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AJC. (2024, October 7). Timeline: Key events in the Israel-Arab and Israeli-Palestinian conflict.https://www.ajc.org/IsraelConflictTimeline

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Al Jazeera. (2023, October 23). Timeline: The history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict explained. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/23/timeline-the-history-of-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict-explained

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BBC News. (2023, October 11). Israel and Palestinians: The conflict explained. https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-44124396

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Cruz, M. (2024, September 30). The Question of Palestine- Timeline of events - Question of Palestine. Question of Palestine. https://www.un.org/unispal/timeline/

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict timeline. (2024, October 3). CFR Education From the Council on Foreign Relations. https://education.cfr.org/learn/timeline/israeli-palestinian-conflict-timeline

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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.). The Arab-Israeli War of 1948. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-arab-israeli-war-of-1948

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The Yom Kippur War occured when Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack on Israel to regain lost territories. The war ended with a ceasefire but no resolution to the Palestinian question.

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The word "Zionism" was created by Nathan Birnbaum. It represents the start of a political movement that supports the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

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Throughout these decade, peace negotiations stall, Israeli settlement expansion continues, and cycles of violence persist, deepening the humanitarian and political crisis.

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A major escalation happens when Hamas launches a large-scale attack on Israel. This prompts a strong military response from Israel and creates a serious humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

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A 50-day conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza leads to many casualties and widespread destruction.

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Hamas wins the Palestinian legislative elections, leading to a violent split between Hamas in Gaza and Fatah in the West Bank by 2007.

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Israel pulls out of the Gaza Strip, removing its settlements. However, Israel still controls Gaza's borders, airspace, and access to the sea

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The Second Intifada begins after peace talks fail. This period sees a lot of violence, including suicide bombings and military actions by Israel.

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Israeli Prime Minister Rabin was assassinated by an extremist opposed to the peace process, significantly impacting the momentum toward peace.

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The Oslo Accords were agreements signed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat.

These agreements recognized each other’s rights and established some self-rule for Palestinians in specific areas of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

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The First Intifada started as a grassroots movement by Palestinians against Israeli control in the West Bank and Gaza. This uprising included many protests, acts of civil disobedience, and violence.

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Egypt became the first Arab country to recognize Israel. In return, Israel gave back the Sinai Peninsula. Palestinians were excluded from the negotiations.

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Theodor Herzl publishes The Jewish State, advocating for the creation of a Jewish nation. The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland, establishing the World Zionist Organization.

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The British government issued a statement supporting the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, increasing tensions with Arab populations.

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The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established to represent Palestinian national interests and coordinate resistance against Israeli control.

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The United Nations adopted Resolution 181, proposing the partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international administration. Jewish leaders accepted the plan while Arab leaders rejected it.

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Israel introduces the Law of Return, allowing Jews from around the world to immigrate and become citizens, which increases Jewish immigration.

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The Six-Day War results in Israel capturing the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights, placing millions of Palestinians under Israeli military occupation.

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David Ben-Gurion proclaims the independence of the State of Israel when the British mandate ends. The United States and the Soviet Union recognized this new state.

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During the Suez Crisis, Israel, Great Britain, and France carried out a military operation against Egypt after Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.

Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula but withdrew in 1957 due to international pressure.

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Neighboring Arab states invade Israel, initiating the Arab-Israeli War. About 750,000 Palestinians left their homes or were forced to leave during an event known as the Nakba, which means "catastrophe" in Arabic.

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Armistice agreements are signed, creating ceasefire lines. Israel controls more land than originally planned by the UN. Jordan takes control of the West Bank, and Egypt takes the Gaza Strip.

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Throughout the decade, diplomatic efforts continued but failed to produce a lasting peace or Palestinian statehood.

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The League of Nations grants Britain the mandate over Palestine, formalizing British responsibility to facilitate the establishment of a Jewish homeland while safeguarding the rights of non-Jewish communities.