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In chapter 1, Gumbs talks a lot about the importance of listening. The article above goes into more detail about what that looks like. The author describes listening as different than just hearing. It includes receiving , understanding, remembering, and evaluating information at a higher degree.

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The image above depicts Hyrdodamalis Gigas, or the Stellar Sea Cow. As shown in the book, it was hunted to extinction because of humanities inability to listen.

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Gumbs describes breathing as staying calm and persevering in unbreathable circumstances. This is more true than ever in current circumstances when college and housing prices are through the roof as shown in the image above.

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This chapter talks more about remembering where we came from, and to honor the past. It also describes the lives of people who are ripped from their family and past and how they may remember their past. This is more true than ever at the border as seen in the article above. It describes how many children are taken from their parents and are not returned. If separated at such a young age, how will they remember and honor their past?

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US: Lasting Harm from Family Separation at the Border

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As many as 1,360 children have never been reunited with their parents six years after the United States government forcibly separated them at the US border, and US efforts to help separated families have not adequately reckoned with the severe harm inflicted on them.

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"dolphins evolved dorsal fins from practice across generations. By accepting that the ocean would always move, and becoming accordingly. An embodied emphasis towards balance" (Gumbs, 44). This quote embodies the chapter very well by giving an example of dolphins who have adapted to an unstable environment to create stability, just as many humans should do. The article above goes into more detail about dorsal fins and explains how they are used for stability, and temperature control.

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Everest.

Dorsal Fin Use

The dorsal fin helps us identify dolphins in our photo ID survey, but let's think about how it functions to serve a dolphin.

Balance

The placement of the dorsal fin is thought to stabilize the dolphin in the water like a keel on a boat. Dolphins have a streamlined body, which lacks many external features. The shape or curve of the dorsal fin may also enhance their hydrodynamics. This helps reduce drag and lets them swim quickly and efficiently.

Temperature Control

The dorsal fin, and other extremities, also allow the animal to thermoregulate or control its body temperature. The fin and flukes are composed of dense, fibrous connective tissue lacking bone, cartilage, or muscle. This tissue is surrounded by arteries and veins that allow the dolphin to regulate their blood flow into their appendages, so if the animal needs to cool down, it would allow more blood flow to these regions and if it needed to warm up it can shunt it to keep blood closer to the core.

Damage to the Dorsal Fin

Still, we see some dolphins in our survey with extensive damage to the dorsal fin, and while the fin provides physiological benefits to the animals, we do not see this damage limiting their ability to thrive in the wild.

Everest, pictured above, and Rogue, below, are two of the most marked animals in our survey.

Rogue.

We do not know how such dramatic markings were formed on these two dolphins, but we typically speculate that markings in non-common areas, like the middle or top of the fin, might be from propeller cuts or other interactions with vessels.
Learn more about our local wild dolphin population on a Dolphin Adventure Tour.
Contributed by Savannah Gandee & Chelsea Carter, CMA Education Team. Research conducted and photographs collected under the NMFS Scientific Research Permit No. 19749.

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What Is a Dolphin's Dorsal Fin Used For? - Clearwater Marine Aquarium

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The dorsal fin helps us identify dolphins in our photo ID survey, but let's think about how it functions to serve a dolphin. The placement of the dorsal fin is thought to stabilize the dolphin in the water like a keel on a boat. Dolphins have a streamlined body, which lacks many external features.

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This chapter mainly discusses dolphins and how in many cases, more than once species is allowed in the pod. I was very interested in how this worked so I looked more into it. The article above describes a pod of bottlenose and spotted dolphins who have merged to share space in the ocean. They hunt, babysit, and play together. Human society should be more like this, to encourage cooperation.

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Swimming in sync (Image: David Fleetham/Naturepl.com)

IT'S a social network like no other. The dolphins of the Bahamas forage and play together and forge alliances - even though they belong to two distinct species. They're not the only example of mixed-species dolphin groups, but this level of interaction is unprecedented.

"These interactions likely evolved to allow the species to share space and resources and maintain a stable community," says Cindy Elliser at Pacific Mammal Research in Anacortes, Washington. She previously worked with Denise Herzing at the Wild Dolphin Project, which has been studying social ties between Atlantic bottlenose ( Tursiops truncatus) and spotted (Stenella frontalis) dolphins in the Bahamas for 30 years.

