would persist for more than half a century.

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is established by W.E.B. Du Bois and others. It becomes one of the most influential civil rights organizations, fighting racial discrimination through legal action and advocacy.

https://youtu.be/qaBdgEp8EEg?feature=shared

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The Supreme Court unanimously rules in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, effectively overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. This decision becomes a catalyst for the modern civil rights movement.

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After Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, the Montgomery Bus Boycott begins, lasting 381 days. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., this successful protest launches him to national prominence and demonstrates the power of nonviolent resistance.

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Nine African American students, known as the Little Rock Nine, attempt to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Eisenhower sends federal troops to ensure their safety and enforce desegregation.

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Approximately 250,000 people participate in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Here, Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his famous 'I Have a Dream' speech, articulating a vision of racial equality that resonates to this day.

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This landmark legislation outlaws segregation in public places and bans employment discrimination.

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"Bloody Sunday" is the violent attack on civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, on March 7, 1965. Approximately 600 people were protesting and demanding federal voting rights legislation when they were brutally attacked by state troopers and other law enforcement officers.

Following this brutal event, the Voting Rights Act is passed, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting. This legislation helps secure voting rights for millions of African Americans in the South.

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The Fair Housing Act is passed, prohibiting discrimination in housing sales, rentals, and financing. Tragically, this victory comes shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, marking the end of this pivotal era in the civil rights movement.