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Mitosis happens in body cells to help with growth, repair, and replacing old cells. It creates two daughter cells that are clones of the original cell each with a full set of DNA.

Steps of Mitosis:

1. The cell prepares by copying its DNA.

2. The DNA coils into chromosomes, and the nucleus breaks down.

3. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

4. Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides.

5. Two new nuclei form.

6. The cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

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Meiosis happens in reproductive cells (sperm and egg) to make four daughter cells, each with half the DNA . These cells are genetically unique which is important for variation in offspring.

Steps of Meiosis:
Meiosis has two rounds of division:

Meiosis 1

1. Chromosomes pair up and exchange DNA.

2. Pairs of chromosomes line up randomly.

3. Whole pairs separate

4. Two cells form, each with half the number of chromosomes.

Meiosis 2

1. Chromosomes prepare for division again.

2. Chromosomes line up in the middle.

3. Chromosomes split apart.

4. Four unique haploid cells are made.

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1. Chromosomes swap DNA creating new combinations.

2. Chromosome pairs line up randomly so different genes are mixed in each gamete.

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment says that genes for different traits separate randomly meaning traits like eye color and hair texture don’t always come together in the same way. This is because the chromosomes assort independently during Meiosis.

The result is siblings look different because they inherit a mix of genes from their parents and our not exact copies