# data[].attributes.body
December 13, 1937

The Japanese army captured Nanjing

They killed as many as 300,000 civilians

The Japanese army also looted the city and burned down many buildings

https://sfi.usc.edu/collections/nanjing-massacre

# data[].attributes.body
when September 1st 1939

what Germany invades Poland initiating

world war 2 in Europe

why convenient starting point for the war

https://study.com/learn/lesson/nazi-germany-poland-invasion-discrimination-against-polish-jews.html#:~:text=Germany%20invaded%20Poland%20on%20September,living%20space%20%2D%20for%20Germans).

# data[].attributes.body
december 7th 1941

Japan sneek attack on america

20 ships 300 planes were damaged

2,400 americans died

1000 people were wounded

# data[].attributes.body
on 1935–36

armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia's subjugation

cause they wanted to take over more land

https://www.britannica.com/event/Italo-Ethiopian-War-1935-1936

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Italo-Ethiopian War, (1935-36), an armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia's subjection to Italian rule. Often seen as one of the episodes that prepared the way for World War II, the war demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations when League decisions were not supported by the great powers.

Ethiopia (Abyssinia), which Italy had unsuccessfully tried to conquer in the 1890s, was in 1934 one of the few independent states in a European-dominated Africa. A border incident between Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland that December gave Benito Mussolini an excuse to intervene. Rejecting all arbitration offers, the Italians invaded Ethiopia on October 3, 1935.

Under Generals Rodolfo Graziani and Pietro Badoglio, the invading forces steadily pushed back the ill-armed and poorly trained Ethiopian army, winning a major victory near Lake Ascianghi (Ashangi) on April 9, 1936, and taking the capital, Addis Ababa, on May 5. The nation's leader, Emperor Haile Selassie, went into exile. In Rome, Mussolini proclaimed Italy's king Victor Emmanuel III emperor of Ethiopia and appointed Badoglio to rule as viceroy.

In response to Ethiopian appeals, the League of Nations condemned the Italian invasion in 1935 and voted to impose economic sanctions on the aggressor. The sanctions remained ineffective because of general lack of support. Although Mussolini's aggression was viewed with disfavour by the British, who had a stake in East Africa, the other major powers had no real interest in opposing him. The war, by giving substance to Italian imperialist claims, contributed to international tensions between the fascist states and the Western democracies. It also served as a rallying point, especially after World War II, for developing African nationalist movements.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Italo-Ethiopian War | Causes, Summary, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Italo-Ethiopian War, an armed conflict in 1935-36 that resulted in Ethiopia's subjection to Italian rule. Often seen as one of the episodes that prepared the way for World War II, the war demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations when League decisions were not supported by the great powers.

# data[].attributes.body
July 10 to October 31, 1940

England Britain's royal air force and navy responds to heavy bombing attacks from Germany

England Britain

https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World War II Battles: Timeline | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next six years, the conflict took more lives and destroyed more land and property around the globe than any previous war. See a timeline of the war’s battles.

# data[].attributes.body
October 2, 1941 to January 7, 1942

the axis launch a campaign to capture the capital city of moscow

moscow russia

https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World War II Battles: Timeline | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next six years, the conflict took more lives and destroyed more land and property around the globe than any previous war. See a timeline of the war’s battles.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Midway Atoll, United States Minor Outlying Islands

# data[].attributes.body
June 4-7, 1942

american and japanese forces clash over atol

they both need that land

https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World War II Battles: Timeline | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next six years, the conflict took more lives and destroyed more land and property around the globe than any previous war. See a timeline of the war’s battles.

# data[].attributes.body
June 19-20, 1944

japan attacks allied forces whi have advanced in the pacific theater

they needed more land

# data[].attributes.body
April 16 to May 2, 1945

soviet with support with american and British forces attack the final battle thing and Hitler commits suicide

to end the war

https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline

# data[].attributes.body
In early 1942

they attached something to bats and released them from planes

to get an edge in the war

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
7 Weird Weapons From World War II | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From dead rats implanted with bombs, to a giant explosive wheel, these World War II weapons were creative, but not very successful.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1943,

shot air in aim of knocking enemies off out the air

to have better weapons for the war

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
7 Weird Weapons From World War II | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From dead rats implanted with bombs, to a giant explosive wheel, these World War II weapons were creative, but not very successful.

