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eDNA analysis shows that very few organisms in any one ecosystem can be cultured in a lab

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Leeuwenhoek (1600s) did not share his method of making lenses so very little microscopy was done for almost 100 years after his death

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa turns off genes for flagella production once it is embedded in a mucus biofilm (Ch 3)

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E. coli uses different ETC proteins depending on the oxygen availability. When oxygen is high, they use an ETC with low oxygen affinity that makes more ATP and when it is low, they use an ETC with high oxygen affinity to take advantage of low supplies, but only make half as much ATP. (Ch 11)

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Ammonia oxidizing bacteria produce nitrite that is used by nitrite oxidizing bacteria (Ch 11)

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Sulfobus switches between O₂ and other e⁻ acceptors depending on environment (Ch 11)

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have been studied in Russia for their therapeutic value since 1950s, but Americans rejected and ignored that work during the Cold War

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Human gut epithelial cells produce sugars (fucose) that support healthy organisms in the colon and the gut microbiome produces short chain fatty acids that are absorbed and metabolized in the liver for energy

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Biopiracy refers to use of Native Plants and traditional knowledge of their medicinal effects by pharmaceutical companies for gain; bioprospecting is a "gentler" term for this act. Issues include lack of compensation for use of the traditional knowledge and lack of availability of the plants due to over-harvesting. Relevant to this course are antimicrobial chemicals like fungal extracts. (Ch 9)

(1992 Convention on Biological Diversity) https://www.uottawa.ca/en/news-all/biopiracy-issue-involving-dior-settled-thanks-uottawa-law-professor

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A biopiracy issue involving Dior settled thanks to a uOttawa law professor | University of Ottawa

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Thomas Burelli, who teaches environmental law at the Civil Law Section of uOttawa’s Faculty of Law played a major role in resolving a conflict between Parfums Christian Dior and indigenous people of New Caledonia.

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Proteins in hyperthermophiles are modified to withstand high temperatures by having more hydrophobic residues, which repel water that could otherwise disrupt weak bonds and denature proteins when molecular speed increases with higher temperatures

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Methanogens produces methane from carbon dioxide or more reduced forms of C, acetate. Why? These carbon sources + H₂ (energy and electrons) from other organisms allow them to live where no others can (syntrophy) Ch 19

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Challenge: increased molecular movement, especially of water, which disrupts weak bonds in membranes, proteins and DNA

Adaptation: Membranes with C₄₀ tetraethers, with pentacyclic rings

Ch 19

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Use methane from methanogens as an electron donor (syntrophy)

Provide electrons to proteobacteria via nanowires (syntrophy)

Ch 19

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These organisms maintain the SAME osmolarity of the outside environment to reduce osmotic stress. That means HIGH osmolarity using either salts (Salt-IN approach) or compatible solutes like proline, choline, etc (Salt OUT approach).

Ch 7 and 19

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Current estimates, based on eDNA, suggests that we can culture 1 organism for every 106 - 10⁹

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Chemoorganotroph with aerobic respiration when organics and oxygen are available.

Chemolithotrophy with anaerobic respiration using sulfur compounds and H2 when they have to. Ch 19

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From AI: The bacteria within the tiny pink microbial communities ("berries") work together to form a localized, internal sulfur cycle.

The sulfate-reducing bacteria (PB-SRB1) produce sulfide.

The purple sulfur bacteria (PB-PSB1) use this sulfide for photosynthesis, converting it back into elemental sulfur, which is stored as intracellular globules.

This interspecies transfer of sulfur metabolites allows the PSB to maintain photosynthetic activity even when external sulfide levels are low.