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The observations suggest that the two species spend about 15 per cent of their time together, says Elliser. More than half of those encounters involve "friendly" behaviours. "They play and forage together. They even babysit," she says. On at least two occasions adult female spotted dolphins appeared to be caring for baby bottlenose dolphins for short periods. Researchers have also seen three spotted and two bottlenose dolphins, all pregnant, swimming together.

Elliser says the reasons for these specific behaviours remain a mystery, but it is not simply down to a few individuals with a confused sense of their own identity. "I think that the friendly behaviours are an important part of maintaining relationships."

"They play, forage and even babysit together. It's an important part of maintaining relationships"

The males, too, form alliances to fight common foes. In one encounter, for example, two males from each species banded together to confront and chase off an intruder - another male bottlenose dolphin.

We knew that male dolphins routinely form alliances with others of their species. For example, male bottlenoses from Shark Bay, Australia, form large "third-order" groups made up of gangs that are, in turn, made up of two or more duos or trios. But the cross-species dolphin alliances in the Bahamas are unique so far, says Elliser.

Humans are the only other animal known to form such complicated nested alliances, says Richard Connor at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth - although ours go beyond three orders. We cooperate at the family, community, national and international level, for instance. Early human species probably interacted with each other, too (see " Neanderthals as neighbours ").

It is probably no coincidence that dolphins and humans share this sophisticated cognitive ability to cooperate, Connor says, since these are the two animals with the largest brain for their body size. He also says there may be real social complexity in the Bahamas encounters, particularly given that so many of them seem to be friendly. This only adds to the evidence that dolphin social ties are particularly sophisticated.

Not all interactions between the two species are friendly, though. Bottlenose males are about twice as long as spotted males and sometimes exploit this to force their way into groups of spotted dolphins and mate with females. Elliser and Herzing found that male spotted dolphins can fend them off, but only by cooperating in very large groups ( Marine Mammal Science, doi.org/583).

This cross-species mating may be a way for juvenile male bottlenoses to learn to compete with large males of their own species, Elliser suggests. It may also explain why a larger proportion of spotted rather than bottlenose dolphins routinely engage in the mixed species encounters: the smaller spotted dolphins have to work harder to keep the interactions even.

It's still too early to say we fully understand the motives behind encounters between dolphin species, but we might have more chances to study them as climate change forces them to share the same waters.

"These types of interactions in social animals may become more common," says Elliser.

Neanderthals as neighbours

It isn't just species of dolphin that enter into complex social interactions. For thousands of years our ancestors lived alongside, and even interbred with, Neanderthals.

"What were those meetings like?" asks Simon Underdown from Oxford Brookes University, UK. Some were probably productive, but fossil evidence shows others were violent, he says. "The mixing of Neanderthals and humans in the Middle East and Europe would have resulted in not only the sharing of ideas, resources and sexual partners, but also violence, rape and destruction."

David Frayer from the University of Kansas thinks Neanderthals may even have been able to speak. So why did they disappear? "My guess is that Neanderthal populations were so small that they just got swamped by the new groups moving in," he says. Mico Tatalovic
This article appeared in print under the headline "Two species with a yen to live as one"

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Two dolphin species band together to form unprecedented alliance

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Swimming in sync (Image: David Fleetham/Naturepl.com) IT'S a social network like no other. The dolphins of the Bahamas forage and play together and forge alliances - even though they belong to two distinct species. They're not the only example of mixed-species dolphin groups, but this level of interaction is unprecedented.

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This section talks about dolphins who are hunted, and have to hide to stay alive. Gumbs connects this to humans and having to hide who they truly are. The author connects this to the walrus, who doesn't hide their teeth, instead they show them for everyone to see. Gumbs mentions that walrus teeth never stop growing which made me curious. The world record for walrus teeth is 37 inches. However, it is sad to see that the vast majority of walruses don't have very long tusks because of hunting.

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The longest walrus Odobenus rosmarus tusks on record were a pair discovered by Ralph Young in 1997, which he had picked up at Bristol Bay, in Alaska, USA. The entire length of the right-hand tusk was measured at 37.875 in, that of the left-hand tusk was 36.875 in; the right-hand tusk’s base circumference was 9.875 in, and so too was that of the left-hand tusk. The tusks of a walrus are a pair of greatly enlarged upper canine teeth.

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Gumbs talks about the author, Alexis De Veaux, and their article on Namibia dolphins. This author sounded interesting so I did some research and they have a website about themselves. The article above says that Alexis De Veaux is a writer (poetry and books), a motivational speaker (talking about black feminism), and an activist (trying to change the world for the better). In many ways, Gumbs resembles De Veaux and probably learn a lot from each other. De Veaux's article was published in Essence Magazine which is primarily about African-American culture, entertainment, and fashion.