# data[].attributes.body
February 3, 1946.

massive aircraft carrier made out of ice

to protect themselves from where they were most vulnerable

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.body
1941

the plan was to get dead rats and put plastic explosives in them and have someone chuck it in the boiler

they were trying out new weapons to try and get an edge on the war

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
7 Weird Weapons From World War II | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From dead rats implanted with bombs, to a giant explosive wheel, these World War II weapons were creative, but not very successful.

# data[].attributes.body
Led Britain as Prime Minister during World War 2 and again in the 1950s.

Gave powerful speeches and won a Nobel Prize for his books.

Helped shape Europe after the war and warned about the Iron Curtain

# data[].attributes.body
* September 30, 1928-July 2, 2016

• Holocaust survivor, author.

Nobel Peace Prac winncr

• Die was 15 when be was captured by the Nais and sent away to a concentration camp in Poland

• He is mos famous for his book, Night, which describes. his experiences in the Holocaust

TC Textbook, Pages 426-421

Doctos

Auschwitz, Poland

# data[].attributes.body
March 24

1/16 Japanese was evacuated including 17000 children

they felt some type of way towards the Japanese

https://www.history.com/articles/japanese-american-relocation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
UPI/Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Published: October 29, 2009

Last Updated: February 27, 2025

Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, would be incarcerated in isolated camps. Enacted in reaction to the Pearl Harbor attacks and the ensuing war, the incarceration of Japanese Americans is considered one of the most atrocious violations of American civil rights in the 20th century.

Japanese-American Relocation

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Government issued executive order 9066, which empowered the military to round up anyone of Japanese ancestry and place them in internment camps.

Executive Order 9066

On February 19, 1942, shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 with the stated intention of preventing espionage on American shores.

Military zones were created in California, Washington and Oregon-states with a large population of Japanese Americans. Then Roosevelt's executive order forcibly removed Americans of Japanese ancestry from their homes. Executive Order 9066 affected the lives about 120,000 people-the majority of whom were American citizens.

Canada soon followed suit, forcibly removing 21,000 of its residents of Japanese descent from its west coast. Mexico enacted its own version, and eventually 2,264 more people of Japanese descent were forcibly removed from Peru, Brazil, Chile and Argentina to the United States.

Anti-Japanese American Activity

Weeks before the order, the Navy removed citizens of Japanese descent from Terminal Island near the Port of Los Angeles.

On December 7, 1941, just hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the FBI rounded-up 1,291 Japanese American community and religious leaders, arresting them without evidence and freezing their assets.

In January, the arrestees were transferred to prison camps in Montana, New Mexico and North Dakota, many unable to inform their families and most remaining for the duration of the war.

Concurrently, the FBI searched the private homes of thousands of Japanese American residents on the West Coast, seizing items considered contraband.

One-third of Hawaii's population was of Japanese descent. In a panic, some politicians called for their mass incarceration. Japanese-owned fishing boats were impounded.

Some Japanese American residents were arrested and 1,500 people-one percent of the Japanese population in Hawaii-were sent to prison camps on the U.S. mainland.

Photos of Japanese American Relocation and Incarceration

John DeWitt

Lt. General John L. DeWitt, leader of the Western Defense Command, believed that the civilian population needed to be taken control of to prevent a repeat of Pearl Harbor.

To argue his case, DeWitt prepared a report filled with known falsehoods, such as examples of sabotage that were later revealed to be the result of cattle damaging power lines.

DeWitt suggested the creation of the military zones and Japanese detainment to Secretary of War Henry Stimson and Attorney General Francis Biddle. His original plan included Italians and Germans, though the idea of rounding-up Americans of European descent was not as popular.

At Congressional hearings in February 1942, a majority of the testimonies, including those from California Governor Culbert L. Olson and State Attorney General Earl Warren, declared that all Japanese should be removed.

