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Realism: He denounced the living conditions of the workers. Artists like Honoré Daumier represented workers in factories and urban streets, showing the harshness of their daily lives.

Example: Daumier's "The Third-Class Carriage", which portrays the precarious life of the working classes on public transportation.

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The Industrial Revolution changed society. Before this period, most people worked in the fields, within an agricultural model where families collaborated together. However, with the arrival of factories and mass production, social dynamics changed.

The family: Families stopped working in the fields. Men became workers, women worked in textile factories or as domestic servants, and children, if they were lucky, were used as cheap labor in factories and mines. Forced labor mostly refers to child labor, since children came to the city as orphans and very young to try to survive, and some people took advantage of them in various ways.

Women: Although they started working, their work was less valued and less well paid than that of men. This laid the foundations of the feminist movement. Suffragism was the movement that fought for the political rights of women, which began to gain strength around this time due to labor and social inequalities.

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The factory, characterized by having a chimney.

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The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 18th century due to several factors: political stability, the abundance of resources such as coal and iron, technological innovations such as James Watt's steam engine, and population growth, which provided more labor and consumers.

With the creation of factories and mass production, more specialized jobs were created, which caused a rural exodus: many people, especially children, migrated to the cities, as innovations in agriculture reduced the need for labor. in the field.

Although industrialization brought the bourgeoisie wealth and economic progress, it also created deep inequalities: workers faced long working hours, low wages, and poor living conditions, often sleeping in the same factories where they worked.

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The creation of factories was seen as an opportunity for new jobs and therefore, there was massive migration from the countryside to the cities, known as "rural exodus". For example, in a normal country family of one father, a mother, four sons and a daughter, the first to go to the city is the girl, since she is the least necessary, her opportunities in the city are not many, in the best of cases, she can work in a textile factory or being a servant; The next to leave are the men, since with the industrial revolution, agriculture also progressed and so much labor was no longer necessary, so the children will have to leave home, even when they are very young, to make a living working in a factory or in the worst case, stealing to survive.

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The Industrial Revolution promoted capitalism as the dominant economic system. The bourgeois class (bourgeoisie) became rich through control of factories, banks, and global trade.

Banks and investments: Banks financed factories and transportation networks, such as railways. This allowed entrepreneurs to access large sums of money to expand their businesses.

Mass production: Thanks to machines, goods were produced faster and in larger quantities. This allowed us to reduce costs and export products globally.

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The growth of factories brought inequalities. Workers suffered long days, low wages, and dangerous conditions. Given this, the first worker organizations (unions) emerged, which fought for labor rights such as fair wages and reduced hours. Luddism was born, a Movement of workers who, feeling threatened by machines, destroyed looms and equipment in protest.

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Innovations were at the heart of the Industrial Revolution. Some of the most important ones include:

The steam engine: Invented by James Watt, it revolutionized factories, transportation and mining. It allowed machinery and locomotives to be moved more efficiently.

The railroad: Facilitated the rapid transportation of raw materials and finished products, connecting cities and promoting trade.

These technologies transformed not only the economy, but also daily life, by speeding up production and transportation times.

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Industrialization brought with it changes in the way of life:

Education began to gain importance, although it was still limited for the working classes.

Long work hours disrupted family rhythms and left little time for leisure.

Furthermore, parliamentarism began to be key in debates on labor rights and social reforms. This political system strengthened democracy by giving greater representation to citizens, although the decisions mostly benefited the bourgeoisie.

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Romanticism: This movement highlighted nature and landscapes affected by industrialization. Works by JMW Turner, such as "Rain, Steam and Speed", captured the technological innovation of railways and their impact on nature.

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Mary Poppins' songs have some characteristics related to the economic, social and cultural transformations caused by the Industrial Revolution. Although the film is from Disney and is aimed at a children's audience, it criticizes the inequalities and human impact of an industrialized and capitalist system, which we can see through the images and songs.

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This song criticizes capitalism and highlights the role of banks as pillars of the modern economy after the Industrial Revolution. The bankers convince Michael to invest his money, symbolizing the rise of the financial system to finance industrialization.

Relationship with the Industrial Revolution:

During this period, banks became essential for financing factories, transportation, and global trade. The song reflects how the bourgeoisie increased its wealth while the working class suffered poverty.

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In this song, the story of the old woman who sells breadcrumbs on the steps of a cathedral reflects the life of the poorest sectors of the cities, those who were excluded from industrial progress.

Relationship with the Industrial Revolution:

The uncontrolled growth of industrial cities caused many people to live in conditions of misery, without access to stable jobs or decent housing.

During the industrial age, charities and the church attempted to mitigate inequalities through charitable actions. The song highlights the vulnerability of the poor towards banks or factories.

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Feed The Birds - Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews)

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This song, performed by chimney sweeps working on the roofs of London, vividly illustrates the reality of certain urban occupations during the industrial period.

Relationship with the Industrial Revolution:

Chimney sweeps were frequently small children, used in this trade because of their ability to navigate narrow chimneys. This work was extremely dangerous, reflecting labor exploitation common in factories and other work environments.

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This song, also focused on chimney sweeps, mixes hard work with a melancholic but poetic vision of industrial London.

Relationship with the Industrial Revolution:

London, like many other cities, was transformed during the Industrial Revolution into a space full of factories and smokestacks. This image is associated with economic growth but also with environmental pollution and the harsh conditions of urban living.

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In addition to the specific songs, Mary Poppins addresses social issues related to industrialization:

Mr. Banks works long hours at the bank, reflecting the industrial age's obsession with work and efficiency. The disconnection between parents and children can be understood as a consequence of the extended work hours of that time.

The division between the rich (the bankers) and the poor (the old woman from "Feed the Birds" and the chimney sweeps) is a direct reflection of the inequalities that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.