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Writer

Alexis De Veaux has written in multiple genres-poetry, fiction, memoir, journalism, biography, children's literature and plays. Writing is a way she reimagines the inequities of race, gender, sexuality and class in black diasporic lives.

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Alexis De Veaux has written in multiple genres-poetry, fiction, memoir, journalism, biography, children's literature and plays. Writing is a way she reimagines the inequities of race, gender, sexuality and class in black diasporic lives.

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The first sentence of this chapter immediately caught my interest: "Did you hear about the rainbow-breathing whale that straight up swallowed a white South African diver?" (Gumbs, 73). I wanted to find more information on instances of whales and humans and I found a lot of interesting videos. The best of these is posted above. This whale is definitely being fierce.

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Man swallowed by humpback whale, survives to tell the tale

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Gumbs describes sea lions who fight and kill each other because they are all dying from a disease. This related to humans, creating conflict, just because times are tough. I wanted to learn more about this phenomenon when I found the article above. It mainly explain how for the most part, it is a combination of self-interest and uncertainty that create conflict. When things are unstable, many people do what they can to help themselves instead of helping the society to stop the conflict.

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I wasn't sure what the NOAA was when it was mentioned in the book. I found their website and it stands for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. They basically research anything related to the ocean and the weather, specifically ocean life.

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NOAA is an agency that enriches life through science. Our reach goes from the surface of the sun to the depths of the ocean floor as we work to keep the public informed of the changing environment around them.
From daily weather forecasts, severe storm warnings, and climate monitoring to fisheries management, coastal restoration and supporting marine commerce, NOAA's products and services support economic vitality and affect more than one-third of America's gross domestic product. NOAA's dedicated scientists use cutting-edge research and high-tech instrumentation to provide citizens, planners, emergency managers and other decision makers with reliable information they need when they need it.

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NOAA is an agency that enriches life through science. Our reach goes from the surface of the sun to the depths of the ocean floor as we work to keep the public informed of the changing environment around them.

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I was wondering what the Giant Beaked Whale looked like to make people say it has a beak. I did some research on them and was surprised to find that they almost look like giant dolphins.

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Gumbs briefly mentions narwhal horns being passed as unicorn horns and that made me curios. It turns out that up until the 1800s many people strongly believed that unicorns existed, or once existed. Because of this, many hunters/traders killed narwhals, rhinos, and elephants because they were worth a fortune. Even many Kings and Queens bought unicorn horns because they believed it would cure disease and prevent poisoning. What a strong display of capitalism!

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Hunting for a Unicorn Horn: Narwhal Tusks in Medieval Monsters

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By Amanda Mikolic, Curatorial Assistant, Medieval Art

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Gumbs briefly mentions noise pollution in the ocean making it difficult for scientists to identify whale noises. This made me wonder what other harm capitalist ship noises caused. The article above shows that it causes stress, which forces them to move habitats and to change natural behaviors.

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Sound is the most efficient means of communicating underwater, especially for many marine species. NOAA Fisheries works to better understand how marine animals use sound and the potential impacts of human-made noise on the underwater environment.

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Gumbs mentions dolphins being captured so I wanted to look deeper. It turns out that the constant sun exposure in a tank can lead to poor eyesight and blistering, same with poor water quality and the chlorine in the water. There is also a symptom called fin flop which is spotted in 100% of captive orcas, and only 1% of wild ones.

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Physical Detriments of Captivity

Because tanks lack the depth of the open ocean to permit deep diving, dolphins in captivity frequently experience overexposure to the sun, which can result in sunburn and blistering. Zinc oxide must be applied to their backs. Tanks are often heavily chlorinated, burning the eyes of dolphins and causing permanent damage to eyesight.

In some facilities, the water is improperly treated and maintained, with litter from park customers thrown into tanks, or bacterial growths which lead to lesions and open sores. Other dolphin facilities in sea lagoons near cruise ports collect fuel runoff from ship motors and other marine waste.

Dolphins who participate in swim with interactions are regularly observed with persistent wounds and abrasions from being handled by customers, their beaks raw from pushing guests through the water or being grasped for kisses and photo ops. Other wounds are observed as the result of aggressive outbursts from tank companions, as bullying has been regularly documented. Dolphin and whales in captivity are often documented with compromised teeth, often the result of frustrated chewing on their tank walls.