Biddle pleaded with the president that mass incarceration of citizens was not required, preferring smaller, more targeted security measures. Regardless, Roosevelt signed the order.

War Relocation Authority

After much organizational chaos, about 15,000 Japanese Americans willingly moved out of prohibited areas. Inland state citizens were not keen for new Japanese American residents, and they were met with racist resistance.

Ten state governors voiced opposition, fearing the Japanese Americans might never leave, and demanded they be locked up if the states were forced to accept them.

A civilian organization called the War Relocation Authority was set up in March 1942 to administer the plan, with Milton S. Eisenhower from the Department of Agriculture to lead it. Eisenhower only lasted until June 1942, resigning in protest over what he characterized as incarcerating innocent citizens.

Flashback: How Japanese Americans Were Forced Into Concentration Camps During WWII

The internment of Japanese Americans began after President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 in February 1942. For the following three years, American men, women, and children were forced to live under prison-like conditions in remote concentration camps. This 1943 film explains the internment from the U.S. government's perspective.

Relocation to 'Assembly Centers'

Army-directed removals began on March 24. People had six days notice to dispose of their belongings other than what they could carry.

Anyone who was at least 1/16th Japanese was evacuated, including 17,000 children under age 10, as well as several thousand elderly and disabled residents.

Japanese Americans reported to "Assembly Centers" near their homes. From there they were transported to a "Relocation Center" where they might live for months before transfer to a permanent "Wartime Residence."

Assembly Centers were located in remote areas, often reconfigured fairgrounds and racetracks featuring buildings not meant for human habitation, like horse stalls or cow sheds, that had been converted for that purpose. In Portland, Oregon, 3,000 people stayed in the livestock pavilion of the Pacific International Livestock Exposition Facilities.

The Santa Anita Assembly Center, just several miles northeast of Los Angeles, was a de-facto city with 18,000 incarcerated, 8,500 of whom lived in stables. Food shortages and substandard sanitation were prevalent in these facilities.

Life in 'Assembly Centers'

Assembly Centers offered work to prisoners with the policy that they should not be paid more than an Army private. Jobs ranged from doctors to teachers to laborers and mechanics. A couple were the sites of camouflage net factories, which provided work.

Over 1,000 incarcerated Japanese Americans were sent to other states to do seasonal farm work. Over 4,000 of the incarcerated population were allowed to leave to attend college.

Conditions in 'Relocation Centers'

There were a total of 10 prison camps, called "Relocation Centers." Typically the camps included some form of barracks with communal eating areas. Several families were housed together. Residents who were labeled as dissidents were forced to a special prison camp in Tule Lake, California.

Two prison camps in Arizona were located on Native American reservations, despite the protests of tribal councils, who were overruled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Each Relocation Center was its own "town," and included schools, post offices and work facilities, as well as farmland for growing food and keeping livestock. Each prison camp "town" was completely surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers.

Net factories offered work at several Relocation Centers. One housed a naval ship model factory. There were also factories in different Relocation Centers that manufactured items for use in other prison camps, including garments, mattresses and cabinets. Several housed agricultural processing plants.

Violence in Prison Camps

Violence occasionally occurred in the prison camps. In Lordsburg, New Mexico, prisoners were delivered by trains and forced to march two miles at night to the camp. On July 27, 1942, during a night march, two Japanese Americans, Toshio Kobata and Hirota Isomura, were shot and killed by a sentry who claimed they were attempting to escape. Japanese Americans testified later that the two elderly men were disabled and had been struggling during the march to Lordsburg. The sentry was found not guilty by the army court martial board.

On August 4, 1942, a riot broke out in the Santa Anita Assembly Center, the result of anger about insufficient rations and overcrowding. At California's Manzanar War Relocation Center, tensions resulted in the beating of Fred Tayama, a Japanese American Citizen's League (JACL) leader, by six men. JACL members were believed to be supporters of the prison camp's administration.

