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Peranan mikroba dalam pengolahan air limbah antara lain bioremediasi dan biodekolorisasi air limbah. Bioremediasi merupakan salah satu teknologi yang memanfaatkan mikroba dalam menghilangkan kontaminasi limbah baik di tanah maupun air. Dalam pengolahan air limbah, mikroba memecah bahan organik menjadi zat yang kurang berbahaya, membantu dalam membersihkan air sebelum dilepaskan kembali ke lingkungan.Biodekolorisasi limbah merupakan salah satu cara untuk menghilangkan warna yang terdapat pada limbah dengan memanfaatkan metabolisme pertumbuhan mikroorganisme.

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Mikroba dapat memproduksi energi dari proses fermentasi dengan memanfaatkan substrat limbah berupa limbah-limbah hasil pertanian. Mikroba dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan beberapa bahan bakar antara lain menghasilkan etanol dan metana. Produksi etanol dapat memanfaatkan limbah agroindustri yang masih memiliki selulosa sebagai media pertumbuhan mikroba. Penelitian yang saat ini banyak dikembangkan yaitu peningkatan produktifitas etanol dari limbah biomassa dengan memanfaatkan mikroba.

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Mikroba dapat memproduksi energi dari proses fermentasi dengan memanfaatkan substrat limbah berupa limbah-limbah hasil pertanian. Mikroba dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan beberapa bahan bakar antara lain menghasilkan etanol dan metana. Produksi etanol dapat memanfaatkan limbah agroindustri yang masih memiliki selulosa sebagai media pertumbuhan mikroba. Penelitian yang saat ini banyak dikembangkan yaitu peningkatan produktifitas etanol dari limbah biomassa dengan memanfaatkan mikroba.

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Recent advances in bioreactor engineering

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Recent advances in bioreactor engineering

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2. Stirred-tank Bioreactor (STRs)

STRs are one of the most conventional bioreactors. Due to its advantages such as easy scale-up, good fluid mixing and oxygen transfer ability, alternative impellers and easy compliance with cGMP requirements, STRs are commonly used. However, this type of bio- reactor also has several limitations, such as high power consump- tion, high shear, and the concerns about sealing and stability of shafts in tall bioreactors. Compared to microorganisms, both animal cells and plant cells are shear-sensitive, which results in remarkable efforts to modify and optimize the impeller system in order to balance mix- ing and mass transfer requirement and potential damage by hydro- dynamic force. Numerous modifications of conventional STRs have been made by developing new impeller designs such as a centrifu- gal impeller (Fig. 1) [4-8]. Several biopharmaceutical manufactur- ers have successfully implemented STRs at 10,000 to 20,000 liter

# data[].attributes.headline
Recent advances in bioreactor engineering

# data[].attributes.subject
Recent advances in bioreactor engineering

# data[].attributes.body
2. Stirred-tank Bioreactor (STRs)

STRs are one of the most conventional bioreactors. Due to its advantages such as easy scale-up, good fluid mixing and oxygen transfer ability, alternative impellers and easy compliance with cGMP requirements, STRs are commonly used. However, this type of bio- reactor also has several limitations, such as high power consump- tion, high shear, and the concerns about sealing and stability of shafts in tall bioreactors. Compared to microorganisms, both animal cells and plant cells are shear-sensitive, which results in remarkable efforts to modify and optimize the impeller system in order to balance mix- ing and mass transfer requirement and potential damage by hydro- dynamic force. Numerous modifications of conventional STRs have been made by developing new impeller designs such as a centrifu- gal impeller (Fig. 1) [4-8]. Several biopharmaceutical manufactur- ers have successfully implemented STRs at 10,000 to 20,000 liter