In their orca counterparts, confinement in small tanks leads to the well-documented "fin flop" in male orcas, a condition noted in 100% of captive male orcas and 0% in wild male orcas.

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Facts About Dolphin Captivity | Dolphin Project

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Physical Detriments of Captivity Because tanks lack the depth of the open ocean to permit deep diving, dolphins in captivity frequently experience overexposure to the sun, which can result in sunburn and blistering. Zinc oxide must be applied to their backs. Tanks are often heavily chlorinated, burning the eyes of dolphins and causing permanent damage to eyesight.

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Gumbs mentioned the gulf stream and how global warming is heating the ocean. I did more research and it turns out that that the Gulf stream may not exist as early as 2025, to 2095. This would cause a massive rise in sea levels and sea temperature. What a terrible consequence of human greed and capitalism.

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Gulf Stream could collapse as early as 2025, study suggests

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A collapse would bring catastrophic climate impacts but scientists disagree over the new analysis

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The author briefly mentioned problems with the mining in Jamaica and I wanted to hear more about that. It may not be the same incident since there were more than I could count, but a bauxite plant is consistently polluting the nearby river. Many of the fish are being found dead, and the water smells of toxic chemicals.

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Locals taking fish out of a toxic river.

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"Using hardwood bats, the hunters club the pups unconscious, then skin them with sharp knives. The animals die through massive blood loss during the skinning" (New York Times). This is the new "humane" method to kill baby harp seals for the fur. Canada hosts an annual seal hunt where nearly 180,000 baby harp seals will be murdered for their fur and blubber.

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Containing the Cruelty of the Hunt (Published 1978)

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ed lauds attempts by hunters to make annual Newfoundland harp seal hunt more humane; opposes killing animals primarily for fur

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The Brazilian anti-environment government is encouraging landowners to burn the amazon rainforest to create land for pastures to fuel the global meat industry. Human greed for more land and more money is causing the world to burn in front of our eyes and we need to stop it.

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The Amazon — and our future — is being burned for profit - Greenpeace International

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The Amazon rainforest is shrinking. The fires in the Amazon are growing. And the impacts of this destruction are a risk to the entire planet.

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In South Africa, there are hundreds of seals showing up dead on beaches every year. Studies find that they are malnourished and have starved to death. Global warming and over fishing is making it very hard for seals and birds in that area to find food. This related to the text because Gumbs talks about the South African Seal who is dying off.

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Thousands of emaciated seals are washing up along the Cape coast. With other species showing similar signs of stress, researchers are looking for answers.

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The author mentions the red tide, and how it is caused by pollution. I did more research and it is caused by pesticides traveling into the ocean, which make the red tides much more common and potent. It kills almost 200 tons of fish, as well as dolphins and manatees.

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Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae-plant-like organisms that live in the sea and freshwater-grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal.

While many people call these blooms 'red tides,' scientists prefer the term harmful algal bloom. One of the best known HABs in the nation occurs nearly every summer along Florida's Gulf Coast. This bloom, like many HABs, is caused by microscopic algae that produce toxins that kill fish and make shellfish dangerous to eat. The toxins may also make the surrounding air difficult to breathe. As the name suggests, the bloom of algae often turns the water red.

HABs have been reported in every U.S. coastal state, and their occurrence may be on the rise. HABs are a national concern because they affect not only the health of people and marine ecosystems, but also the 'health' of local and regional economies.

But not all algal blooms are harmful. Most blooms, in fact, are beneficial because the tiny plants are food for animals in the ocean. In fact, they are the major source of energy that fuels the ocean food web.

A small percentage of algae, however, produce powerful toxins that can kill fish, shellfish, mammals, and birds, and may directly or indirectly cause illness in people. HABs also include blooms of non-toxic species that have harmful effects on marine ecosystems. For example, when masses of algae die and decompose, the decaying process can deplete oxygen in the water, causing the water to become so low in oxygen that animals either leave the area or die.

Scientists at the National Ocean Service have been monitoring and studying this phenomenon for a number of years to determine how to detect and forecast the location of the blooms. The goal is to give communities advance warnings so they can adequately plan for and deal with the adverse environmental and health effects associated with these 'red-tide' events.

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national oceanic and atmospheric administration

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A red tide is one type of harmful algal bloom. Blooms occur when colonies of algae--simple ocean plants that live in the sea--grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.