Fearing a riot, police tear-gassed crowds that had gathered at the police station to demand the release of Harry Ueno. Ueno had been arrested for allegedly assaulting Tayama. James Ito was killed instantly and several others were wounded. Among those injured was Jim Kanegawa, 21, who died of complications five days later.

At the Topaz Relocation Center, 63-year-old prisoner James Hatsuki Wakasa was shot and killed by military police after walking near the perimeter fence. Two months later, a couple was shot at for strolling near the fence.

In October 1943, the Army deployed tanks and soldiers to Tule Lake Segregation Center in northern California to crack down on protests. Japanese American prisoners at Tule Lake had been striking over food shortages and unsafe conditions that had led to an accidental death in October 1943. At the same camp, on May 24, 1943, James Okamoto, a 30-year-old prisoner who drove a construction truck, was shot and killed by a guard.

Fred Korematsu

In 1942, 23-year-old Japanese-American Fred Korematsu was arrested for refusing to relocate to a Japanese prison camp. His case made it all the way to the Supreme Court, where his attorneys argued in Korematsu v. United States that Executive Order 9066 violated the Fifth Amendment.

Korematsu lost the case, but he went on to become a civil rights activist and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998. With the creation of California's Fred Korematsu Day, the United States saw its first U.S. holiday named for an Asian American. But it took another Supreme Court decision to halt the incarceration of Japanese Americans.

Mitsuye Endo

The prison camps ended in 1945 following the Supreme Court decision, Ex parte Mitsuye Endo. In this case, justices ruled unanimously that the War Relocation Authority "has no authority to subject citizens who are concededly loyal to its leave procedure."

The case was brought on behalf of Mitsuye Endo, the daughter of Japanese immigrants from Sacramento, California. After filing a habeas corpus petition, the government offered to free her, but Endo refused, wanting her case to address the entire issue of Japanese incarceration.

One year later, the Supreme Court made the decision, but gave President Truman the chance to begin camp closures before the announcement. One day after Truman made his announcement, the Supreme Court revealed its decision.

Reparations

The last Japanese internment camp closed in March 1946. President Gerald Ford officially repealed Executive Order 9066 in 1976, and in 1988, Congress issued a formal apology and passed the Civil Liberties Act awarding $20,000 each to over 80,000 Japanese Americans as reparations for their treatment.

Sources

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Citation Information

Article title

Japanese Internment Camps

Date Accessed

March 24, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

February 27, 2025

Original Published Date

October 29, 2009

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Japanese Internment Camps: WWII, Life & Conditions | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, be incarcerated.

# data[].attributes.body
1939-1945

Jews throughout occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the Germans and their axis powers

they got tired of it and were fighting to survive

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/armed-jewish-resistance-partisans

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Most Jewish armed resistance took place after 1942, as a desperate effort, after it became clear to those who resisted that the Nazis had murdered most of their families and their coreligionists. Despite great obstacles (such as lack of armaments and training, conducting operations in a hostile zone, reluctance to leave families behind, and the ever-present Nazi terror), many Jews throughout German-occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the Germans. As individuals and in groups, Jews engaged in opposition to the Germans and their Axis partners. Jewish resistance units operated in France, Belgium, the Ukraine, Belorussia, Lithuania, and Poland. Jews also fought in general French, Italian, Yugoslav, Greek, and Soviet resistance organizations.

Armed Jewish Resistance in Eastern Europe

In eastern Europe, Jewish units fought the Germans in city ghettos and behind the front lines in the forests. While most Jewish armed resistance began in 1943, it should be noted that the general resistance movements in the region, operating under more favorable circumstances and with a more sympathetic local population, also did not start until 1943.

Despite minimal support and even antisemitic hostility from the surrounding population, thousands of Jews battled the Germans in eastern Europe. Resistance units emerged in over 100 ghettos in Poland, Lithuania, Belorussia, and the Ukraine. Jews resisted when the Germans attempted to establish ghettos in a number of small towns in eastern Poland in 1942. Revolts took place in Starodubsk, Kletsk, Lachva, Mir, Tuchin, and several other towns. As the Germans liquidated the major ghettos in 1943, they met with armed Jewish resistance in Krakow (Cracow), Bialystok, Czestochowa, Bedzin, Sosnowiec, and Tarnow, as well as a major uprising in Warsaw. Thousands of Jews escaped from the ghettos and joined partisan units in nearby forests. Jews from Minsk, for example, established seven partisan fighting units. Jews from Vilna, Riga, and Kovno also formed resistance units.

In western Belorussia, the western Ukraine, and eastern Poland, family camps were established in which Jewish civilians repaired weapons, made clothing, cooked for the fighters, and assisted Soviet partisan operations. As many as 10,000 Jews survived the war by taking refuge with Jewish partisan units. The camp established by Tuvia Bielski in the Naliboki Forest in 1942, for example, gave refuge to more than 1,200 Jews.

There were even uprisings in the killing centers of Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz during 1943-1944.

Armed Jewish Resistance in Western Europe

In France, the "Armée Juive" (Jewish Army), a French Jewish partisan group, was founded in Toulouse in January 1942. Composed of members of Zionist youth movements, the Jewish Army operated in and around Toulouse, Nice, Lyon, and Paris. Its members smuggled money from Switzerland into France to assist Jews in hiding, smuggled at least 500 Jews and non-Jews into neutral Spain, and took part in the 1944 uprisings against the Germans in Paris, Lyon, and Toulouse. "Solidarité," a Jewish Communist unit, also carried out attacks on German personnel in Paris. Many Jews joined the general French resistance as well.

In Belgium, a combined Jewish and non-Jewish resistance unit (also named "Solidarité") derailed a deportation train in April 1943. On July 25, 1942, Jewish resisters attacked and burned the files of the organization that the Nazis had forced on the Jews of Belgium. Jews were also active in the Dutch and Italian underground movements.

The impact of armed Jewish resistance should not be exaggerated. It did little to stop the Nazi apparatus from implementing the mass murder of the Jews. Most Jewish resistance to the Nazis focused on rescue, escape, aid to those in hiding, and spiritual resistance. Nevertheless, organized armed resistance was the most direct form of Jewish opposition to the Nazis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Most Jewish armed resistance took place after 1942, as a desperate effort, after it became clear to those who resisted that the Nazis had murdered most of their families and their coreligionists.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hitler’s Secret Expedition to Antarctica

# data[].attributes.subject
Hitler’s Secret Expedition to Antarctica

# data[].attributes.body
December 17, 1938.

In preparation for war Hitler wanted to find substitutes for fat based products

in case imports sources were cut off.

https://www.history.com/articles/hitler-nazi-secret-expedition-antarctica-whale-oil

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hitler’s Secret Expedition to Antarctica | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In preparation for war, Hitler wanted to find substitutes for fat-based products—including margarine—in case imported sources were cut off.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany Surrenders – Signed on May 7, 1945, in Reims, taking effect May 8.

Another surrender was signed in Berlin on May 8 (May 9 in Moscow).

Allies celebrated on May 8, Soviets on May 9.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1942-1945/german-forces-surrender-to-the-allies#:~:text=German%20armed%20forces%20surrendered%20unconditionally,London%2C%20Moscow%2C%20and%20Paris.

# data[].attributes.body
1940

American Indians were trained to become code talkers in ww2

to transmit secret messages using there native language

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/american-indian-code-talkers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is a code talker? A code talker is the name given to American Indians who used their tribal language to send secret communications on the battlefield. Most people have heard of the famous Navajo (or Diné) code talkers who used their traditional language to transmit secret Allied messages in the Pacific theater of combat during World War II. But did you know that there were at least 14 other Native nations, including the Cherokee and Comanche, that served as code talkers in both the Pacific and Europe during the war? The idea of using American Indians who were fluent in both their traditional tribal language and in English to send secret messages in battle was first put to the test in World War I with the Choctaw Telephone Squad and other Native communications experts and messengers. However, it wasn't until World War II that the US military developed a specific policy to recruit and train American Indian speakers to become code talkers. The irony of being asked to use their Native languages to fight on behalf of America was not lost on code talkers, many of whom had been forced to attend government or religious-run boarding schools that tried to assimilate Native peoples and would punish students for speaking in their traditional language.

The US Army was the first branch of the military that began recruiting code talkers from places like Oklahoma in 1940. Other branches, such as the US Marines and Navy, followed a few years later, and the first class of 29 Navajo code talker US Marine recruits completed its training in 1942. Apart from basic training, these men had to develop and memorize a unique military code using their mostly unwritten language, and were placed in a guarded room until this task was completed.

The first type of code they created, Type 1 code, consisted of 26 Navajo terms that stood for individual English letters that could be used to spell out a word. For instance, the Navajo word for "ant," wo-la-chee, was used to represent the letter "a" in English.

Type 2 code contained words that could be directly translated from English into Navajo, and the code talkers also developed a dictionary of 211 terms (later expanded to 411) for military words and names that didn't originally exist in the Navajo language. For example, since there was no existing Navajo word for "submarine," the code talkers agreed to use the term besh-lo, which translates to "iron fish."

Most code talkers were assigned in pairs to a military unit. During battle, one person would operate the portable radio while the second person would relay and receive messages in the Native language and translate them into English. Their work was highly dangerous especially in the Pacific, because Japanese soldiers would deliberately target officers, medics, and radiomen, and code talkers had to keep moving as they transmitted their messages. The work of hundreds of code talkers was essential to Allied victory in World War II, and they were present at many important battles, including at Utah Beach during the D-Day invasion in France, and at Iwo Jima in the Pacific. In fact, 5th Marine Division signal officer Major Howard Connor stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."

Despite their heroic contributions during the war, American Indian code talkers were told that they had to keep their work secret. They couldn't even tell their family members about their communications work. Since the codes that they developed remained unbroken, the US military wanted to keep the program classified in case the code talkers were needed again in future wars. Even when the WWII code talker program was declassified in 1968, national recognition of code talkers was slow. While there was some recognition in the 1970s and 1980s, it wasn't until 2001 that Congressional Gold Medals were given to the Navajo and other code talkers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
American Indian Code Talkers | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The idea of using American Indians who were fluent in both their traditional tribal language and in English to send secret messages in battle was first put to the test in World War I with the Choctaw Telephone Squad and other Native communications experts and messengers.

# data[].attributes.body
Most Jewish armed resistance took place after 1942

Nazis had murdered most of their families and their coreligionists

many Jews throughout Germany occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the Germans. As individuals and in group

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/armed-jewish-resistance-partisans

# data[].attributes.body
1942–45

A US top secret project that led to the first atomic bombs

they were later used in the war against the Japanese

https://www.britannica.com/event/Manhattan-Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Manhattan Project | Definition, Scientists, Timeline, Locations, Facts, & Significance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manhattan Project, U.S. government research project (1942–45) that produced the first atomic bombs. The project’s name was derived from its initial location at Columbia University, where much of the early research was done. The first bomb was exploded in a test at Alamogordo air base in southern New Mexico on July 16, 1945.

# data[].attributes.body
1940

Allied troops found themselves surrounded in Dunkirk.

The reasoning behind this decision is still unclear to historians

https://www.worldatlas.com/world-wars/major-battles-of-world-war-ii.html

# data[].attributes.body
april-may 1945

on April 16, three Soviet army attacked from the north east and south

Hitler ordered all men not already in the army most of whom were either young old or sick to join the fight

# data[].attributes.location_name
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

# data[].attributes.body
1939-1941

forever changed the way Americans prepared and consumed food

proved essential in helping the war

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/scientific-and-technological-advances-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.body
1941-1943

trained dogs trained as suicide bombers

to gain a edge in the war

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
7 Weird Weapons From World War II | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From dead rats implanted with bombs, to a giant explosive wheel, these World War II weapons were creative, but not very successful.

# data[].attributes.body
1943-1945

Germany's attempt to have a gun that could shoot around corners

to have better tactics

https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
7 Weird Weapons From World War II | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From dead rats implanted with bombs, to a giant explosive wheel, these World War II weapons were creative, but not very successful.